International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering

ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/IJRISE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

Fabric Defect Detection Using Transfer Learning

Sneha K1*, Shenbaga Sowmiya V2, Sivamani B3, Dhivya P4

1*,2,3,4
Department of IT, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Corresponding Email: 1*[email protected]

Received: 30 May 2024 Accepted: 15 August 2024 Published: 28 September 2024

Abstract: Transfer learning in fabric defect detection involves utilizing pre-trained deep
learning models on a large dataset, typically from a different domain, and fine-tuning them
on a smaller dataset that is specific to fabric defects. By leveraging transfer learning, the
limitations of limited annotated data for fabric defect detection can be overcome by utilizing
the knowledge gained from a more extensive and diverse dataset. The pre-trained model's
learned features are adjusted to recognize specific fabric defect patterns, resulting in more
accurate and efficient defect detection. This approach reduces the reliance on a massive
labelled dataset for training, which is particularly beneficial in industrial applications where
obtaining a vast amount of annotated fabric defect images may be challenging. Ultimately,
transfer learning enhances the model's ability to generalize and detect fabric defects with
higher precision, thereby contributing to improved quality control in textile manufacturing
processes.

Keywords: Fabric Defect Detection, Textile Quality Control, Manufacturing, Textile

Industry.

1. INTRODUCTION

Fabric defect detection is of utmost importance in modern manufacturing, as it ensures the

quality of textile products. However, traditional methods have limitations when it comes to
dealing with the intricate patterns and various types of defects found in fabrics. To overcome
these challenges, the integration of adaptive neural networks offers a promising solution. By
utilizing machine learning, these networks can dynamically adjust and optimize their
parameters based on the specific characteristics of the input data. This innovative approach has
the potential to greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of fabric defect detection systems,
ultimately leading to the production of high-quality textiles in a more automated and
dependable manner.

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/IJRISE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

1.1 Fabric Defect Detection

Figure 1. Fabric Defect Detection

1.2 Textile Quality Control

In the domain of textile production, guaranteeing the creation of impeccable fabrics is an
essential element in upholding quality benchmarks. The process of identifying and categorizing
flaws or abnormalities in textile materials, known as fabric defect detection, plays a crucial role
in accomplishing this objective. Thanks to technological progress, especially in computer
vision and machine learning, novel solutions have emerged to automate and improve the
precision of defect detection. These advancements enable manufacturers to implement
effective quality control measures, minimizing human mistakes and elevating the overall
product quality in the ever-changing and competitive textile industry.

1.3 Manufacturing
Manufacturing serves as the foundation of worldwide economic progress, encompassing a wide
range of processes that convert raw materials into finished products. It is a dynamic and
evolving sector that not only fosters innovation but also plays a crucial role in job creation and
technological advancement. From traditional assembly lines to state-of-the-art automated
facilities, the manufacturing industry continuously adjusts to meet the demands of a constantly
changing market. Efficiency, sustainability, and quality control are essential considerations in
modern manufacturing, with technological advancements like robotics, artificial intelligence,
and smart systems reshaping the industry. As manufacturers strive to optimize production,
reduce expenses, and improve product quality, the field of manufacturing remains a
fundamental driver of progress, influencing global economies and shaping the future of
industries worldwide.

1.4 Textile Industry

The textile industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, serving as a diverse and essential
pillar. It intertwines various intricate processes such as fiber production, yarn formation, fabric
weaving, and garment manufacturing. While rooted in ancient craftsmanship, the modern
textile industry has adapted to technological advancements to meet the ever-changing demands
of fashion, functionality, and sustainability. From the cultivation of cotton to the utilization of
high-tech textile mills, this industry encompasses a vast supply chain that significantly
contributes to employment and international trade. In today's environmentally conscious era,
the textile industry faces both challenges and opportunities as it strives to balance mass

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/IJRISE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

production with eco-friendly practices and explores new possibilities in materials and design.
As a powerful influencer of trends and consumer lifestyles, the textile industry not only plays
a vital role in global commerce but also reflects the dynamic shifts in culture, technology, and
the environment.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. A Method for Detecting Fabric Defects Using Deep Learning Techniques.
Qiang Liu [1] et.al. Have presented a challenging task in the fabric industry, which is fabric
defect detection. The complexity of fabric defects in terms of their shapes and variety has made
this task difficult. Although several methods have been proposed to address this issue, they
have shown low detection speed and accuracy. However, YOLOv4, a classic deep learning
method and end-to-end target detection algorithm, has rapidly evolved and demonstrated
promising performance in various industries. In this paper, an improved version of the
YOLOv4 algorithm is proposed specifically for fabric defect detection, aiming to achieve
higher accuracy. The key enhancement lies in the adoption of a new SPP structure that utilizes
Soft Pool instead of Max Pool. By incorporating three Soft Pools, the improved YOLOv4
algorithm effectively processes the feature map, thereby reducing the negative side effects of
the SPP structure and enhancing detection accuracy. The improved SPP structure is applied to
the three outputs of the Backbone. To ensure successful input into the subsequent PANet, the
network structure is enhanced by adding a series of convolution layers after the SPP structure,
which reduces the channel numbers of the feature map to an appropriate value.

2.2. Fabric Defect Detection with Deep Learning and False Negative Reduction
Tomás Almeida [2] et.al. Have presented in their research the significance of quality control in
fabric production companies. Failure to detect defects in fabrics can lead to financial losses and
damage to the company's reputation. In traditional systems, the inspection accuracy ranges
from 60% to 75%. To address this issue and reduce costs, the paper proposes a fast and
automated defect detection system that can be supplemented with operator decision-making.
The system utilizes a custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for defect detection and
incorporates over 50 defect types in the training process to ensure a well-generalized system.
Moreover, to mitigate the higher cost associated with undetected defects (False Negatives -
FN), the proposed system employs FN reduction methods. During testing, the system achieved
an average accuracy of 75% in automatic mode. However, when the FN reduction method was
applied with operator intervention, the average accuracy increased to 95%. These results
highlight the system's ability to accurately detect various defect types while maintaining speed
and computational simplicity.

2.3. Cnns Enable Pixel-Wise Fabric Defect Detection without Labeled Training Data
Surface inspection is an essential step in fabric quality control, but it poses challenges due to
the various types of defects, diverse fabric textures, and the need for fast detection. In this
paper, Zhen Wang [3] et.al. Propose a lightweight deep learning model for fabric defect
segmentation. The model takes a fabric image as input and produces a binary image as output.
Typically, deep learning models require a large amount of data to update parameters. However,

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/IJRISE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

fabric defects are unpredictable, making it difficult to collect a sufficient amount of data.
Unlike other models, the proposed method is a supervised network that does not require
manually labeled samples for training. Instead, a fake sample generator is designed to simulate
defect images using defect-free fabric images. The proposed model is trained using these fake
samples and validated using real samples. Experimental results demonstrate that training the
model with fake data is effective and achieves high segmentation accuracy on real fabric
samples. Additionally, a loss function is introduced to address the imbalance between the
number of background pixels and defective pixels in the fabric image.

2.4. An Algorithm for Detecting Fabric Defects Based on Sparse Dictionary Learning is
Proposed, Which is Universal and Adaptive in Nature.
Xuejuan Kang [4] et.al. Have presented a novel approach in their research paper to address the
challenge of fabric defect detection, considering the complex diversity of fabric texture and
defects. While existing methods can only detect a single type of fabric defect, our proposed
algorithm aims to overcome this limitation by offering a universal and adaptive defect detection
solution based on dictionary learning. To enhance the accuracy of defect detection, we first
segment the defect-free image based on the complexity of fabric texture and the brightness and
darkness of the background. This segmentation process helps in achieving a more balanced
image. Subsequently, we create a random dictionary by selecting feature columns from the
image joint matrix, which effectively captures the essential fabric texture and background
information. This random dictionary replaces the conventional over-complete and fixed
dictionaries, making our algorithm more versatile.

2.5. A Big Data Perspective on Crop Management through Data Analytics.

Nabila Cherie [5] et.al. Have proposed in their system that recent advancements in Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) have had a significant impact on various sectors of
the global economy. The emergence of Digital Agriculture is a direct result of the widespread
availability of digital devices and advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science.
This innovative approach to agriculture introduces processes that enhance productivity,
efficiency, and environmental sustainability. By utilizing advanced digital devices and data
science, extensive agricultural datasets can be collected and analyzed, empowering farmers,
agronomists, and professionals to make more informed decisions and gain a deeper
understanding of farming tasks. This paper provides a comprehensive review of data mining
techniques specifically applied in the context of digital agriculture, with a focus on crop yield
management and monitoring. It also explores various existing works that utilize data analytics
in the field of agriculture.

Related Work
The process of manually inspecting textiles is a time-consuming and expensive method.
However, advancements in technology have provided a solution to this problem through the
development of automatic systems for textile inspection. Despite this, jacquard fabrics pose a
unique challenge due to their complex and seemingly random patterns, which can be difficult
for these systems to analyze. Previous studies on jacquard fabrics have primarily focused on
simple patterns, neglecting the intricacies of more complex designs. This research paper

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

introduces a new and innovative approach to detecting defects in jacquard-patterned fabrics.

The detection models presented in this paper are specifically designed to handle fabrics with
complex patterns. Since there is a lack of available databases for jacquard fabrics, we have
compiled our own novel dataset and conducted experiments using it. Our dataset consists of
plain, undyed jacquard fabrics with various complex patterns. In this study, we have utilized
and tested multiple deep learning models, incorporating image pre-processing techniques and
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for unsupervised defect detection. Additionally, we
have employed multispectral imaging, which combines normal (RGB) and near-infrared (NIR)
imaging, to enhance the accuracy of our system. We propose two systems: a semi-manual
system that utilizes a simple CNN network to operate on individual patterns, and an integrated
automated system that employs state-of-the-art CNN architectures to analyze the entire dataset
without prior pattern specification. To enhance the features of the images, we have
preprocessed them using contrast-limited adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE).

3. METHODOLOGY

The primary objective of the proposed system is to implement a sophisticated framework for
detecting fabric defects using transfer learning. Initially, the system loads a dataset comprising
images of fabrics with various defects. To ensure optimal model training, data pre-processing
techniques are utilized to enhance the dataset's quality and suitability. Subsequently, feature
selection is employed to extract pertinent attributes from the data. The crux of the system
involves training and testing a deep learning model specifically designed for fabric defect
detection, with a particular focus on leveraging transfer learning. By fine-tuning a pre-existing
model using the fabric defect dataset, the system capitalizes on the knowledge acquired from a
broader context, thereby enhancing its ability to accurately identify fabric defects. This
approach not only enhances detection accuracy but also reduces the need for an extensive
labelled dataset. Consequently, the proposed system effectively tackles the challenges
associated with fabric defect detection by harnessing the power of transfer learning, offering a
robust and efficient solution for quality control in textile manufacturing processes.

4. MODULE DESCRIPTION

4.1. Load Data

The system in this module retrieves the necessary data for detecting fabric defects. This process
may involve obtaining images or data samples that contain information about fabrics and their
defects. The data is typically divided into training and testing sets to develop and evaluate the
model. In the textile fabric context, rare anomalies can occur, which can compromise the
quality of the fabrics. Therefore, it is crucial to detect these defects in certain scenarios. The
images have a size of either 32x32 or 64x64, and the classes for the defects include 'good',
'colour', 'cut', 'hole', 'thread', and 'metal contamination'. Additionally, there are eight different
rotations available, ranging from 0 to 140 degrees in increments of 20 degrees. Both a train and
test dataset are provided, consisting of randomly generated patches. The source images in the
train and test datasets do not overlap with each other.

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

4.2. Data Preprocessing

Data pre-processing plays a vital role in the machine learning pipeline as it involves the
transformation and preparation of raw data for input into the model. This essential step
encompasses various tasks, including image resizing, pixel value normalization, handling
missing data, and dataset augmentation, all aimed at enhancing the model's robustness.

4.3. Feature Selection

The process of feature selection entails the selection of the most pertinent attributes or
characteristics from the dataset for utilization in the model. The objective of this step is to
diminish dimensionality and improve the model's performance by concentrating on the most
informative features associated with fabric defects.

DATA FEATURE
SAMPLE PREPROCESSIN
INPUT IMAGE EXTRACTION
G

TRANING PROCEDURE

DATA LOSS
AUGMENTATION CALCULATION

DEFECT
DETECTION

Figure 2. Block diagram

4.4. Training and Testing

During this stage, the machine learning model undergoes training using the prepared dataset.
The training process entails fine-tuning the model's parameters to grasp patterns and
correlations within the data. Following that, the model is subjected to testing using a distinct
dataset to assess its performance and verify its ability to effectively generalize to novel, unseen
instances.

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

Figure 2. Training data exploration

4.5. Fabric Defect Detection Using Transfer Learning

This module utilizes transfer learning, a method in which a pre-trained model (usually on a
large dataset) is adjusted for the specific purpose of detecting fabric defects. The modified
model utilizes its previously acquired features to improve its accuracy in identifying fabric
defects. Transfer learning is especially beneficial in situations where there is a scarcity of
labelled data, as it utilizes knowledge from related domains to enhance the model's
performance in the desired task.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Classes Count
Damaged 0.83
Good 0.17
Figure 3. Comparison Table

Figure 4. Comparison Graph

In the provided dataset, the distribution of classes reveals that a majority of instances,
approximately 83%, belong to the "DAMAGED" class, indicating a prevalent occurrence of
damaged samples. Conversely, the "GOOD" class constitutes a smaller proportion, accounting

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.45.62.71

for 17% of the dataset. This class distribution suggests an imbalanced dataset, where the model
is exposed to significantly more examples of damaged instances compared to good ones.
Addressing this class imbalance during model training may be crucial to ensure a balanced and
effective learning process, enhancing the model's ability to accurately classify both damaged
and good samples in subsequent fabric defect detection tasks.

5.1. Performance Results

 The system was trained and tested on the dataset, demonstrating the ability to accurately
detect fabric defects.
 The use of transfer learning improved the detection performance, particularly in scenarios
with limited labelled data, by reusing the features learned from a larger dataset.
 Figure 3 and Figure 4 (referenced in the document) show a comparison of the results,
indicating that the system was more successful in detecting damaged fabrics due to the
imbalance in the dataset.

The study underscores the need for careful consideration of class imbalance during training to
ensure the model can effectively differentiate between damaged and non-damaged fabrics.
The key advantage of the transfer learning approach in fabric defect detection is the ability to
generalize from a small, domain-specific dataset. By using pre-trained models, the system
capitalizes on features learned from other tasks, which reduces the requirement for a large
labelled dataset, typically hard to obtain in industrial applications.

The transfer learning method in this case was particularly effective at:
 Handling complex patterns: The pre-trained model fine-tuned on the fabric dataset was
capable of detecting defects in jacquard and other complex fabric patterns.
 Reducing computational costs: Since the model was already trained on a larger dataset,
only minimal additional training was needed, which made the system more efficient and
faster to deploy.

However, the imbalance in the dataset presented a challenge. With most samples belonging to
the "DAMAGED" class, the model could be biased toward over-classifying defects. To
mitigate this, techniques like data augmentation or sampling methods could be applied to
balance the dataset and improve performance across all classes.
In conclusion, the use of transfer learning demonstrates a promising avenue for improving
fabric defect detection systems, contributing to higher efficiency and accuracy in textile quality
control processes. Future work should address dataset balancing, real-time processing, and
scalability to further enhance the system's performance and applicability.

6. CONCLUSION

In summary, the incorporation of adaptive neural networks into fabric defect detection systems
signifies a groundbreaking advancement in modern manufacturing. This innovative approach
utilizes machine learning to dynamically adjust and optimize its parameters, effectively
addressing the complexities presented by various fabric patterns and defect types. The

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International Journal of Research in Science & Engineering
ISSN: 2394-8299
Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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combination of pattern recognition, dynamic adjustment, and data-driven learning empowers

these systems to achieve unparalleled levels of accuracy and efficiency. The automation and
scalability offered by adaptive neural networks not only streamline the fabric defect detection
process but also contribute to the production of top-notch textiles with minimal manual
intervention. The success of this technology lies in its continuous learning and adaptation to
real-world manufacturing conditions, ensuring reliability and responsiveness. As the industry
continues to embrace these advancements, the future holds the promise of even more
automated, adaptive, and dependable fabric defect detection systems, representing a significant
leap towards excellence in textile manufacturing.

Future Work
Future research in fabric defect detection can prioritize the refinement and expansion of
adaptive neural networks to meet the evolving needs of the industry. Efforts can be directed
towards improving the adaptability of these systems to a wider thereby increasing their
applicability in the textile manufacturing sector. Furthermore, there is potential for exploring
advancements in real-time processing and edge computing to enhance the responsiveness and
efficiency of defect detection systems. Additionally, the integration of emerging technologies
like computer vision and advanced sensors can contribute to a more comprehensive
understanding of fabric quality. Collaboration between researchers and industry experts can
facilitate the development of standardized datasets and benchmarks for evaluating the
performance of fabric defect detection systems. Moreover, there is a need to enhance the
interpretability and explain ability of neural network models to instill greater trust in the
technology. As the field progresses, it is important to explore eco-friendly and sustainable
practices in fabric manufacturing alongside defect detection technologies, making it a
prominent area of focus. In conclusion, future work in fabric defect detection should aim for
continuous innovation, increased robustness, and practical applicability to ensure the ongoing
improvement of textile quality control processes.

7. REFERENCES

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2. S. H. Lee, C. S. Chan, S. J. Mayo, and P. Reimagine present their work on fabric defect
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August 2020.

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Vol: 04, No. 05, Aug-Sept 2024
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4. S. P. Mohan, D. P. Hughes, and M. Salathé introduce a universal and adaptive fabric

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