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lecture 2

The document provides an overview of computer programming concepts, focusing on variables, identifiers, and data types in C++. It explains how to declare variables, assign values, and the importance of using meaningful names, as well as the different data types and operators available in C++. Additionally, it covers input/output streams, namespaces, and escape sequences.

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samy2mexa
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0 views

lecture 2

The document provides an overview of computer programming concepts, focusing on variables, identifiers, and data types in C++. It explains how to declare variables, assign values, and the importance of using meaningful names, as well as the different data types and operators available in C++. Additionally, it covers input/output streams, namespaces, and escape sequences.

Uploaded by

samy2mexa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer programming

Introduction
Variables and assignment
• variable are used to name and store data.
• value is any type of data held by the variable.
• Variables are implemented as Memory locations assigned by the compiler
• The value of the variable Is kept in the memory location assigned to that variable.
Identifiers
• Identifier : name of the variable
• An identifier must start with a letter or an underscore
• Other characters can be letters, digits or the underscore symbol
• C++ is a case-sensitive language;
• eg Rate | RATE | rate => are different variables
Rules for writing an identifier

1. The first letter should be either be a letter or underscore

2. Identifiers shouldn’t be keywords


Keywords or Reserved words are words that have predefined meaning in c++ and they’re
defined in the libraries.

Example: cin , cout, int, include

3. There shall be no space between words in the identifier

4. To make your program easy to understand, u should always use


meaningful names for variables.
Variable declarations

• Declaring a variable is telling the complier the kind of data to be stored in the
variable.
• For example:
int number_of_bars; => integer type

double one_weight , total_weight; => double type

• When there is more than one declarations they are separated by comma.

• Each declarations ends with a semicolon.

• All variables must be declared before use


Assignment Statements
• Assignment statement : a direct way to change the value of a
• For example:
total_weight = one_weight * number_of_bars;

• This assignment statement sets the value of total_weight to the value of one_weight multiplied by the
value of number_of_bars.

• An assignment statement always consists of


• a variable on the left-side of the equal sign
• an expression on the right-side
• ends with a semicolon.
• Example of assignment
• total_weight = one_weight;
• weight = one_weight + 3;

• A variable can be initialized at the time of declaration


• E.g. int a = 6;
2.2 Input and output
An input stream : the stream of input that is being An output stream : the stream of output generated
by the program
fed to the program

• Output using cout


• Input using cin
• Output to the screen
• Input from user
• For example
• For example
• cout << ”Please enter your name: ”;
• string firstName
• cout << “the total cost is $” << (price + tax);
cin >> firstName
• cout << first name << “ “ << second number;

• The arrow notation << is often called the


insertion operation.
INCLUDE DIRECTIVES AND NAMESPACES
#include <iostream> - These two lines make the library iostream available.

Using namespace std; - iostream library includes the definition of cin and cout and others

• C++ divides names into namespaces.

• A namespace is a collection of names, such as the names cin and cout.

• Using directive : a statement that specifies a namespace by “using”.


• i.e. using namespace std;

• This statement says that your program is using the std (standard) namespace.
Escape sequences
• The \ preceding a character tells the compiler that the character
following the \ doesn’t have the same meaning as the character itself.

• Such a sequence is called an escape sequence


Data type
• Data-types of a variable restricts the type of data to be stored on the variable at declaration.

• At variable declaration in C++, the compiler allocates memory based on the variable’s data-type
• Every data type requires a different amount of memory.
Data type
• Primitive Data Types:

• are built-in or predefined data types

• can be used directly by the user to declare variables

• Derived Data Types:

• They are derived from the primitive or built-in data types

• Abstract or User-Defined Data Types:

• are defined by user


Primitive Data type
• Integer:
• Keyword used for integer data types is int
• Integers typically requires 4 bytes of memory space
• ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483647

• Character:
• Keyword used for character data type is char
• Characters typically requires 1 byte of memory space
• ranges from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255

• Boolean:
• used for storing boolean or logical values (true or false)
• Keyword used for boolean data type is bool
Primitive Data type …
• Floating Point:
• used for storing single precision floating point values or decimal values

• Keyword used for floating point data type is float

• Float variables typically requires 4 byte of memory space

• Double Floating Point:


• used for storing double precision floating point values or decimal values

• Keyword used for double floating point data type is double

• Double variables typically requires 8 byte of memory space

• Valueless or Void:
• Void means without any value.

• void datatype represents a valueless entity.

• Void data type is used for those function which does not returns a value.
Data type Modifiers
Operators
• An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations.
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Misc Operators
Operators …
Arithmetic Operators
Operators …
Assignment Operators
Operators …
Assignment Operators …
Operators …
Relational Operators
Operators …
Logical Operators
Operators …
Bitwise Operators
Operators …
Postfix vs Prefix

• Postfix - returns the value and then performs the operation


• Eg int a = 2;
• Cout <<a; => this gives out 2
• Cout<<a++; => this gives out 2
• Cout<<a; => this gives out 3
• Prefix - performs the operation and returns the value
• Eg int a = 2;
• Cout <<a; => this gives out 2
• Cout<<++a; => this gives out 3
• Cout<<a; => this gives out 3
Precedence of operators

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