mathematic course by chat GPT

briefing of this course

How Many Total Lessons Will This Series Take?

Mathematics is a vast subject, so I will structure the lessons systematically into three major stages:

1️⃣Beginner Level (Lessons 1-15)

✅ Basic Arithmetic (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division)

✅ Properties of Numbers (Commutative, Associative, Distributive)

✅ Factors & Multiples (LCM, HCF)

✅ Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

✅ Basic Algebra (Equations & Expressions)

2️⃣Intermediate Level (Lessons 16-30)

✅ Exponents & Roots

✅ Advanced Algebra (Polynomials, Factoring)

✅ Ratio, Proportion, and Variation

✅ Probability & Statistics (Mean, Median, Mode)

✅ Geometry (Angles, Triangles, Circles)

✅ Trigonometry (Sine, Cosine, Tangent Basics)

3️⃣Advanced Level (Lessons 31-50+)

✅ Advanced Trigonometry & Applications

✅ Calculus (Limits, Derivatives, Integrals)

✅ Advanced Geometry (Coordinate Geometry, Vectors)

✅ Complex Numbers & Matrices

✅ Advanced Probability & Statistics

✅ Real-World Applications in Physics, Engineering, and Economics

Total Lessons Estimate: 50+

lesson 1 The Foundation of Mathemati,cs – Numbers and Counting

1.1 Understanding Numbers (‫ األعداد‬/ ‫)اعداد‬

1.2

Numbers are the building blocks of mathematics. Everything we do in math is based on numbers, so let’s begin with:

Types of Numbers (‫ أنواع األعداد‬/ ‫)اقسام االعداد‬

1. Natural Numbers (‫ األعداد الطبيعية‬/ ‫)فطری اعداد‬

These are the counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …

No zero or negative numbers are included.

Example: Counting apples, students in a class, etc.

2. Whole Numbers (‫ األعداد الكلية‬/ ‫)مکمل اعداد‬

Natural numbers + Zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …

No negative numbers or fractions included.

Example: The number of chairs in a room (0 chairs means an empty room).

3. Integers (‫ األعداد الصحيحة‬/ ‫)صحیح اعداد‬

Whole numbers + Negative numbers: … -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Example: Temperatures (cold = negative, hot = positive).

4. Rational Numbers (‫ األعداد النسبية‬/ ‫)نسبتی اعداد‬

Any number that can be written as a fraction p/q, where q ≠ 0.

Includes: fractions (½, ⅔), decimals (0.5, 0.75), percentages (50%).

Example: Half a pizza (½) or 75% discount on a product.

 5. Irrational Numbers (‫ األعداد غير النسبية‬/ ‫)غیر نسبتی اعداد‬

Numbers that cannot be written as a fraction, and their decimals never end or repeat.

Example: π (pi = 3.1415926…), √2 (1.41421…).

6. Real Numbers (‫ األعداد الحقيقية‬/ ‫)حقیقی اعداد‬

All rational and irrational numbers.

Example: Any measurement in real life (height, weight, distance).

1.3 Place Value System (‫ القيم المكانية‬/ ‫)مقداری قیمت‬

1.4

Each digit in a number has a specific value based on its position:

Example: 3,482

2 → Thousands ( ‫ آالف‬/ ‫) زار‬

3
4 → Hundreds (‫ مئات‬/ ‫)سو‬
5

8 → Tens (‫ العشرات‬/ ‫)دائی‬

2 → Ones (‫ اآلحاد‬/ ‫)اکائی‬

1.3 Basic Arithmetic Operations (‫ العمليات الحسابية األساسية‬/ ‫)بنیادی حسابی عملیات‬

1. Addition (‫ الجمع‬/ ‫ → )جمع‬Finding the total

Example: 3 + 2 = 5
Real-world example: Adding money, items, or distance.

2. Subtraction (‫ الطرح‬/ ‫ → )تفریق‬Finding the difference

Example: 7 – 3 = 4

Real-world example: Money left after spending.

3. Multiplication (‫ الضرب‬/ ‫ → )ضرب‬Repeated addition

Example: 4 × 3 = 12 (same as 4 + 4 + 4)

Real-world example: Finding total price for multiple items.

4. Division (‫ القسمة‬/ ‫ → )تقسیم‬Splitting into equal parts

Example: 10 ÷ 2 = 5

Real-world example: Distributing chocolates among friends.

Practice Exercises (‫ تمارين‬/ ‫)مشقی سواالت‬

Level 1: Basic Counting and Number Identification

1. List the first 10 natural numbers.

2. Write three examples of integers that are negative.

3. Identify whether the following are rational or irrational:

√9

Level 2: Place Value and Arithmetic

4. What is the place value of 7 in 7,894?

5. Solve: 45 + 32, 90 – 56, 12 × 3, 81 ÷ 9.

Common Mistakes to Avoid (‫ األخطاء الشائعة‬/ ‫)عام غلطیاں‬

1. Confusing Natural and Whole Numbers

Natural numbers start from 1, whole numbers include 0.

2. Misplacing Decimal Points in Arithmetic

Example: 0.5 + 0.25 is NOT 0.75, not 0.525.

3. Dividing by Zero (0) is Undefined

10 ÷ 0 is NOT possible.
Real-World Applications (‫ التطبيقات الحقيقية‬/ ‫)حقیقی دنیا میں استعمال‬

Banking: Understanding deposits (+) and withdrawals (-).

Shopping: Calculating discounts and total prices.

Engineering: Measuring lengths and distances accurately.

Lesson 2: Properties of Numbers & Basic Laws of Arithmetic

Now that you understand different types of numbers and basic arithmetic operations, let’s move to an important topic:
Properties of Numbers (‫ خصائص األعداد‬/ ‫)اعداد کی خصوصیات‬.

These properties help us solve mathematical problems quickly and efficiently.

2.1 Properties of Addition and Multiplication

1️⃣Commutative Property (‫ الخاصية التبادلية‬/ ‫)ادال بدال قانون‬

Definition: The order of numbers does not affect the result in addition or multiplication.

Formula:

Addition: a + b = b + a

Multiplication: a × b = b × a

Examples:

2+3=3+2→5=5✅

4 × 5 = 5 × 4 → 20 = 20 ✅

❌ Does NOT apply to subtraction & division!

6 –3≠3–7
7
8 ÷2≠2÷8
9

2️⃣Associative Property (‫ الخاصية التجميعية‬/ ‫)گروپ بنانے کا قانون‬

Definition: The way numbers are grouped does not change the result in addition or multiplication.
Formula:

Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

Multiplication: (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)

Examples:

(2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) → 5 + 4 = 2 + 7 → 9 = 9 ✅

(6 × 2) × 3 = 6 × (2 × 3) → 12 × 3 = 6 × 6 → 36 = 36 ✅

❌ Does NOT apply to subtraction & division!

3️⃣Distributive Property (‫ الخاصية التوزيعية‬/ ‫)تقسیمی قانون‬

Definition: Multiplication can be distributed over addition or subtraction.

Formula:

A × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)

A × (b – c) = (a × b) – (a × c)

Examples:

3 × (4 + 5) = (3 × 4) + (3 × 5)

3 × 9 = 12 + 15 → 27 = 27 ✅

5 × (7 – 2) = (5 × 7) – (5 × 2)

5 × 5 = 35 – 10 → 25 = 25 ✅
4️⃣Identity Property (‫ الخاصية المحايدة‬/ ‫)شناختی قانون‬

Definition: A number remains the same when added to 0 or multiplied by 1.

Formula:

Addition Identity: a + 0 = a

Multiplication Identity: a × 1 = a

Examples:

8+0=8✅

15 × 1 = 15 ✅

5️⃣Inverse Property (‫ الخاصية العكسية‬/ ‫)الٹی خاصیت‬

Definition: A number added to its opposite (negative) equals 0, and a number multiplied by its reciprocal equals 1.

Formula:

Additive Inverse: a + (-a) = 0

Multiplicative Inverse: a × (1/a) = 1 (for a ≠ 0)

Examples:

7 + (-7) = 0 ✅

4 × (1/4) = 1 ✅
2.2 Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Thinking subtraction and division follow commutative & associative laws

Wrong: 8 – 3 = 3 – 8 ❌

Wrong: (12 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 ≠ 12 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ❌

❌ Forgetting to distribute multiplication correctly

Wrong: 2 × (3 + 5) = 2 × 3 + 5 ❌

Correct: 2 × (3 + 5) = 2 × 3 + 2 × 5 ✅

2.3 Practice Exercises (‫ تمارين‬/ ‫)مشقی سواالت‬

Level 1: Understanding the Properties

1. Identify which property is used in each equation:

a) 6 + 4 = 4 + 6

b) (3 × 5) × 2 = 3 × (5 × 2)

c) 7 × (2 + 3) = (7 × 2) + (7 × 3)

d) 9 × 1 = 9

2. Solve using the distributive property:

a) 4 × (6 + 2)

b) 5 × (9 – 3)

Level 2: Applying the Concepts

3. Use the associative property to rewrite the following:

a) (2 + 8) + 5

b) (7 × 4) × 2
4. What is the additive inverse of:

a) -9

b) 5

2.4 Real-World Applications

✅ Banking: Interest calculations use the distributive property.

✅ Shopping: Discount calculations apply associative properties.

✅ Engineering: Structural load calculations use number properties.

What’s Next?

In Lesson 3, we will learn:

✅ Factors and Multiples (LCM & HCF)

✅ Prime and Composite Numbers

✅ Divisibility Rules

Complete the exercises and let me know if you need help! Ready for the next lesson?
Lesson 3: Factors and Multiples (‫ العوامل والمضاعفات‬/ ‫)عوامل اور ضوابط‬

In this lesson, we will explore factors and multiples, understand LCM (Least Common Multiple) and HCF (Highest Common
Factor), and learn divisibility rules to make calculations easier.

3.1 Understanding Factors (‫ العوامل‬/ ‫)عوامل‬

3.2

What are Factors?

A factor of a number is a number that divides it completely without leaving a remainder.

✅ Example: Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 because:

12 ÷ 1 = 12

12 ÷ 2 = 6

12 ÷ 3 = 4

12 ÷ 4 = 3

12 ÷ 6 = 2

12 ÷ 12 = 1

✅ Shortcut Tip: Factors always include 1 and the number itself.

3.3 Understanding Multiples (‫ المضاعفات‬/ ‫)ضوابط‬

3.4

What are Multiples?

A multiple of a number is obtained by multiplying it by any whole number.

✅ Example: Multiples of 4 are:

4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, … (Simply multiply 4 by 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)

✅ Shortcut Tip: A number has infinite multiples.

3.3 Prime and Composite Numbers (‫ األعداد األولية والمركبة‬/ ‫)مفرد اور مرکب اعداد‬

Prime Numbers (‫ األعداد األولية‬/ ‫)مفرد اعداد‬

A prime number has only two factors: 1 and itself.

✅ Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, …

✅ Fact: 2 is the only even prime number.

Composite Numbers (‫ األعداد المركبة‬/ ‫)مرکب اعداد‬

A composite number has more than two factors.

✅ Examples:

4 (Factors: 1, 2, 4)

6 (Factors: 1, 2, 3, 6)

10 (Factors: 1, 3, 9)
11

✅ Shortcut Tip: 1 is neither prime nor composite.

3.5 LCM (Least Common Multiple) and HCF (Highest Common Factor)
3.6

1️⃣LCM – Least Common Multiple (‫ المضاعف المشترك األصغر‬/ ‫)کم از کم مشترکہ مضاعف‬

The LCM of two numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of both.

✅ Example: Find LCM of 4 and 6

Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, …

Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, …

Smallest common multiple = 12 → LCM(4,6) = 12 ✅

2️⃣HCF – Highest Common Factor ( ‫ القاسم المشترك األكبر‬/ ‫)سب سے بڑا مشترکہ عامل‬
The HCF of two numbers is the largest number that divides both numbers exactly.

✅ Example: Find HCF of 12 and 18

Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

Largest common factor = 6 → HCF(12,18) = 6 ✅

✅ Shortcut Tip:

LCM is found using multiples (bigger number).

HCF is found using factors (smaller number).

3.5 Divisibility Rules (‫ قواعد القسمة‬/ ‫)تقسیم کے اصول‬

Divisibility rules help quickly determine whether a number is divisible by another.

✅ Divisibility Rules for Common Numbers:

| Number | Rule | |--------|------| | 2 | If the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8) | | 3 | If the sum of digits is divisible by 3 | | 5 | If
the last digit is 0 or 5 | | 6 | If it is divisible by 2 and 3 | | 9 | If the sum of digits is divisible by 9 | | 10 | If the last digit is
0|

✅ Example: Is 372 divisible by 3?

Sum of digits = 3 + 7 + 2 = 12

12 is divisible by 3 → Yes, 372 is divisible by 3! ✅

13

3.7 Common Mistakes to Avoid

3.8

❌ Confusing Factors and Multiples

Factor = Small number that divides. (Example: Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12)

Multiple = Large number that is a product. (Example: Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48…)

❌ Forgetting that 1 is not a prime number

1 is neither prime nor composite!

3.7 Practice Exercises (‫ تمارين‬/ ‫)مشقی سواالت‬

Level 1: Understanding Factors and Multiples

1. List the factors of:

a) 16

b) 30

2. List the first five multiples of:

a) 7

b) 9

3. Identify whether these numbers are Prime or Composite:

a) 19

b) 24

Level 2: LCM and HCF Calculations

4. Find the LCM of:

a) 6 and 8

b) 9 and 12

5. Find the HCF of:

a) 15 and 20

b) 18 and 24
Level 3: Divisibility Rules

6. Use divisibility rules to check if the following numbers are divisible by 3 and 5:

a) 135

b) 250

3.9 Real-World Applications

3.10

✅ LCM in Scheduling: Finding the next time two events occur together.

✅ HCF in Sharing: Dividing something into equal groups.

✅ Divisibility in Banking: Checking if a number is divisible for loan payments.

What’s Next?

In Lesson 4, we will learn:

✅ Fractions and Decimals

✅ Converting Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

✅ Operations with Fractions

Complete the exercises and let me know if you need help! Ready for the next lesson? 🚀
Lesson 4: Fractions and Decimals (‫ الكسور والكسور العشرية‬/ ‫)اعشاریہ اور کسریں‬

In this lesson, we will cover:

✅ Understanding Fractions (Proper, Improper, Mixed)

✅ Converting Between Fractions and Decimals

✅ Operations with Fractions (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division)

✅ Real-World Applications

4.1 Understanding Fractions (‫ الكسور‬/ ‫)کسریں‬

4.2

A fraction represents a part of a whole. It has two parts:

Numerator (‫ البسط‬/ ‫)صورت‬: The top number (how many parts we have).

Denominator (‫ المقام‬/ ‫)مخرج‬: The bottom number (total parts of the whole).

✅ Example: 3/5 (Three out of five equal parts).

Types of Fractions

1️⃣Proper Fractions (‫ الكسر العادي‬/ ‫)مناسب کسر‬

Numerator is smaller than the denominator.

✅ Example: 2/7, 5/9, 3/8

2️⃣Improper Fractions (‫ الكسر غير العادي‬/ ‫)غیر مناسب کسر‬

Numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator.

✅ Example: 7/4, 9/5, 12/8

3️⃣Mixed Fractions (‫ الكسر المختلط‬/ ‫)مخلوط کسر‬

A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

✅ Example: 2 ⅓, 5 ¾, 7 ⅖

Conversion Rule:

Convert to improper fraction:

✅ Example: 3 ½ → (3×2) + 1 = 7/2

4.3 Converting Between Fractions and Decimals

4.4

1️⃣Fraction to Decimal Conversion

Method 1: Division (Divide numerator by denominator).

✅ Example: ¾ → 3 ÷ 4 = 0.75

2️⃣Decimal to Fraction Conversion

1. Count decimal places.

2. Convert to fraction and simplify.

✅ Example: 0.6 → 6/10 → 3/5 ✅

✅ Example: 1.25 → 125/100 → 5/4 ✅

4.3 Operations with Fractions

1️⃣Addition & Subtraction

Same denominator: Add or subtract numerators.

✅ Example: 3/8 + 2/8 = (3+2)/8 = 5/8

Different denominators: Find LCM, then add or subtract.

✅ Example: ¼ + 1/6

LCM of 4 and 6 = 12

Convert: (1×3)/(4×3) + (1×2)/(6×2) = 3/12 + 2/12 = 5/12 ✅

2️⃣Multiplication

Multiply numerator with numerator and denominator with denominator.

✅ Example: 2/3 × 4/5 = (2×4) / (3×5) = 8/15 ✅

3️⃣Division

Flip the second fraction and multiply.

✅ Example: ¾ ÷ 2/5

Flip 2/5 → 5/2

Multiply: ¾ × 5/2 = (3×5) / (4×2) = 15/8 ✅

4.5 Common Mistakes to Avoid

4.6

❌ Adding denominators instead of finding LCM.

❌ Forgetting to flip the second fraction when dividing.

4.5 Practice Exercises

Level 1: Understanding Fractions

1. Identify the type of fraction:

a) 5/8
b) 9/4

c) 3 ½

2. Convert the following:

a) 2 ¾ to an improper fraction

b) 7/2 to a mixed fraction

Level 2: Operations with Fractions

3. Solve:

a) 3/5 + 2/7

b) 4/9 – 1/6

4. Multiply and divide:

a) 5/8 × ¾

b) 7/9 ÷ 2/3

4.7 Real-World Applications

4.8

✅ Cooking: Measuring ingredients in fractions.

✅ Construction: Cutting materials to fractional lengths.

✅ Finance: Understanding interest rates in decimal and fraction form.

Next Lesson: Lesson 5 – Percentages and Ratios

✅ Understanding Percentages

✅ Converting Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

✅ Solving Percentage Problems

Complete the exercises and let me know when you’re ready for the next lesson! 🚀
Lesson 5: Percentages and Ratios (‫ النسب المئوية والنسب‬/ ‫)فیصد اور تناسب‬

In this lesson, we will cover:

✅ Understanding Percentages

✅ Converting Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

✅ Solving Percentage Problems

✅ Understanding Ratios and Proportions

✅ Real-World Applications

5.1 Understanding Percentages (‫ النسبة المئوية‬/ ‫)فیصد‬

5.2

A percentage is a fraction of 100. The symbol for percentage is %.

✅ Example: 50% means 50 out of 100 → 50/100 = ½

Common Percentages and Their Fraction Equivalents

5.3 Converting Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

5.4

1️⃣Fraction → Percentage

Multiply by 100 and add the % sign.

✅ Example: Convert 3/5 to percentage

\frac{3}{5} × 100 = 60\%

2️⃣Decimal → Percentage

Multiply by 100 and add the % sign.

✅ Example: Convert 0.75 to percentage

0.75 × 100 = 75\%

3️⃣Percentage → Fraction

Divide by 100 and simplify.

✅ Example: Convert 40% to a fraction

40/100 = 2/5

5.3 Solving Percentage Problems

1️⃣Finding Percentage of a Number

✅ Formula:

\text{Value} = (\text{Percentage} × \text{Total}) / 100

✅ Example: Find 25% of 200

(25 × 200) / 100 = 50

2️⃣Finding What Percentage One Number is of Another

✅ Formula:

\text{Percentage} = (\text{Part} ÷ \text{Whole}) × 100

✅ Example: What percentage is 30 out of 120?

(30 ÷ 120) × 100 = 25\%

5.5 Understanding Ratios and Proportions

5.6

1️⃣What is a Ratio? (‫ النسبة‬/ ‫)تناسب‬

A ratio compares two quantities. It is written as a:b or a/b.

✅ Example: A recipe calls for 2 cups of flour and 3 cups of sugar.

The ratio of flour to sugar is 2:3.

2️⃣What is a Proportion? (‫ التناسب‬/ ‫)تناسب‬

A proportion states that two ratios are equal.

✅ Example: If 4 pens cost $10, how much do 8 pens cost?

4/10 = 8/x

4x = 80

X = 20

5.5 Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Forgetting to multiply by 100 when converting to percentage.

❌ Mixing up part and whole in percentage calculations.

❌ Writing a ratio in reverse order (e.g., writing 3:2 instead of 2:3).

5.7 Practice Exercises

5.8

Level 1: Understanding Percentages and Conversions

1. Convert the following:

a) 3/8 to percentage

b) 0.45 to percentage

c) 60% to fraction

2. Find the percentage:

a) 30% of 250

b) What percentage is 20 out of 50?

Level 2: Solving Ratio and Proportion Problems

3. Write the ratio in simplest form:

a) 12:16

b) 50:100

4. Solve the proportion:

a) 5/8 = x/24

b) 7/x = 21/9

5.7 Real-World Applications

✅ Shopping: Discounts (e.g., 20% off a price).

✅ Cooking: Ingredient ratios in recipes.

✅ Finance: Interest rates in banks.

Next Lesson: Lesson 6 – Algebra Basics

✅ Understanding Variables and Expressions

✅ Solving Simple Equations

✅ Applying Algebra in Real Life

Complete the exercises and let me know when you’re ready for the next lesson! 🚀

Lesson 6: Algebra Basics (‫ أساسيات الجبر‬/ ‫)الجبرا کی بنیادی باتیں‬

In this lesson, we will cover:

✅ Understanding Variables and Expressions

✅ Solving Simple Equations

✅ Applying Algebra in Real Life

 6.1 Understanding Variables and Expressions
6.2

1️⃣What is Algebra?

Algebra is the branch of mathematics that uses symbols (variables) and numbers to represent mathematical
relationships.

✅ Example: Instead of writing 5 + 3 = 8, we can write x + 3 = 8 and solve for x.

2️⃣What is a Variable? (‫ المتغير‬/ ‫)متغیر‬

A variable is a letter or symbol that represents an unknown number.

✅ Examples:

X + 2 = 5 → Here, x is a variable.

A × b = 12 → Here, a and b are variables.

3️⃣What is an Algebraic Expression? (‫ التعبير الجبري‬/ ‫)جبری اظہار‬

An algebraic expression is a combination of variables, numbers, and operations.

✅ Examples:

3x + 5 (Three times x plus five)

2y – 7 (Two times y minus seven)

📌 Important Terms:

Coefficient (‫ المعامل‬/ ‫)معامل‬: The number multiplying a variable (e.g., in 4x, the coefficient is 4).

Constant (‫ الثابت‬/ ‫)مستقل عدد‬: A number without a variable (e.g., in 4x + 3, the constant is 3).
 6.3 Solving Simple Equations
6.4

1️⃣What is an Equation? (‫ المعادلة‬/ ‫)مساوات‬

An equation is a mathematical statement that shows two expressions are equal using the = sign.

✅ Example: x + 3 = 7

📌 Goal: Find the value of the variable that makes the equation true.

2️⃣Solving One-Step Equations

We isolate the variable using inverse operations (addition ↔ subtraction, multiplication ↔ division).

✅ Examples:

🔹 Addition & Subtraction Equations

Solve: x + 5 = 12

Subtract 5 from both sides:

X = 12 – 5 = 7

Solve: y – 4 = 10

Add 4 to both sides:

Y = 10 + 4 = 14

🔹 Multiplication & Division Equations

Solve: 3x = 15

Divide by 3:
X = 15 ÷ 3 = 5

Solve: y / 4 = 6

Multiply by 4:

Y = 6 × 4 = 24

3️⃣Solving Two-Step Equations

Follow BODMAS/PEMDAS rule: Solve addition/subtraction first, then multiplication/division.

✅ Example: Solve 2x + 3 = 11

1. Subtract 3 from both sides:

2x = 8

X=4

Understanding BODMAS & PEMDAS (BODMAS ‫ اور‬PEMDAS ‫)کی وضاحت‬

When solving mathematical expressions, we follow a specific order of operations to ensure we get the correct answer.
Two common rules used worldwide are:

✅ BODMAS (Used in British English & Many Countries)

✅ PEMDAS (Used in American English)

Both follow the same order but have different names.

1️⃣What is BODMAS?
BODMAS stands for:

B → Brackets (‫)پہلے قوسین حل کریں‬

O → Orders (9√² ‫ جیسے‬،‫)یعنی طاقتیں یا جذر‬

D → Division (‫)تقسیم‬

M → Multiplication ‫)ض ر (ب‬

A → Addition (‫)جمع‬

S → Subtraction (‫)تفریق‬

✅ Example: Solve 5 + 3 × (2 + 4) ÷ 2

Step 1: Solve the brackets → (2+4) = 6

Step 2: Multiply → 3 × 6 = 18

Step 3: Divide → 18 ÷ 2 = 9

Step 4: Add → 5 + 9 = 14 ✅

2️⃣What is PEMDAS?

PEMDAS stands for:

P → Parentheses (Brackets)

E → Exponents (Orders: Powers & Roots)

MD → Multiplication & Division (from left to right)

AS → Addition & Subtraction (from left to right)

📌 PEMDAS Rule: Multiplication & Division are equal, so solve them left to right. The same applies to Addition &
Subtraction.

✅ Example: Solve 12 ÷ 3 × 2

Step 1: Left to right → 12 ÷ 3 = 4

Step 2: Multiply → 4 × 2 = 8 ✅
3️⃣Common Mistakes in BODMAS/PEMDAS

❌ Wrong: 6 + 2 × 3 = (6+2) × 3 = 24 (Incorrect)

✅ Right: 6 + 2 × 3 = 6 + (2×3) = 6 + 6 = 12

4️⃣Practice Exercises

Level 1: Apply BODMAS/PEMDAS

Solve the following:

1. 10 + 6 ÷ 2 × 3

2. (8 + 4) × 2 – 5

3. 15 – 3 × 4 + 6 ÷ 2

Level 2: More Complex Expressions

4. (3² + 5) × 4 ÷ 2

5. 18 ÷ (2 + 4) × 3

6. (25 – 5 × 3) ÷ 2 + 7
Final Thought

Mastering BODMAS/PEMDAS helps avoid mistakes and solve expressions correctly. Let me know once you finish the
exercises! 🚀

6.3 Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Forgetting to do the same operation on both sides.

❌ Multiplying instead of dividing (or vice versa).

❌ Ignoring negative signs.

6.5 Practice Exercises

6.6

Level 1: Identifying Algebraic Terms

1. Identify the coefficient and constant in the following expressions:

a) 4x + 7

b) 5y – 3

Level 2: Solving Simple Equations

2. Solve for the variable:

a) x + 8 = 20

b) 3y = 18

c) z / 5 = 9

d) 2x – 5 = 11

6.5 Real-World Applications of Algebra

✅ Finance: Calculating profits, expenses, and investments.

✅ Science: Finding unknown values in physics and chemistry.

✅ Engineering: Designing structures with unknown measurements.

Next Lesson: Lesson 7 – Advanced Algebra (Exponents & Polynomials)

✅ Understanding Exponents

✅ Polynomial Expressions

✅ Factoring & Simplifying Expressions

Complete the exercises and let me know when you’re ready for the next lesson! 🚀
Lesson 7: Exponents and Polynomials (/ ‫اعداد کی طاقتیں اور کثیر رقمی اظہار‬
‫)األسس والمتعددات الحدود‬

Lesson Objectives:

✅ Understanding Exponents (‫ األسس‬/ ‫)طاقتیں‬

✅ Laws of Exponents

✅ Understanding Polynomials (‫ متعدد الحدود‬/ ‫)کثیر رقمی اظہار‬

✅ Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Polynomials

✅ Common Mistakes to Avoid

7.1 Understanding Exponents (‫ األسس‬/ ‫)طاقتیں‬

An exponent tells us how many times a number (base) is multiplied by itself.

✅ Example:

2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

5² = 5 × 5 = 25

📌 Terminology:

Base (‫ األساس‬/ ‫ → )بنیاد‬The main number (e.g., 2 in 2³)

Exponent (‫ األس‬/ ‫ → )طاقت‬The small number above the base (e.g., 3 in 2³)

7.2 Laws of Exponents (‫ قوانين األسس‬/ ‫)طاقتوں کے قواعد‬

1️⃣Multiplication Rule

A^m × a^n = a^{m+n}

2^3 × 2^2 = 2^{3+2} = 2^5 = 32

2️⃣Division Rule
A^m ÷ a^n = a^{m-n}

5^4 ÷ 5^2 = 5^{4-2} = 5^2 = 25

3️⃣Power of a Power Rule

(a^m)^n = a^{m×n}

(3^2)^3 = 3^{2×3} = 3^6 = 729

4️⃣Power of a Product Rule

(a × b)^m = a^m × b^m

(2 × 3)^3 = 2^3 × 3^3 = 8 × 27 = 216

5️⃣Zero Exponent Rule

A^0 = 1

7^0 = 1

6️⃣Negative Exponent Rule

A^{-m} = \frac{1}{a^m}

5^{-2} = \frac{1}{5^2} = \frac{1}{25}

7.3 Understanding Polynomials ( ‫ متعدد الحدود‬/ ‫)کثیر رقمی اظہار‬

A polynomial is an expression with multiple terms, where the exponents of variables are whole numbers.

✅ Examples:

3x + 2 (Binomial – 2 terms)

4x² + 5x – 1 (Trinomial – 3 terms)

X³ - 2x² + 7x – 4 (Polynomial – 4 terms)

📌 Important Terms:

Degree (‫ الدرجة‬/ ‫)درجہ‬: Highest exponent (e.g., in 4x² + 3x + 5, the degree is 2)

Coefficient (‫ المعامل‬/ ‫)معامل‬: The number before a variable (e.g., in 5x, the coefficient is 5)

7.4 Adding & Subtracting Polynomials

🔹 Rule: Combine like terms (same variable and exponent).

✅ Example:

(3x^2 + 2x + 5) + (4x^2 – x – 3)

Step 2: Add x terms → 2x – x = x

Step 3: Add constants → 5 – 3 = 2

✅ Final Answer: 7x² + x + 2

7.5 Multiplying Polynomials

🔹 Rule: Multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in the other.

✅ Example:

(x + 2)(x + 3)

X×x + x×3 + 2×x + 2×3

X^2 + 3x + 2x + 6 ]

X^2 + 5x + 6

7.6 Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Forgetting exponent rules while multiplying (e.g., x² × x³ = x⁵, not x⁶)

❌ Mixing up unlike terms in addition/subtraction

❌ Incorrectly applying negative exponent rules

7.7 Practice Exercises

Level 1: Apply Exponent Rules

1. Simplify:

a) 2³ × 2²

b) (5²)³

c) 7⁴ ÷ 7²

d) 10⁰

Level 2: Polynomials

2. Simplify:

a) (3x² + 2x – 4) + (5x² - x + 6)

b) (x + 2)(x – 3)

Next Lesson: Lesson 8 – Factoring & Quadratic Equations

✅ Factoring Polynomials

✅ Solving Quadratic Equations

✅ Real-World Applications

Let me know once you finish the exercises! 🚀

Lesson 8: Factoring & Quadratic Equations ( ‫ تحليل‬/ ‫تجزیہ اور مربعی مساوات‬
‫)الحدود والمعادالت التربيعية‬

Lesson Objectives:

✅ Understanding Factoring (‫ التحليل‬/ ‫)تجزیہ‬

✅ Common Factoring Methods

✅ Introduction to Quadratic Equations ( ‫ المعادالت التربيعية‬/ ‫)مربعی مساوات‬

✅ Solving Quadratic Equations

8.1 What is Factoring? (‫ ما هو التحليل؟‬/ ‫)تجزیہ کیا ہے؟‬

Factoring means breaking down a polynomial into simpler expressions that, when multiplied, give the original polynomial.

✅ Example:

X^2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)

8.2 Common Factoring Methods

1️⃣Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) ( ‫ العامل المشترك األكبر‬/ ‫)سب سے بڑی مشترک مقدار‬

Find the largest number or variable common in all terms and factor it out.

✅ Example:

6x^2 + 9x

Factor out:

3x(2x + 3)

2️⃣Factoring Trinomials (Three-Term Polynomials) ( ‫ تحليل الحدود الثالثية‬/ ‫)تین رکنی تجزیہ‬

A trinomial in the form x² + bx + c can often be factored into two binomials.

✅ Example:

Factor x² + 7x + 10

Find two numbers that multiply to 10 and add to 7 → (2 and 5)

Factor:

(x + 2)(x + 5)

✅ Example:

Factor x² - 3x – 10

Find two numbers that multiply to -10 and add to -3 → (-5 and 2)

Factor:

(x – 5)(x + 2)

3️⃣Difference of Squares (‫ فرق المربعين‬/ ‫)مربع فرق کا تجزیہ‬

The rule is:

A^2 – b^2 = (a – b)(a + b)

Factor x² - 16

(x – 4)(x + 4)

4️⃣Factoring by Grouping (‫ تحليل بالتجميع‬/ ‫)گروپنگ کے ذریعے تجزیہ‬

Used for four-term polynomials by grouping terms.

✅ Example:

Factor x³ + 3x² + 2x + 6

Group: (x³ + 3x²) + (2x + 6)

Factor each group: x²(x + 3) + 2(x + 3)

Factor out common binomial:

(x² + 2)(x + 3)

8.3 What is a Quadratic Equation? ( ‫ ما هي المعادلة التربيعية؟‬/ ‫)مربعی مساوات کیا ہے؟‬

A quadratic equation is an equation of the form:

Ax^2 + bx + c = 0

✅ Examples:

X² + 5x + 6 = 0

2x² - 3x – 5 = 0

8.4 Methods for Solving Quadratic Equations

1️⃣Factoring Method (‫ الحل بالتحليل‬/ ‫)تجزیہ کے ذریعے حل کرنا‬

If a quadratic equation can be factored, set each factor equal to zero and solve for x.

✅ Example:

Solve x² + 7x + 10 = 0

Factor: (x + 2)(x + 5) = 0

Solve for x:

X + 2 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -2

X + 5 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -5 ] ✅ Solutions: x = -2, x = -5

2️⃣Quadratic Formula (‫ القانون التربيعي‬/ ‫)مربعی فارمولہ‬

If factoring is difficult, use the quadratic formula:

X = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}

Identify a = 2, b = -3, c = -5

Apply formula:

X = \frac{-(-3) \pm \sqrt{(-3)^2 – 4(2)(-5)}}{2(2)}

X = \frac{3 \pm \sqrt{9 + 40}}{4} ]

X = \frac{3 \pm \sqrt{49}}{4}

X = \frac{3 \pm 7}{4} ]

Solve for x:

X = \frac{3 + 7}{4} = \frac{10}{4} = 2.5

X = \frac{3 – 7}{4} = \frac{-4}{4} = -1 ] ✅ Solutions: x = 2.5, x = -1

8.5 Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Forgetting to factor completely

❌ Mixing up signs when solving for x

❌ Incorrectly applying the quadratic formula

8.6 Practice Exercises

Level 1: Factoring

1. Factor the following:

a) x² + 9x + 20

b) x² - 16

c) 3x² + 6x

Level 2: Solve Quadratic Equations

2. Solve the following for x:

a) x² + 5x + 6 = 0

b) 2x² - 3x – 5 = 0 (Use quadratic formula)

Next Lesson: Lesson 9 – Functions & Graphs

✅ Understanding Functions

✅ Graphing Quadratic Equations

✅ Real-World Applications of Graphs

Let me know once you finish the exercises! 🚀

Derivation of the Quadratic Formula

(‫ اشتقاق القانون التربيعي‬/ ‫)مربعی فارمولے کی تخلیق‬

The quadratic formula is used to solve any quadratic equation of the form:

Ax^2 + bx + c = 0

The formula is:

X = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}

Now, let’s derive this formula step by step using “completing the square” method.

Step 1: Start with the Standard Quadratic Equation

Ax^2 + bx + c = 0
Step 2: Divide Everything by ‘a’ to Normalize the Coefficient of

X^2 + \frac{b}{a}x + \frac{c}{a} = 0

Step 3: Move the Constant Term to the Right Side

X^2 + \frac{b}{a}x = -\frac{c}{a}

Step 4: Complete the Square

To complete the square, take half of and square it:

\left(\frac{b}{2a}\right)^2 = \frac{b^2}{4a^2}

Now, add this term to both sides of the equation:

X^2 + \frac{b}{a}x + \frac{b^2}{4a^2} = -\frac{c}{a} + \frac{b^2}{4a^2}

Step 5: Write Left Side as a Perfect Square

The left side becomes:

\left(x + \frac{b}{2a}\right)^2

Now, simplify the right side:

\left(x + \frac{b}{2a}\right)^2 = \frac{b^2 – 4ac}{4a^2}

Step 6: Take the Square Root on Both Sides

X + \frac{b}{2a} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{b^2 – 4ac}{4a^2}}

Since , we get:

X + \frac{b}{2a} = \pm \frac{\sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}

Step 7: Solve for x

X = -\frac{b}{2a} \pm \frac{\sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}

X = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}

✅ This is the Quadratic Formula! 🎉

Why is the Quadratic Formula Useful?

It works for all quadratic equations, even when factoring is difficult.

It shows whether real solutions exist using the discriminant .

If : Two real solutions

If : One real solution

If : No real solutions (complex numbers)

Let me know if you need further clarification! 🚀

Lesson 9: Functions & Graphs (‫ الدوال والرسوم البيانية‬/ ‫)افعال اور گراف‬

Lesson Objectives:

✅ Understanding Functions (‫ الدوال‬/ ‫)افعال‬

✅ Types of Functions

✅ Graphing Quadratic Equations (‫ رسم المعادالت التربيعية‬/ ‫)مربعی مساوات کا گراف‬

✅ Finding Vertex, Axis of Symmetry, and Roots

✅ Real-World Applications of Graphs

9.1 What is a Function? (‫ ما هي الدالة؟‬/ ‫)فنکشن کیا ہے؟‬

A function is a relationship between input (x) and output (y), where each input has exactly one output.

✅ Example of a Function:

F(x) = x^2 + 3

📌 Terminology:

Domain (‫ المجال‬/ ‫ → )ڈومین‬Set of all possible x-values

Range (‫ المدى‬/ ‫ → )رینج‬Set of all possible y-values

9.2 Types of Functions (‫ أنواع الدوال‬/ ‫)افعال کی اقسام‬

1️⃣Linear Functions (‫ الدالة الخطية‬/ ‫)خطی فنکشن‬

Equation:

F(x) = mx + b

✅ Example:

Y = 2x + 3

2️⃣Quadratic Functions (‫ الدالة التربيعية‬/ ‫)مربعی فنکشن‬

Equation:

F(x) = ax^2 + bx + c

✅ Example:

Y = x^2 – 4x + 3

9.3 Graphing Quadratic Equations ( ‫ رسم المعادالت التربيعية‬/ ‫)مربعی مساوات کا گراف‬

A quadratic function produces a parabola when graphed. The general form is:

Y = ax^2 + bx + c

1️⃣Identifying Key Features of the Graph

🔹 Vertex (‫ القمة‬/ ‫)راس‬: The highest or lowest point of the parabola

🔹 Axis of Symmetry (‫ محور التماثل‬/ ‫)محور توازن‬: The vertical line that divides the parabola into two equal halves

🔹 Roots (Zeroes) (‫ الجذور‬/ ‫)جڑیں‬: The points where the parabola crosses the x-axis

🔹 Direction (‫ اتجاه الفتحة‬/ ‫)افتتاحی سمت‬:

If a > 0, the parabola opens up

If a < 0, the parabola opens down

✅ Example: Graph y = x^2 – 4x + 3

1. Find the Vertex:

Use the formula:

X = \frac{-b}{2a}

X = \frac{-(-4)}{2(1)} = \frac{4}{2} = 2

Y = (2)^2 – 4(2) + 3 = 4 – 8 + 3 = -1

2. Find the Axis of Symmetry:

X=2

3. Find the Roots (Zeroes):

Solve x² - 4x + 3 = 0

(x – 3)(x – 1) = 0

X – 3 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 3 ]

X – 1 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 1

4. Find Additional Points:

Plug x = 0 into y = x^2 – 4x + 3

Y = 0^2 – 4(0) + 3 = 3

✅ Graphing Summary:

Vertex: (2, -1)

Axis of Symmetry: x = 2

Roots (x-intercepts): (1, 0) and (3, 0)

y-intercept: (0,3)

9.4 Real-World Applications of Quadratic Graphs

Quadratic functions appear in many real-world scenarios, such as:

✅ Physics: Motion of objects in gravity (y = -16t² + vt + h)

✅ Economics: Profit maximization and revenue models

✅ Engineering: Designing bridges, satellite dishes, and car headlights

9.5 Practice Exercises

Level 1: Identifying Features of Quadratic Functions

1. Find the vertex, axis of symmetry, and roots for:

a) y = x² - 6x + 8

b) y = 2x² - 4x – 6

Level 2: Graph Quadratic Equations

2. Graph the following quadratic functions:

a) y = x² - 2x – 3

b) y = -x² + 4x – 2

Next Lesson: Lesson 10 – Sequences & Series

✅ Arithmetic & Geometric Sequences

✅ Finding nth Term & Sum of a Series

✅ Applications in Real Life

Let me know once you finish the exercises! 🚀