Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python

A constructor is a special method in

OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python
A constructor is a special method in
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python
A constructor is a special method in
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python
A constructor is a special method in
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python
A constructor is a special method in
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) Overview Constructor in Python
A constructor is a special method in
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the object-oriented programming that is
concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) automatically executed when an object of
a class is created. Its purpose is to
and behavior (methods). It provides a way to structure initialize the object's attributes and
allocate necessary resources.
programs by bundling related properties and behaviors In Python, the constructor is defined using
into individual objects. The primary goal of OOPs is to the __init__ method within a class.
Methods in Python
enhance code reusability, scalability, and maintainability. Methods are functions that belong to a
class and operate on its objects. They help
Core Concepts of OOPs in encapsulating behavior within a class.
1. Class:-A class is a blueprint or template for creating Python provides different types of
objects. It defines attributes (variables) and behaviors methods to handle instance-specific, class
(methods) that its objects will have. -wide, and independent functionalities.
Instance Method: These methods work
2. Object:-An object is an instance of a class. It with instance-specific data. They require
represents a real-world entity and holds unique values self as the first parameter and can modify
for its attributes.it combines attributes and method define object attributes.
by the class Class Method: These methods belong to
Four Pillars of the class itself rather than individual
OOPs objects. They use cls and are useful when
class-wide behavior needs modification.
1. Encapsulation:-Encapsulation is the concept of Static Method: These methods are
restricting direct access to some data and methods independent of both class and instance
within a class,exposing only necessary parts. variables. They are generally used for
2. Inheritance:-Inheritance allows a class to inherit tasks that do not need access to class or
attributes and methods from another class, instance attributes, such as mathematical
promoting reusability. calculations.
Single Inheritance
3. Polymorphism:-Polymorphism allows the same Single inheritance is a fundamental
method to take different forms depending on the object concept in object-oriented programming
calling it.This is achieved through method overloading where a child class derives attributes and
and method overriding. behaviors from a single parent class. This
promotes code reusability, allowing shared
4. Abstraction:-Abstraction is the process of hiding functionality to be defined in a common
implementation details and only exposing relevant base class and inherited by child classes.
functionalities using abstract classes and methods. Class Variable: A variable that is shared
Errors in Python among all instances of a class. It belongs
Errors in programming are flaws or issues in the code to the class itself rather than any specific
that prevent it from executing correctly. In Python, object. Any change made to a class
errors can be broadly classified into two categories: variable is reflected across all instances of
syntax errors and runtime errors. the class.
Exceptions in Python Instance Variable: A variable that is unique
Exceptions are a subset of errors that occur during to each instance of a class. Each object
program execution. Unlike syntax errors, exceptions maintains its own copy of instance
are usually due to unexpected conditions, such as file variables, and changes made to one object
not found, invalid user input, or memory limitations. do not affect others.
Types of Errors in Python Multilevel inheritance is a type of
Syntax Error – Occurs when Python fails to inheritance where a class inherits from
understand the structure of the code due to another class, which in turn inherits from
incorrect syntax. a third class. This forms a hierarchical
Indentation Error – Python relies on indentation to chain of inheritance, allowing attributes
define code blocks. Incorrect indentation leads to an and methods to be passed down through
error. multiple levels.
Name Error – Raised when a variable or function is
used without being defined.
Type Error – Occurs when an operation is performed
on incompatible data types, such as adding a string
to an integer.