COS101 Assignment

LEADCITY UNIVERSITY IBADAN

NAME: Tijani Victoria Oluyemi

MATRIC NUMBER:

DEPARTMENT: Nursing science

LEVEL-100

COURSE CODE: COS 101

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

Question 1
1a). A computer is a programmable device that can accept, store, retrieve, process data and
displays the processed information as output, under the influence of a set of instructions
called programs.
1b). a) PROCESSOR: A central processing unit also called a central processor, main
processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that makes up a
computer.
A processor ( intel core i-7)

b). MAIN MEMORY: the main storage region of a computer, to which the central processor
has immediate or direct access.
MAIN MEMORY (A COMPUTER RAM)

c). SECONDARY MEMORY: refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and solid state
drives, it also refer to removable storage media, such as USB FLASH DRIVES, CDs, and DVDs.
Secondary memory is not accessed directly by the CPU.
A FLASH DRIVE (Secondary memory)

d). INPUT DEVICES: these are devices that are used to send messages or input data into the
computer system.
EXAMPLES: keyboard, mouse, light pen, joystick, microphone and so on.

A keyboard (input device)

e). OUTPUT DEVICES: these are devices that displays result of a processed data
(information). It is responsible for producing those data that are already operated upon.
EXAMPLES: printer, visual display unit (monitor), plotters and so on.
A PRINTER ( output device)
C). i). Secondary storage media have long term storage
ii). they have big size and capacity
iii). they are cheaper than primary storage.

Question 2

i). It refers to main storage of the computer

ii). It is a volatile memory which means data is lost as soon as the devices loses power and
can’t be retained
iii). Data is directly accessed by the cpu
iv). It holds data or instructions that are currently in use
i). It refers to external storage devices
ii). It is a non-volatile memory, which is able to retain data even if the devices loses power.
iii). Data is not accessed by the cpu
iv). It is used to store and retrieve data or information on a long term basis
A). PRIMARY STORAGE SECONDARY STORAGE
2B). Distinguish between the following
i).
DESKTOP PUBLISHING MULTIMEDIA PACKAGES
It is the use of the computer and They are combination of text, video,
software to create visual displays of sound, and graphics with animation.
ideas and information.
Examples are, adobe PageMaker, Examples are: Animation, time-
Adobe frame maker. lapse, screencast and so on

ii).
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES
They send data to the processing They display the processed data or
unit information
They are peripheral device that They are peripheral device that
converts the symbols that people converts machine-readable
understand into machine-readable information into people-readable
information that the computer can information
process
Examples are keyboard, mouse, Examples are printer, plotter,
webcam, microphone, scanner and speaker, monitor, projector and so
so on on.

iii).
UTILITY SOFTWARE DEVICE DRIVERS
Utility software is system software They are devices that are used to
that helps to maintain, optimize, add to computers to expand or
configure, the computer system. increase its feature and functionality
and are connected directly to
computer or other digital devices.
Examples are expansion cards,
 graphics card, image scanners etc.

iv).
COMPUTER HARDWARE PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Computer hardware includes the It is any external device that
physical part of a computer, such as provides input and output for the
the case, Central Processing Unit, computer.
Mouse, Key board.
They cannot be impacted by viral These are programs and
attacks directly applications that can be impacted by
viral attacks with use

2C). Graph plotter is an output device; it is a computer software that assists in drawing of
graphs.
HOW IT WORKS
A plotter is a graphics printer that uses a pen or pencil to draw images. A plotter differs from
printer in that plotter uses line to create images while printer uses a collection of dots. Like
printer, plotters are connected to computers and are used to produce complex image s and
texts.

Question 3
a). i). SIZES: classification by size of computer is the classification by how big or small they
are and how big or small the problems they can solve.
There are four different types, which are:
i). Super computer
ii). Mainframe computer
iii). Mini computer
iv). Micro computer.
b). TYPES: classification of computer by type is classified into three
i). Analogue computer
ii). Digital computer
iii). Hybrid computers
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS are either electronic or hydraulic devices that are designed to
exploit mathematical between physical inter-relationships in certain problems instead of
numeric, to process their data. E.g. speedometer
DIGITAL COMPUTER: They solve problem by performing calculation and dealing with each
number digit by digit, examples are digital watches.
HYBRID COMPUTERS are the combination of both digital and analogue computer.
c). PURPOSE: Computers classified by a purpose are computers made for general purpose
or a specific purpose.

3b)
DATA INFORMATION
Data are representation pertaining Information is identified and define
to people, things and idea and by its users
event.
Data are represented by symbols can be defined as data that has been
such as letters of the alphabets transformed into a meaningful and
numerator or other special symbol useful form for specific purposes

b).
System software Application software
These are list of instructions that They are collections of program that
keeps the computer functioning carries out a given task for the users
It is used for operating computer It is used by user to perform specific
hardware task
Examples are complier, assembler, Examples are word processor, web
debugger, driver, etc. processor, media player etc

c).
RAM ROM
RAM stands for random access ROM stands for read only memory
memory
RAM speed is quite high ROM speed is slower than RAM
It is costly It is cheap
CPU can access data stored on RAM Data has to be copied from ROM to
RAM so that CPU can access its data

d).
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
They are the physical components of They are the collection of several
a computer independence programs working
together to perform specific task.
 They cannot be impacted by viral These are programs and
attacks directly applications that can be impacted by
viral attacks with use
Examples are scanners, label maker, Examples are Adobe acrobat,
router, and so on Google chrome, Apple maps etc

e)
GENERIC SOFTWARE CUSTOM SOFTWARE
It is a class of software that can be It is a software that is specially
used for a number of different developed for some specific
purposes without requiring organization or other user.
modification
Examples are word processor, Examples are bug tracking software.
spreadsheet and so on.

Question 4
A). Write short note on each of the following application software
i). WORD PROCESSOR: This is software that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically display it on a screen, modify it
by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it.
Examples include: Microsoft word, Google docs
ii). SPREADSHEET: It is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and
storage of data in tabular form.
Spreadsheet developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets
Examples are Microsoft excel etc
iii). GRAPHICS PACKAGES: It refers to any computer device or program that makes a
computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the
images themselves.
Examples are CorelDraw, Microsoft PowerPoint.
iv). DATABASE: It is the phrase used to describe any software that is designed for creating
databases and managing the information stored in them.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated.
Examples are Microsoft access, IBM DB2, etc.
4b) CONTROL UNIT: The control unit of the central processing unit regulates and integrates
the operations of the computer.
ARITHMETHIC AND LOGIC UNIT: It is a combinational digital circuit that performs
arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
Question 5
a). i). FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The period the first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (central processing
unit).
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper
tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this
generation used machine code as the programming language.
The main features are vacuum tube
ii). SECOND GENEERATION OF COMPUTER
A transistor now often called a second generation computer is a computer which uses
discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers
used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable. A
second generation of computers, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured circuit boards
filled with individual transistors and magnetic core memory.
iii). THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used
integrated circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. This development made computers
smaller in size, reliable and efficient.
iv). MODERN COMPUTER
Modern computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically via computer programming.
Modern computer have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs.

b). Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary

i). 3B2916
B=11
3 11 2 916
=3x163+11x162+2x162+9x160
=3x4096+11x256+2x16+9
=12288+2816+32+9
=1514510
2 1514510
2 7572 r 1
2 3786 r 0
2 1893 r 0
2 946 r 1
2 473 r 0
2 236 r 1
2 118 r 0
2 59 r 0
2 29 r 1
2 14 r 1
2 7 r 1
2 3 r 1
2 1 r 1
2 0 r 1

1514510= 111011001010012
ii). 9C3216
C=12
9123216
=9x163+12x162+3x162+2x160
= 9x4096+12x256+3x16+2x1
= 36864+3072+48+2
= 3998610
2 3998610
2 19993 r 0
2 9996 r 1
2 4998 r 0
2 2499 r 0
2 1249 r 1
2 624 r 1
2 312 r 0
2 156 r 0
2 78 r 0
2 39 r 0
2 19 r 1
2 9 r 1
2 4 r 1
 2 2 r 0
2 1 r 0
2 0 r 1
=10011100001100102

iii). 0A2B16
A=10
B=11
=0x163+10x162+2x162+11x160
= 0x4096+10x256+2x16+11x1
= 0+2560+32+11
=260310
2 261010
2 1301 r 1
2 650 r 1
2 325 r 0
2 162 r 1
2 81 r 0
2 40 r 1
2 20 r 0
2 10 r 0
2 5 r 0
2 2 r 1
2 1 r 0
2 0 r 1
=1010001010112
C). Advantages of hexadecimal number system over binary number system
ANSWER
The main advantage of hexadecimal number is that it is very compact and by using a base of
16 means that the number of digits used to represent a given number is usually less than in
binary or decimal. It is also easy to convert between hexadecimal numbers and binary.

Question 6
a). Application of computer system
i). EDUCATION: computer is a very effective tool which can be used for teaching and
learning, result processing, student data and so on.
ii). ENTERTAINMENTS: Different types of entertainment fields such as multimedia, film
making with animation, graphics, audio and visual design are done with the help of computer.
iii). HOTEL MANAGEMENT: Computers are used for front desk management, preparing trial
balance sheet, documentation etc. in hotel management.

b). Computers make people’s lives easier and more comfortable: they provide opportunities
for staying in touch to billions of people who may very well be in different parts of the world.
Today people can drive computerized cars and work for employers from other countries
without even seeing them.
And also in education, instead of students trying to deal with the assignment using their
knowledge or information from textbooks, they prefer to use the solutions found online.
c). Distinguish between
RAM ROM
RAM is volatile, requiring power to ROM is non-volatile not requiring
store data. power to store data.
RAM chips often range in storage ROM chips often have a storage
capacity from 1 to 256 capacity of 4 to 8
RAM is used in computers to It is often used to store the BIOS
temporarily store files in use on the program on a computer
computer motherboard.

ii).
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES
It is any hardware device which It is any hardware component that
enables the user to enter data and use received data from a computer
instructions into a computer. to perform a task.
Input devices are controlled by the Output devices are controlled by the
user computer
Examples are keyboard, mouse, Examples are printer, monitor,
microphone, webcam and so on speakers, projection panels etc.

iii).
PRIMARY MEMORY AUXILIARY MEMORY
It is a computer memory that is They are among computer
accessed directly by the CPU peripheral equipment. They hold
 data for future use
It is used to store data that the CPU It is used to store inactive programs
needs imminently so that it does not and to archive data.
have to wait for it to be delivered.
Question 7
a).i). Two complements is used in computing as a method signed number representation.
The two’s complement of an N-bit number i.e. defined as its complement with respect to 2N,
the sum of a number and the two’s complement is 2N.
It is also very useful in computer number representation.
ii). Two complements allows negative and positive numbers to be added together without
any special logic. This means that subtraction and addition of both positive and negative
numbers can all be done by the same circuit in the CPU.
b). i). To define locations in memory
ii). to display error messages
iii). To represented media access control (MAC) addresses
C). Obtain the 1’s and 2’s complements of the following 8-bits numbers
i). 101011102
ans:
101011102
01010001 – to 1’s complement
+ 1
01010010 – to 2’s complement

ii). 100000002
01111111 – to 1’s complement
+ 1

10000000 – to 2’s complement

iii). 100000012
01111110 – to 1’s complement

+ 1
01111111 – to 2’s complement

d). Simplify the following

i). 11002 x 1012
1100
x101
1100
0000
+++++
+1100
= 111100
ii). 101012 x 1112

10101

x 111
10101
10101
+++++
+ 10101
10010011

iii). 11112+1112+11112
iv). 101011-10010
10010=010010
010010
101101 – to 1’s complement
+ 1

101110 – to 2’s complement

+++++
+101011
1011001

Question 8
a). (+42)+(-12) using 2’s complement
+42=00101010
-13=11110011
+++++
+29=00011101

b). Discuss the four divisions of number

DECIMAL SYSTEM: In decimal system, the base (or radius) is 10, since any position can
contain one of ten digit’s (3) above. The system therefore has a carrying factor of 10 and
each digit indicates value which depends on the position it occupies.
HEXADECIMAL: It has a base of 16 and the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E,
and F represent the numbers- 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.

BINARY SYSTEM: The binary uses only two digits (for recording the number) that are 0 and 1,
and its base is 2 (whereas that of decimal is 10).

OCTAL SYSTEM: It can be used as shorthand for binary numbers. This is because three
binary digits can be represented by the numbers 0 to 7 i.e. the octal range, while four binary
digits can be represented by the number 0 to 9 and A to F.
c).i). 110102-100002
ii). 110102-11012
1101=01101
10010- 1’s complements

d+ 1
10011 – 2’s complements
+ 11010
 101101
iii). 1002 + 1100002
iv). 10101002 -10101002
1010100=0101011
0101011- 1’s complement
+ 1
0101100 – 2’s complement
+ 1010100
 10000000

Question 9
a). i). UTILITY SOFTWARE: It is a system software designed to help to analyze, configure,
optimize or maintain a computer.
For example a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then
include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to
compress a disk before copying files.
ii). INTERPRETER: It is a computer program, which converts each high level program
statement into the machine code. This includes source code, pre-compiled code, and
scripts.
iii). EDITOR: They are software programs that enable the user to create and edit text files.
TYPES OF EDITORS
i). Line editors
ii). Stream editors
iii). Screen editors
iv). Structure editors

iv). ASSEMBLER: It is a type of computer program that interprets software programs written
in assembly language into machine language, code and instructions that can executed by a
computer.
Examples include: FASM, SASM, Zeus Assembler, open watcom Assembler (WASM) and so
on.

v). COMPLIER: It is a computer program that transforms code written in a high-level

programming language into the machine code.

Question 10
a). i). WORD PROCESSOR: Word processing is the phrase used to describe using a computer
to create, edit, and print documents.
To perform word processing, you need computer, a special program called a word processor,
and a printer.
A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display
it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print
it on a printer.
Examples include: Microsoft word, Google docs.

ii). SPREADSHEET: It is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and

storage of data in tabular form spreadsheets developed as computerized analogs of paper
accounting worksheets.
Examples are Microsoft excel etc.

iii). PRESENTATION SOFTWARE: It is defined as computer programs designed to allow the

user to present information in an engaging way such as with text, pictures, sound and video.
PowerPoint is an example of presentation software.

iv). GRAPHICS SOFTWARE: They are computer program that makes a computer capable of
displaying and manipulating pictures.
Examples include CorelDraw.

v). PHP: is widely used and a great competitor to Microsoft

Question 11
a). Limitations of artificial intelligence
i). HIGH COST: Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge costs as they are very
complex machines.
ii). Unemployment
iii). No original creativity
iv). No improvement with experience
STENGTHS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
i). 24/7 availability
ii). Day to day application
iii). Digital assistance
iv). Handling repetitive jobs

b). i). ADEVERTISING: finally, artificial intelligence is going to take targeted/personalized

advertising to take a whole other level.

ii). CRIMINAL JUSTICE: advancements in facial recognition are making the fingerprint
obsolete. Tech startups are using A1 to automate legal work.

iii). TRANSPORTATION: The transportation looks like it will be the first to be completely
disrupted by artificial intelligence. UBER and LYFT are both working on self-driving
technology.

c). CYBER ETHICS: it is the philosophic study of ethics pertaining to computers,

encompassing user behavior and what computers are programmed to do or it refers to the
code of responsible behavior on the internet or study of ethics pertaining to computers.
d). i). PRIVACY: privacy, trust and security are closely intertwined, as are law and ethics.
Data privacy (or information privacy or data protection) is about access, use and collection
of data, and the data subject’s legal right to the data.

ii). SECURITY AND CRIME: security is the practice of defending computers, servers, mobile
devices, electronic systems, network and data from malicious attacks.
CRIME: cybercrime is a crime that involves the uses of computer devices and internet.

iii). FREE EXPRESSION AND CONTENT CONTROL: The internet has clearly stated the
potential for the individual to exercise their first amendment right to freedom expression as a
result the issue of free speech and content control in cyber space has emerged as arguably
the most contentious moral problem of the nascent information age.

Question 12
a). APPLICATION SOFTWARE: they are programs that are written for or by users to apply the
computer to perform a specific task.
Examples are: Microsoft word processing, Microsoft excel- electronic spreadsheet and so on.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: this is a set of generalized programs that manage the resources of the
computer, such as the processor, communication links, and peripheral devices.
Examples are: MSDOS- Microsoft disk operating system, PCDOS- personal computer disk
operating system.
b). i). PROGRAMMING: computer programming is the process of designing and building an
executable computer program to accomplish a specific computing result or to perform a
specific task.

ii). ALGORITHM: it is a sequence of instructions where the main goal is to solve a specific
problem, perform a certain action or computation.

iii). PSEUDOCODE: it is a plain language description of the steps in an algorithm or another

system.

c). i). MACHINE LANGUAGE: It is the only language a computer is capable of understanding.

ii). HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE: It is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal

that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a
particular type of computer.

iii). ASSEMBLY AND SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE: Assembly language may also be called symbolic
machine code.
Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction but comments and
statements that are assembler directives, macros, and symbolic labels of program and
memory locations are often also supported.