Front End Angular

What is the purpose of the 'ng serve' command in Angular CLI?

The 'ng serve' command is used to compile the application and start a development
server that hosts the application.

How do you create a new Angular project using Angular CLI?

You can create a new Angular project using Angular CLI by running the command 'ng
new project-name' in the terminal.

What is Angular CLI?

Angular CLI is a command-line interface tool that can be used to initialize,
develop, scaffold, and maintain Angular applications.

How can you generate a new component using Angular CLI with a custom prefix?
You can generate a new component with a custom prefix using the command 'ng
generate component component-name --prefix custom-prefix'.

Explain the difference between 'ng build' and 'ng serve' commands in Angular CLI.
The 'ng build' command is used to compile the application and generate output
files, while the 'ng serve' command also compiles the application but additionally
starts a development server and hosts the application.

What are some of the advantages of using Angular CLI for Angular development?
Some advantages of using Angular CLI include automatic code generation, built-in
development server, and simplified build and deployment processes.

What is RxJS in Angular?

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for reactive programming
using observables that makes it easier to compose asynchronous or callback-based
code.

How do you create an observable in RxJS?

You can create an observable using the 'Observable' class and the 'create' method,
passing a callback function that defines the data stream.

What is the purpose of using operators in RxJS?

Operators in RxJS are used to transform, filter, combine, and manipulate the data
emitted by observables, allowing for powerful stream processing capabilities.

How does error handling work in RxJS observables?

Error handling in RxJS observables can be done using the 'catchError' operator to
intercept and handle errors emitted by the observable, allowing for graceful
handling of errors within the data stream.

Explain the concept of multicasting in RxJS.

Multicasting in RxJS refers to the ability to broadcast a single source observable
to multiple subscribers, while ensuring that the source is only subscribed to once
and that subscribers receive the same emissions.

What are the benefits of using subjects in RxJS?

Subjects in RxJS act as both observers and observables, allowing for both the
emitting and subscribing to data, making them particularly useful for multicasting
and as event emitters in Angular applications.

What is the syntax for event binding in Angular templates?

Event binding in Angular templates is denoted by parentheses () and is used to
execute a component method when a specific event occurs.
How do you bind a property to an element in Angular template syntax?
Property binding in Angular is denoted by square brackets [] and is used to set the
value of an element property from a component.

What is the purpose of interpolation in Angular template syntax?

Interpolation in Angular template syntax is used to output data from the component
to the view. It is denoted by double curly braces {{}}.

Explain the purpose of the ngFor directive in Angular template syntax.

The ngFor directive in Angular template syntax is used for displaying a list of
items by iterating over them in the component and rendering the elements in the
view.

How can you conditionally apply styles to an element in Angular template syntax?
You can use the ngClass directive in Angular template syntax to conditionally apply
styles to an element based on component properties.

What is the purpose of the safe navigation operator in Angular template syntax?
The safe navigation operator (?.) in Angular template syntax is used to prevent
errors when trying to access properties of an object that may be null or undefined.

What is the purpose of Dependency Injection in Angular?

To allow components and services to be loosely coupled, making it easier to manage
and test code.

How is Dependency Injection implemented in Angular?

It is implemented by registering providers with the Angular injector, which can
then be injected into components or services.

What is the difference between using @Injectable() and providing a service at the
component level in Angular?
Using @Injectable() allows the service to be provided at the root level, making it
available throughout the application, while providing a service at the component
level limits its availability to that component and its children.

What are some best practices for organizing and managing dependencies in an Angular
application?
Some best practices include organizing providers into feature modules, using
providedIn to manage the scope of services, and leveraging lazy loading to minimize
the initial bundle size.

How can you use the providedIn property in the @Injectable() decorator to register
a service with the Angular injector?
You can use the providedIn property to specify the module where the service should
be provided, such as 'root' to provide it at the application root level.

Can you explain the difference between the useValue, useClass, and useExisting
providers in Angular's Dependency Injection system?
The useValue provider is used to provide a simple value or configuration, useClass
is used to provide a class or constructor function, and useExisting is used to
provide an existing token that should be used instead.

What is the purpose of router-outlet directive in Angular?

router-outlet directive is used to display the component associated with the
activated route within the parent component's template.

What is the purpose of RouterModule.forChild() method in Angular?

RouterModule.forChild() method is used to configure additional feature modules and
their associated routes in an Angular application.
What is the purpose of RouterModule.forRoot() method in Angular?
RouterModule.forRoot() method is used to configure the top-level route of an
Angular application. It should only be used in the root AppRoutingModule.

Can you have multiple router-outlet directives in a single component in Angular?

Yes, you can have multiple router-outlet directives in a single component in
Angular. Each router-outlet will display the component associated with the
activated route based on the route configuration.

Explain the difference between RouterModule.forRoot() and RouterModule.forChild()

methods in Angular.
RouterModule.forRoot() is used in the root AppRoutingModule to configure the top-
level route, while RouterModule.forChild() is used in feature modules to configure
their associated routes.

How can you configure a default route in Angular using RouterModule?

To configure a default route in Angular, you can use the pathMatch property in the
route configuration along with redirectTo to specify the default route.

What is the main attribute directive in Angular?

ngFor

What is the purpose of ngStyle attribute directive in Angular?

To apply inline styles to HTML elements based on certain conditions or variables.

How do you use ngIf structural directive in Angular?

You can use it to conditionally render a portion of the HTML based on the value of
an expression.

How does Angular handle attribute directives during change detection?

Angular evaluates and applies attribute directives once during the initial
rendering of the component, and then re-evaluates and re-applies them only if their
input properties change.

Can you give an example of how to use the ngSwitch attribute directive in Angular?
Sure, you can use ngSwitch to conditionally display different templates based on
the value of a variable. For example, you can create a container element with
[ngSwitch] attribute and then use [ngSwitchCase] attribute on child elements to
specify different cases.

Explain the difference between ngFor and ngIf in Angular.

ngFor is a structural directive used for iterating over a collection and rendering
a template for each item, while ngIf is a structural directive used for
conditionally including or excluding a portion of the DOM based on an expression.

What is the purpose of the 'selector' property in an Angular Component?

The 'selector' property in an Angular Component is used to define how the component
will be identified within a template. It is typically used as a custom HTML
element.

How do you create a new Angular Component?

To create a new Angular Component, you use the Angular CLI command 'ng generate
component component-name'. This will create the necessary files and set up the
component structure for you.

What is an Angular Component?

An Angular Component is a basic building block of an Angular application. It
consists of a TypeScript class that interacts with the HTML template and may also
have associated CSS styles.

What is the difference between a Component and a Directive in Angular?

A Component is a specialized Directive with a template, while a Directive is used
to add behavior to an existing DOM element. Components are typically used to define
the structure and behavior of a part of the UI, while Directives are used to change
the behavior of a DOM element.

How would you handle data binding in an Angular Component?

Data binding in an Angular Component can be achieved using the interpolation {{ }}
for one-way binding, and with the [()] syntax for two-way binding. One-way binding
updates the view when the model changes, while two-way binding updates the model
and the view simultaneously.

Explain the role of inputs and outputs in an Angular Component.

Inputs and outputs in an Angular Component are used as a means of communication
between components. Inputs allow external data to be passed into the component,
while outputs emit events to notify the parent component of any changes or actions.

What is the purpose of the templateUrl property in an Angular component?

The templateUrl property in an Angular component is used to specify the location of
the HTML template file that will be used to render the component's view.

How do you define the styling for an Angular component?

You can define the styling for an Angular component by using either inline styles
within the component's HTML template, or by linking an external stylesheet.

What is the basic structure of an Angular component?

Every Angular component consists of three main parts: the component decorator with
its metadata, the component class that holds the data and behavior for the view,
and the component HTML template that determines the view.

How can you apply conditional styling to an element in an Angular component?

Conditional styling can be applied to an element in an Angular component by using
ngClass or ngStyle directives, which allow you to conditionally apply CSS classes
or styles based on certain conditions.

What are some best practices for organizing the files and folders within an Angular
component?
Best practices for organizing the files and folders within an Angular component
include grouping related files together (e.g. HTML, CSS, TypeScript) and
maintaining a consistent naming convention for the files.

How can you pass data from a parent component to a child component in Angular?
Data can be passed from a parent component to a child component in Angular using
@Input decorator to bind the parent component property to a child component
property.

Can a parent component listen for events emitted by a child component?

Yes, by using the @Output decorator to define custom events in the child component.

How do you define an input property in an Angular component?

By using the @Input decorator before the property declaration in the component
class.

What is the purpose of @Input in an Angular component?

To allow data to be passed into the component from its parent component.

Can a component have both @Input and @Output properties?

Yes, a component can have both @Input properties to receive data from its parent,
and @Output properties to emit events to its parent.

How can you pass data from a child component to its parent component using @Output?
By defining a property in the child component with @Output decorator, and emitting
events using EventEmitter.

Explain the difference between @Input and @Output in Angular components.

The @Input decorator is used to pass data into a component from its parent, while
the @Output decorator is used to emit events from the component to its parent.

What is the purpose of ngOnInit Lifecycle Hook in Angular?

The ngOnInit hook is called after the first ngOnChanges when the component is bound
to the data-bound properties. It is an ideal place for the component to initialize
data.

What is change detection in Angular?

Change detection is the process that Angular uses to determine when and how to
update the DOM in response to changes in application data.

What are the main Angular Lifecycle Hooks?

ngOnChanges, ngOnInit, ngDoCheck, ngAfterContentInit, ngAfterContentChecked,
ngAfterViewInit, ngAfterViewChecked, ngOnDestroy

How would you optimize change detection performance in an Angular application?

To optimize change detection performance in an Angular application, you can use
OnPush change detection strategy, minimize the use of watchers and ngFor loops, and
use immutability to reduce the number of change detection cycles needed.

Can you explain the difference between ngDoCheck and ngOnChanges Lifecycle Hooks in
Angular?
ngOnChanges is called when the input properties of a component are changed, while
ngDoCheck is called during every change detection run, regardless of whether the
component has input properties or not.

Explain the basics of change detection in Angular and how it works.

Change detection in Angular is the process of identifying and updating the parts of
the DOM that need to change due to changes in the application's data. It works by
comparing the current state of the application's data with its previous state and
updating the DOM accordingly. Angular uses zone.js to track asynchronous events and
trigger change detection when needed.

What is two-way data binding in Angular forms?

Two-way data binding in Angular forms allows the data in the model to be
synchronized with the view and vice versa, so that any changes made in the view are
automatically reflected in the model and vice versa.

How can you create a basic form in Angular?

You can create a basic form in Angular by using the ngForm directive in the
template and importing the FormsModule in the module.

What is the purpose of Angular forms?

Angular forms are used to handle user input and perform validation before
submitting the data to the server.

What is the purpose of the FormBuilder service in Angular forms?

The FormBuilder service in Angular forms provides convenient methods for creating
form controls and groups, and also handles the instantiation and management of form
models.
How can you perform custom validation in Angular forms?
You can perform custom validation in Angular forms by creating a custom validator
function and using it in the form control's validators array, or by creating a
custom directive to apply validation logic to form controls.

Explain the difference between template-driven forms and reactive forms in Angular.
Template-driven forms rely on directives in the template to create and manage the
form controls, while reactive forms are created programmatically in the component
class and are more flexible and scalable for complex forms.

What is two-way data binding in template-driven forms?

Two-way data binding in template-driven forms allows for automatic synchronization
of data between the model and the view.

How do you handle form submission in a template-driven form in Angular?

In template-driven forms, you can use ngSubmit event binding to handle form
submissions and call a method in the component.

What is a template-driven form in Angular?

Template-driven forms in Angular are forms that are created and controlled in the
component's template using directives like ngModel.

Explain the process of creating a custom form control in template-driven forms.

To create a custom form control in template-driven forms, you need to implement
ControlValueAccessor interface, register the control in the component, and bind it
to the template.

How can you handle form validation in a template-driven form in Angular?

In template-driven forms, you can use built-in directives like ngModel and
ngModelGroup to implement validation, or create custom validation functions.

What are some limitations of template-driven forms in Angular?

Some limitations of template-driven forms include limited control over the form,
increased complexity for large forms, and difficulty in testing.

What is the purpose of FormBuilder in Angular Reactive Forms?

The FormBuilder in Angular Reactive Forms provides syntactic sugar that reduces the
amount of boilerplate code needed to create form control instances and manage form
groups.

How do you create a FormGroup in Angular Reactive Forms?

You can create a FormGroup by instantiating the class and passing in a key-value
object where the keys are form control names and the values are either a
FormControl, a FormGroup, or a FormArray.

What is a Reactive Form in Angular?

A Reactive Form in Angular is a way to build forms in a reactive way using the
FormGroup and FormControl classes to manage form data and validation.

How do you perform form validation in Angular Reactive Forms?

You can perform form validation in Angular Reactive Forms by using built-in
validators like required, minLength, maxLength, and by writing custom validation
functions to validate form control values.

Explain the difference between template-driven forms and reactive forms in Angular.
Template-driven forms rely on directives in the HTML template to create and
manipulate the form, while reactive forms are model-driven and created
programmatically using FormGroup and FormControl classes.
How do you dynamically add and remove form controls in an Angular Reactive Form?
You can use methods like addControl() and removeControl() on the FormGroup instance
to dynamically add and remove form controls based on user interactions or business
logic.

How do you add a new dependency to an Angular project using NPM?

To add a new dependency to an Angular project using NPM, you can run the command
'npm install <package-name> --save' in the root of your project.

What is the purpose of the package.json file in an Angular project?

The package.json file in an Angular project is used to manage the project's
dependencies and scripts, as well as to store metadata about the project.

How do you install dependencies using NPM in Angular?

You can install dependencies using NPM in Angular by running the command 'npm
install' in the root of your project.

What are the different sections available in the package.json file in an Angular
project?
The package.json file in an Angular project can have various sections such as name,
version, description, main, scripts, dependencies, devDependencies, and more to
manage the project's metadata and dependencies.

How can you update a specific dependency to a newer version using NPM in an Angular
project?
You can update a specific dependency to a newer version using NPM in an Angular
project by running the command 'npm install <package-name>@<new-version> --save' in
the root of your project.

What is the difference between NPM and Yarn in terms of package management in
Angular?
NPM and Yarn are both package managers for JavaScript, but Yarn tends to be faster
and more efficient in managing dependencies compared to NPM. However, both can be
used interchangeably in an Angular project.

What is the role of gulp in an Angular project alongside webpack or rollup?

Gulp is a task runner that can be used to automate various build tasks in an
Angular project, such as running webpack or rollup. It allows you to define and run
complex build processes as a series of small, composable tasks, making it a
flexible and powerful tool in the build pipeline.

How does rollup differ from webpack in the context of an Angular project?
Rollup is also a module bundler, but it has a focus on optimizing for ES6 modules.
In an Angular project, rollup can be used for efficient tree shaking and dead code
elimination. It is particularly suited for projects that heavily utilize ES6
modules.

What is webpack and what is its purpose in an Angular project?

Webpack is a module bundler for modern JavaScript applications. It takes the
various modules and assets in your project and bundles them together in such a way
that they can be served to the browser in a single file. In an Angular project,
webpack is commonly used for tasks like code splitting, bundling, and minification.

How can gulp be integrated with webpack or rollup in an Angular project to create a
powerful build pipeline?
Gulp can be used to define tasks that run webpack or rollup as part of the build
process. This allows for fine-grained control over the build pipeline, with the
ability to define custom tasks and workflows. Additionally, gulp can be used to
orchestrate other build-related tasks, such as running tests, linting code, or
optimizing assets, creating a comprehensive and flexible build system for the
Angular project.

What are some advanced features of rollup that can benefit an Angular project?
Rollup's advanced features include tree shaking, where it removes any unused code
from the final bundle, resulting in smaller file sizes. It also supports code
splitting, allowing the developer to split the codebase into smaller, more
manageable chunks that can be loaded on demand. Finally, rollup has first-class
support for ES6 modules, which can result in more efficient bundling.

How does webpack handle assets like images and fonts in an Angular project?
Webpack uses loaders to handle assets like images and fonts. These loaders define
how webpack should process and bundle these assets. For example, the 'file-loader'
can be used to emit the file into the output directory and return the public URL.
Additionally, the 'url-loader' can be used for smaller assets to inline them as
data URLs.

What is the purpose of selectors in ngxs?

Selectors in ngxs are used to get specific pieces of state from the store. They
allow for efficient and scalable access to the state, enabling components to
subscribe to specific slices of state without needing to subscribe to the entire
store.

How do you define actions in ngrx?

Actions in ngrx are defined using classes that implement the Action interface.
These classes typically have a type property to identify the action, as well as any
additional payload data needed for the action.

What is the role of ngrx in an Angular application?

ngrx is a state management pattern and library for Angular applications. It
provides a way to manage the state of the application in a centralized location,
making it easier to communicate between components and manage data flow.

How can you optimize performance when using ngrx or ngxs?

To optimize performance in ngrx or ngxs, you can use memoized selectors to avoid
unnecessary recalculations of derived state, batch multiple state updates using the
@Action and dispatch methods, and leverage the OnPush change detection strategy in
Angular components to minimize unnecessary re-rendering.

What are the core principles of ngxs state management?

The core principles of ngxs state management include a single source of truth for
the state, immutability of the state, and a unidirectional data flow. These
principles help to ensure a predictable and maintainable state management solution
in Angular applications.

How does ngrx handle asynchronous operations?

ngrx provides the @Effect decorator to handle asynchronous operations, such as
making HTTP requests or interacting with external services. This allows developers
to manage side effects in a predictable and testable way within their ngrx store.

Pros and cons of SPA vs MPA applications

The main pros of SPA applications include faster initial load time and improved
user experience, while the main con is the potential for slower performance on low-
powered devices. On the other hand, MPA applications may have better search engine
optimization (SEO) and are easier to maintain, but they can have slower page load
times and less dynamic user experience.

What is a Multi-Page Application (MPA)?

A Multi-Page Application (MPA) is a traditional web application where each user
interaction triggers a request to the server, which then responds by loading an
entirely new page. This may result in slower user experience.

What is a Single Page Application (SPA)?

A Single Page Application (SPA) is a web application that dynamically rewrites the
current page rather than loading entire new pages from the server. This results in
a more fluid and responsive user experience.

What are some strategies for optimizing SEO in SPAs?

Some strategies for optimizing SEO in SPAs include using server-side rendering for
initial page load, pre-rendering content for web crawlers, and ensuring proper URL
structure and usage of meta tags. Additionally, proper use of HTML5 pushState can
also help in SEO optimization.

How does lazy loading help improve the performance of SPAs?

Lazy loading allows the application to only load the required modules or components
when they are needed, reducing the initial load time and improving performance.
This is especially beneficial for large-scale SPAs with many features.

What are some popular frameworks for building SPAs with Angular?
Some popular frameworks for building SPAs with Angular include AngularJS, Angular
2+, and AngularJS.

How can code reuse be achieved in Angular?

Code reuse in Angular can be achieved by creating reusable components, directives,
and services, and using them across different parts of the application.

What is a common approach for state management in Angular?

A common approach for state management in Angular is to use services along with
RxJS to manage the application state.

How can modularity be organized in Angular?

Modularity in Angular can be organized using modules. Modules can be created to
group related components, directives, pipes, and services together.

What are some best practices for promoting code reuse in Angular projects?
Best practices for promoting code reuse in Angular projects include following the
single responsibility principle, creating generic and reusable components/services,
and using dependency injection for flexibility and reusability.

How can state management be optimized for performance and scalability in Angular?
State management in Angular can be optimized for performance and scalability by
using techniques such as memoization, selectors, and immutability, along with
libraries like NgRx for managing the application state.

What are some advanced techniques for organizing modularity in large Angular
projects?
In large Angular projects, advanced techniques for organizing modularity include
lazy loading modules, feature modules, and shared modules to ensure a scalable and
maintainable codebase.