OSI: https://www.geeksforgeeks.

org/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/

Data Communication:
Data communication is the process of transferring data between two or more devices.

Network Topology:
Network topology is the arrangement of nodes and connections in a computer network, with various
types such as bus, star, ring, mesh, tree etc.

Internet:
The Internet is a network of networks that connects billions of devices and users for communication
each other.

Protocol:
In networking, a protocol is a standardized set of rules. Protocols define how data is sent, received, and
processed.

Difference between Analog and Digital signal:

Analog Signal Digital Signal
1. Digital signals are not continuous signals, they
1. Analog signals are continuous signals.
are discrete signals.
2. Represented by sine wave. 2. Represented by square wave.
3. Requires complex processing for
3. Easier to process and manipulate digitally.
manipulation.
4. The bandwidth of a digital signal is relatively
4. The bandwidth of an analog signal is low.
high.
5. Analog signals use more power for data 5. Digital signals use less power than analog
transmission. signals.
6. Example: Analog audio signals, current, 6. Example: Digital audio signals, digital data
voltage, voice, analog radio waves etc. streams, computers etc.
Differences
The major differences between twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable and Coaxial
Cable are as follows −

Twisted pair cable Fiber optic cable Coaxialcable

Fibre optics signal

transmission is in the form
Twisted pair wiring is a Coaxial cable is an Analog
of light signals via glass or
digital signal. signal.
plastic inside fiberglass
cables.

Twisted Pair cable is a type

Coaxial cables, are copper
of wiring technology where Fiber optic cable is a type of
cables with metal
two conductors of a single Ethernet cable that consists
shielding designed to
circuit are twisted together. of one or more optic fibers
provide immunity against
Data can be transmitted in which are used to transmit
noise and greater
the form of a circuit by a data.
bandwidth.
pair of wires.

Transmission of signals: Signal transmission :

Signal transmission: light
electrical form over metallic electrical form over the
forms over a glass fiber.
conducting wire. inner conductor of cable.

Twisted pairs can be Fiber optic never affected

External magnetic field is
affected due to external due to external magnetic
less affected.
magnetic fields. field.

Coaxial cable is made up

Fiber optic made up of very
of solid copper, stranded
Twisted pair is made up of a thin optical fibers bundled
copper or copper plated
pair of insulated copper together into a single cable.
steel wire surrounded by
wire. The fibers can be made of
an insulating layer and all
glass or plastic.
enclosed by a shield

Twisted pair is low in price

when compared to both Fiber optic cable is more Coaxial cable is
Coaxial and Fiber optical expensive than copper cable moderately expensive.
cables.
 Twisted pair cable Fiber optic cable Coaxialcable

It has highest noise

Twisted pair usually not
immunity as the light rays Coaxial cable also has
effective in rejecting noise
are unaffected by the high noise immunity.
immunity
electrical noise.

Attenuation is very much In coaxial cable

Attenuation is very high.
low. attenuation is low.

Installation and Installation and

Installation and
implementation is simple implementation is very
implementation is difficult.
and easy. easy.

Moderately high
Low Bandwidth. Very high bandwidth.
bandwidth

They are installed to

Coaxial cables are used to
support long distance
connect radio transmitters
They are generally used in connections between
and receivers with
telephone networks, data countries and cities. They
antennas, internet
networks and cable are also used in data
connections, digital audio
shielding. centers where large
and cable television
volumes of data need to be
signals
transmitted.

They transmit television, They transmit television,

telephone and data at a telephone and data at a
Moderately high data
relatively low speed when relatively faster speed when
rate.
compared to fiber optical compared to twisted pair
cable. and coaxial cable.

Attenuation is very high. Attenuation is very low. Attenuation is low.

Power loss due to

Power loss due to Power loss due to
absorption, scattering
conduction and radiation conduction.
dispersion and bending.