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OOPs

Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on using objects to design applications, contrasting with procedure-oriented programming. Key concepts include objects, classes, and four principles: encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles help in organizing code, reducing complexity, and enabling code reuse.

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18 views2 pages

OOPs

Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on using objects to design applications, contrasting with procedure-oriented programming. Key concepts include objects, classes, and four principles: encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles help in organizing code, reducing complexity, and enabling code reuse.

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Object-Oriented Basics

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a style of programming that focuses


on using objects to design and build applications. Contrary to procedure-
oriented programming where programs are designed as blocks of statements
to manipulate data, OOP organizes the program to combine data and
functionality and wrap it inside something called an “Object”.

If you have never used an object-oriented programming language before, you


will need to learn a few basic concepts before you can begin writing any code.
This chapter will introduce some basic concepts of OOP:

• Objects: Objects represent a real-world entity and the basic building


block of OOP. For example, an Online Shopping System will have
objects such as shopping cart, customer, product item, etc.

• Class: Class is the prototype or blueprint of an object. It is a template


definition of the attributes and methods of an object. For example, in
the Online Shopping System, the Customer object will have attributes
like shipping address, credit card, etc., and methods for placing an
order, canceling an order, etc.

The four principles of object-oriented programming are encapsulation,


abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.

• Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the mechanism of binding the data


together and hiding it from the outside world. Encapsulation is achieved
when each object keeps its state private so that other objects don’t have
direct access to its state. Instead, they can access this state only through
a set of public functions.

• Abstraction: Abstraction can be thought of as the natural extension of


encapsulation. It means hiding all but the relevant data about an object
in order to reduce the complexity of the system. In a large system,
objects talk to each other, which makes it difficult to maintain a large
code base; abstraction helps by hiding internal implementation details
of objects and only revealing operations that are relevant to other
objects.

• Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism of creating new classes


from existing ones.
• Polymorphism: Polymorphism (from Greek, meaning “many forms”)
is the ability of an object to take different forms and thus, depending
upon the context, to respond to the same message in different ways.
Take the example of a chess game; a chess piece can take many forms,
like bishop, castle, or knight and all these pieces will respond differently
to the ‘move’ message.

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