EC4011D Wireless Communication

P Varun - B210689EC
Assignment S.1
September 15, 2024

1.Due to complaints raised by environmentalists, a cellular operator decides to reduce the

transmit power. To implement it, the operator redesign the system by reducing the range
of coverage of every cell from R to R/3. If the path loss exponent of the medium is 5, find
the resultant decrease that can be made to the transmit power without affecting the signal
quality of existing users.
Ans. The path loss L is generally given by:
1
L∝
Rα
where:
• R is the range (distance between the transmitter and receiver),
• α is the path loss exponent.
In this case, the path loss exponent α =5. The original path loss Loriginal when the range
is R is:
1
Loriginal ∝ 5
R
Therefore,when the range is reduced to R/3, the new path loss Lnew is:
1 35
Lnew ∝ =
(R/3)5 R
So, the new path loss is:
Lnew = 35 ∗ Loriginal
Since path loss increases by a factor of 35 , to maintain the same signal quality (i.e., the same
received signal power), the transmit power should be decreased by the same factor. The
factor is: 35 =243
Thus, the new transmit power Pnew should be:
Poriginal
Pnew =
243
The cellular operator can decrease the transmit power by a factor of 243 without affecting
the signal quality of the existing users when the range of coverage is reduced from R to R/3

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and the path loss exponent is 5.

2. Consider a hexagonal grid system with omnidirectional antennas and frequency reuse with
cluster size N = 9. Assume that the propagation path-loss exponent is equal to 5. Suppose
that new receiver technology is contemplated which will reduce the required S/I ratio by 4
dB. Does this improvement justify the use of N = 7?
Ans. √ n
3N
>= SIRmin
I
Consider only first layer,therefore I=6 of co channel neighbours = 630.394
√
( 3 ∗ 9)5
SIRN =9 = = 630.394
6
SIRN =9 (dB) = 10log(630.394) = 28.0dB
With the new receiver technology, the required SIR is reduced by 4 dB:
Adjusted SIRnew = 28.0 dB − 4 dB = 24.0 dB
√
( 3 ∗ 7)5
SIRN =7 = = 337.017
6
SIRN =7 (dB) = 10log(337.017) = 25.3dB
Since the SIR for N=7 (25.3 dB) is greater than the adjusted SIR for N=9 (24.0 dB),
the improvement in receiver technology does justify the use of N=7 instead of N=9.

3. Explain the complete signaling procedure required for a hand-off from one BSC to another
BSC in second generation (GSM) mobile cellular systems.
Ans. The signaling procedure for hand-off from one BSC to another in second generation
(GSM) mobile cellular systems is:
1. Measurement Reports: The Mobile Station (MS) sends signal measurements to its
current Base Station Controller (BSC-A).
2. Handover Decision: BSC-A decides to handover the MS to a target cell managed
by another BSC (BSC-B).
3. Handover Request:
• BSC-A to MSC-A: BSC-A requests MSC-A to handle the handover.
• MSC-A to MSC-B: MSC-A sends a handover request to MSC-B (if different).
4. Channel Allocation: MSC-B forwards the request to BSC-B, which allocates a new
channel for the MS.
5. Handover Command: BSC-A instructs the MS to switch to the new channel.
6. Switch and Access: MS switches to the new channel and sends an access message
to BSC-B.

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 7. Handover Detection: BSC-B confirms the MS has successfully switched channels.

8. Completion: MSC-B informs MSC-A of the successful handover. BSC-A releases old
resources.

4. Consider a wireless system operating at 5.8 GHz with the following parameters: K =
−50 dBm, γ = 3.3, σψ = 4 dB, Pt = 15 dBm Calculate the outage probability at distances
of 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 300 m. Plot the outage probability as a function of distance and
discuss the trends observed. Explain how distance affects the communication reliability.

Ans. Outage probability:

Pmin − (Pt + 10log(K) − 10γlog(d/d0 )

Pout = 1 − Q(
σψ dB

Given frequency = 5.8 Ghz, σψ dB = 4 dBm, k = -50dBm, Pt =15dBm, γ =3.3

Assume Pm in = -110dBm
To find outage probability at: a) 50m b)100m, c) 200m d)300m

a) For 50 m:
 
−110 − (15 + (−50)) − 10(3.3) log10 (50)
Pout =1−Q
4
 
−110 − 15 + 50 + 33 log10 (50)
Pout = 1 − Q
4

Pout = 1 − Q(−4.73) = 0
Thus, Poutage ≈ 0.
b) For 100 m:
 
−110 − (15 − 50) − 10(3.3) log10 (100)
Pout =1−Q
4
 
−110 − 15 + 50 + 33 log10 (100)
=1−Q
4

Poutage = 1 − Q(−2.25) = 0.0122

c) For 200 m:
 
−110 − (15 − 50) − 10(3.3) log10 (200)
Poutage = 1 − Q
4

Poutage = 1 − Q(0.2325) = 0.592

d) For 200 m:

3
  
−110 − (15 − 50) − 10(3.3) log10 (300)
Pout = 1 − Q
4
Pout = 1 − Q(1.686) = 0.954

The outage probability increases as the distance between transmitter and receiver increases.
As the distance increases, communication reliability decreases due to higher path loss, shad-
owing and fading effects.

5. You are tasked with designing a communication link with a target outage probability
of less than 0.01 at a distance of 100 m. Given that the environment causes a path loss
exponent γ = 3.5 and shadowing variance σψ = 4 dB, calculate the minimum transmit
power Pt required to meet this target, assuming K = −30 dBm and Pmin = −100 dBm.
Evaluate how adjusting Pt can achieve the design goal.
Ans. Given: Pmin = −100 dBm, K = −50 dBm, distance d = 100 m
γ = 3.5 (path loss exponent), σψdB = 4 dB
Outage probability < 0.01 ⇒ Pout < 0.01
We have the formula:
 
Pmin − (Pt + K − 10γ log10 (d/d0 ))
P =1−Q
σ

Substitute the values:  

−100 − (Pt + 30 + 70)
P =1−Q
4

4
  
−Pt
1−Q < 0.01
4
 
−Pt
1 − 0.01 < Q
4
 
−Pt
Q > 0.99
4
From the Q-function table:
Pt ≥ 9.328 dBm
Thus, the minimum transmit power is Pt = 9.328 dBm.
Thus, the minimum transmit power Pt required to achieve an outage probability of less
than 0.01 is approximately −50.7 dBm. Adjusting Pt to this level will help achieve the de-
sign goal.

6. You are tasked with designing a cellular network in a hilly region where the path loss
exponent γ = 4. The base station must cover a circular cell of radius R = 400 meters,
and the transmitted power Pt = 25 dBm. The shadowing standard deviation is σψ = 6 dB,
K = −30 dBm, and the target minimum received power Pmin = −105 dBm.

Ans. Coverage Area Calculation:

The coverage area C is given by:
   
2 − 2ab 2 − 2ab
C = Q(a) + exp Q
b2 b
where:
Pmin − P R (C) 10γ log10 (e)
a= and b =
σψdBm σψdBm
Given:

γ = 4, Pt = 25 dBm, R = 400 m, σψdBm = 6 dBm, K = −30 dBm, Pmin = −105 dBm

Now, calculate PR :
 
R
PR = Pt + 10 log10 (K) + 10γ log10
d0
where d0 = 1.

PR = 25 + (−30) − 10 × 4 log10 (400)

PR = −5 − 104.08
∴ PR = −109.08 dBm
Now, calculate a:
−105 + 109.08
a= = 0.68
6
5
 Next, calculate b:
10 log10 (e)
b= = 2.89
6
   
2 × 0.68 × 2.89 2 × 0.68
C = Q(0.68) + exp Q
(2.89)2 2.89
C = 0.748 + exp(−0.23) × 0.012
C = 0.748 + 0.795 × 0.012 = 0.642
Thus, the coverage area C = 0.642.
—
Outage Probability Calculation:
 
Pmin − (Pt + 10 log10 K + 10γ log10 (d/d0 ))
Pout = 1 − Q
σψdBm
Substitute the given values:
 
−105 − (25 − 30 − 104.08)
Pout = 1 − Q
6

Pout = 1 − Q(1.408/6)

Pout = 1 − Q(0.68) = 0.751

Thus, Pout = 0.751.
—
Part 2: If the base station transmit power is increased by 3 dBm, compute
the new coverage area and discuss the implications.
Given Pt + 3, we have:

Pt = 25 + 3 = 28 dBm
Now, recalculate PR :
 
R
PR = Pt + 10 log10 (K) + 10γ log10
d0

PR = −106.08 dBm
Now, calculate a:
−105 + 106.8
a= = 0.18
6
Using the same b = 2.89:
   
2 − 2 × 0.18 × 2.89 2 − 2 × 0.18
C = Q(0.18) + exp Q
(2.89)2 2.89

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 C = 0.429 + 1.121 × 0.304 = 0.76
Thus, the new coverage area C = 0.76.
Implications: When the transmit power is increased by 3 dBm, it increases the coverage
area and also increases the strength of the signals.

7. For the two-ray model, derive an approximate expression for the distance values below
the critical distance dc at which signal nulls occur.

Ans. We need the signal null (destructive interference) at distance before dc . Therefore,

∆ϕ = (2n + 1)π

nϵN
2π∆d
∆ϕ =
λ
∆d = x + x′ − l
p p
= (ht + hr )2 + d2 − (ht − hr )2 + d2
r r
(ht + hr ) 2 (ht − hr ) 2
=d ( ) +1−d ( ) +1
d d
For d < dc =⇒ d ≫ (ht + hr )

(ht + hr )2 (ht − hr )2
∆d = d( + 1) − d( + 1)
2d2 2d2
2(ht + hr )
=
d
4π(ht + hr )
∆=
λd
4π(ht + hr )
2(n + 1)π =
λd
4ht hr
d=
(2n + 1)λ

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8. A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a
signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find the optimal value of N for(a)omni-
directional antennas,(b) 120° sectoring, and(c) 60° sectoring. Should sectoring be used? If
so, which case(60° or 120°) should be used? (Assume a path loss exponent of n = 4 and
consider trunking efficiency)
Ans. Here we are given that n = 4, so in the worst case, S/I = 15dB = 31.623dB
a) For omnidirectional antennas:
Let’s assume io = 6 (i.e. the number of interfering cells).
We know that:
√
S ( 3N )n
=
I io
√
( 3N )4
31.623 =
6

N > 4.59

N = 7 (the possible value of N after 4.59)

b) For 120◦ sectoring:
Now after sectoring, the number of interfering cells reduces and now, io = 2.
Using the same formula:
√
S ( 3N )n
=
I io
√
( 3N )4
31.623 =
2

N > 2.65

N = 3 (by possible round-off)

c) For 60◦ sectoring: Now, after more sectoring the interfering cells get more reduced:
io = 1
Using the same formula:
√
S ( 3N )n
=
I io
√
( 3N )4
31.623 =
1

N > 1.87

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 N = 3 (the possible value of N after 1.87)
As we have seen from the solution, both types of sectoring increase the system capacity,
but 60◦ sectoring reduces the trunking efficiency.
So, we will choose the 120◦ sectoring.

9. There are 1000 users subscribed to a cellular system. The call request rate for each user
is 2 call requests per week. For each call, the average call duration is l min. If the system
has only two channels and it is used to support the whole 1000 users, what is the blocking
probability?
Ans. To calculate the blocking probability, we can use the Erlang B formula, which is
commonly used to determine the probability of call blocking in a telecommunications system.
First, we need to calculate the total call request rate (λ) and the total available channels (c).

λ = 1000users ∗ 2callrequests/week/user = 2000 call requests/week

= 2000/(7 ∗ 24 ∗ 60) = 0.198

Since there are only 2 channels, c = 2.
Next, we need to calculate the traffic intensity (A) in Erlangs:
h
A=λ∗
c
where h is the average call duration in minutes. Since the average call duration is 1 minute,
h = 1.

A = 2000 call requests/week * 1 minute / 2 channels = 0.198 Erlangs

Now, we can use the Erlang B formula to calculate the blocking probability Pb :
Ac
Pb = Pc c! Ai
i=0 i!

Substituting A = 1000 and c = 2:

0.1982
2!
Pb = 0.1980 0.1981 0.1982
0!
+ 1!
+ 2!
Simplifying the expression:

Pb ≈ 0.01616
So, the blocking probability is approximately 1.616%. This means that about 1.616% of
the call requests will be blocked due to the limited number of channels.
Note: This calculation assumes a simple model and doesn’t take into account other fac-
tors that might affect the system’s performance.

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10. A hexagonal cell in a 7-cell system has a radius of 2.5 km. The entire system utilizes
90 channels. Assuming a user load of 0.04 Erlangs and a call rate of 0.8 calls per hour,
determine the following for an Erlang C system with a 4% probability of delayed calls:

1. How many users per square kilometer can this system support?

2. What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait more than 15 seconds?

3. What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 15 seconds?

Ans. Given a 7 cell system with r =2.5Km, user load = 0.04 Erlangs, call rate = 0.8 call/hr
and 4% probability of delayed calls
Area covered per cell = 2.598 * (25)2 = 16.2375 sq Km
Number of channels per cluster = 7
Number of channels = 90
Number of channels per cell = 90/7 ≈ 13 channels
(a) From Erlang C chart, for 4% propbability of delay with C =13, traffic intensity = 7.27
Erlangs
Thus the number of users = 7.27/0.04 = 181 users
= 181/16.2375 = 11 users/ sq Km
(b) Given λ = 0.8
holding time = 0.04/0.8 = 0.05 hrs = 180 sec
The probability delay that a delayed cell will have to wait for more than 15 sec:

(C − A)t (13 − 7.27) ∗ 15

P (delay > t|delay) = exp(− ) = exp(− ) = 62.03%
H 180
(c) Given,
P (delay > 0) = 4% = 0.04
Probability that a cell is delayed more than 15 seconds:

P (delay > 15) = P (delay > 0) ∗ P (delay > t|delay) = 0.04 ∗ 6.203 = 2.48%

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