MODULE 8 Laws 3 – INTERACTION

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION (ACTION-REACTION)

ISAAC NEWTON(1642-1727) In every action, there is and equal and
-English scientist and mathematician opposite reaction.
famous for discovery of the law of
gravity and three law of motion.
-He published his book
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica in 1687

Foundation of Newton’s Law

● Mass- The quantity of matter is
the measure of the same
arising from it’s density and bulk
conjointly
● Motion- Quantity of motion is
the measure of the same
arising from the velocity and
quantity of matter conjointly
● Force - an innate force matter
is a power of resisting by which F - Force (N)
everybody as much as in it lies m - mass (kg)
continues in its present state a - acceleration (m/s)
whether it be of rest or of F = ma
moving uniformly forward line a = F/m
- An impressed force is an m = F/a
action exerted upon a body, in
order to change its state, either
of rest, or of moving uniformly
forward in a right line.

Law 1 - INERTIA
An object in motion will stay in motion,
while an object at rest will stay at rest
unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
MODULE 10 WORK, ENERGY AND
Law 2 - ACCELERATION GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY
The acceleration of an object is • In physics, the definition of work
directly proportional to the acting is the application of a force
force and inversely proportional to the through a distance
object’s mass. The direction of the
force will also be the direction of the W = F·d
motion. • W is the work done
• F is the force applied bullet, even if you can throw
it a tenth as fast as you
• d is the distance through which could shoot it
the force acts • A baseball (mass is 0.145 kg =
• Only the force that acts in the 145 g) moving at 30 m/s (67
direction of motion counts mph) has kinetic energy:
towards work K.E. = ½×(0.145 kg)×(30 m/s)2
• Joules is the unit for work = 65.25 kg·m2/s2
Units of Energy
• Force is a mass times an • A quarter (mass = 0.00567 kg =
acceleration 5.67 g) flipped about four feet
into the air has a speed on
– mass has units of kilograms reaching your hand of about 5
– acceleration is m/s2 m/s. The kinetic energy is:
– force is then kg·m/s2, which K.E. = ½×(0.00567 kg)×(5 m/s)2
we call Newtons (N) = 0.07 kg·m2/s2
• Work is a force times a distance Gravitational Potential Energy
– units are then (kg·m/s2)·m = • It takes work to lift a mass against
kg ·m2/s2 = N·m = Joules the pull (force) of gravity
(J) • The force of gravity is m·g, where
m is the mass, and g is the
– One joule is one Newton of gravitational acceleration
force acting through one
F = mg (note similarity to
meter F = ma)
– Imperial units of force and – g = 9.8 m/s2 on the surface
distance are pounds and of the earth
feet, so the unit of energy is – g ≈ 10 m/s2 works well
foot-pound, which equals enough for this class
1.36 J • Lifting a height h against the
• Energy has the same units as gravitational force requires an
work: Joules energy input (work) of:
Kinetic Energy ΔE = W = F ·h = mgh
• Kinetic Energy: the energy of • Rolling a boulder up a hill and
motion perching it on the edge of a cliff
• Moving things carry energy in the gives it gravitational potential
amount: energy that can be later released
K.E. = ½mv2 when the roadrunner is down
below.
• Note the v2 dependence—this is
why:
– a car at 60 mph is 4 times
more dangerous than a car
at 30 mph
– hurricane-force winds at
100 mph are much more
destructive (4 times) than
50 mph gale-force winds
– a bullet shot from a gun is
at least 100 times as
destructive as a thrown
 ■ Objects which aren’t moving have
no velocity, and therefore have no
momentum

• How much gravitational potential

energy does a 70 kg high-diver
have on the 10 meter platform?
mgh = (70 kg)×(9.8 m/s2)×(10
m)
= 6860 kg·m2/s2 = 6.86 kJ ■ Impulse: The change in
Note: to get the KJ answer will momentum of an object due to a
be divided by 1000 force that is applied during a
period of time
• How massive would a book have
to be to have a potential energy ■ Variable: J
of 40 J sitting on a shelf two impulse = force x time
meters off the floor?
mgh = m×(9.8 m/s2)×(2 m) = 40 J = Ft
J ■ Units: N.s
so m must be 2 kg
2.04 x 9.8x2=39.9 Impulse-Momentum Theorem
■ Impulse is equal to a change in
MODULE 11 IMPULSE AND
momentum
MOMENTUM
■ Momentum: The motion of inertia J = Δp
■ Variable: p OR
x
momentum = mass velocity Ft = Δ(mv)
p = mv ■ Using the impulse momentum
theorem answer the following
■ Units: kg.m/s question
■ If you apply a force but extend
the time, what will happen to the
 object’s change in momentum momentum before the collision
equals the net momentum after
Bouncing-Impulses are greater when the collision
the object bounces ■ There are two main types of
● It takes additional impulse to collisions: elastic and inelastic
stop an object and send it back
in the opposite direction than it
does to simply stop the object
● This additional impulse is
supplied by the surface on
which the object bounces
Impact-The t wasime duration in which
a change in momentum is occurring.
● Units- seconds Elastic Collisions
● ■ When objects collide without
Forces of impact- are reduced when being permanently deformed
time of impact increases and without generating heat
■ Forces of impact are also ■ Perfectly elastic collisions
reduced when: almost never occur
■ the velocity of impact is reduced ■ Heat is usually generated with
■ the mass of the object is collisions, so energy is
reduced transformed out of the system

Conservation of Momentum Inelastic Collisions

■ Momentum is a vector quantity ■ When colliding objects stick
■ It has magnitude and direction together and travel off as one
■ Momentum vectors, like forces, object
can cancel each other out ■ For two objects in an inelastic
collision:
momentum1 + momentum2 =
combined momentum
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)vf
MODULE13:CIRCULAR MOTION & PLANETARY
LAWS OF MOTION

Conservation of Momentum EARTH’S GRAVITY - Earth's gravity is the force

that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth.

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

INERTIA : OBJECT IN MOTION STAYS IN
MOTION, OBJECT AT REST STAYS AT REST
ACCELERATION : IT IS DIRECTLY
Law of Conservation of Momentum PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE ACTED UPON
AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO OBJECT’S
In the absence of an external force,
MASS. FOLLOWS THE DIRECTION OF THE
the momentum of a system does not
change FORCE.
■ In any collision the net
ACTION-REACTION : IN EVERY ACTION THERE CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION FORMULA :

What Is Circular Motion?

Circular motion is described as a movement of an
object while rotating along a circular path.

Given: Speed (v) = 20 m/s Radius (r) = 50 m

2 TYPES OF CIRCULAR MOTION
● UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
The motion is called uniform circular motion when
the particle is moving along a circular path
possessing a constant speed.
● NON - UNIFORM CIRCLULAR MOTION
Non-uniform circular motion refers to the motion of
an object moving along a circular path at varying 3rd LAW : Action-Reaction IN CIRCULAR
speeds. MOTION
KEYWORDS TO REMEMBER THE COMBINED FORCE OF THE
● CHANGING SPEED INWARD FORCE : CENTRIPETAL FORCE
● REDUCED OR GAINING SPEED AND THE OUTWARD FORCE : INERTIAL FORCE
● CONTINUESLY MOVING IN A CREATES THE CIRCULAR MOTION
● CIRCULAR PATH IN SUMMARY, THE CIRCULAR OF MOTION IS
THE RESULT OF THE CONTINUES ACTION OF
Centripetal acceleration - is the acceleration that THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE AND IT’S
keeps an object moving in a circle, always REACTION, THE INERTIAL FORCE.
pointing toward the center of the circle.

Johannes Kepler
Newton’s Law of Motion in Circular Path Kepler studied results of other astronomer’s
FIRST LAW : INERTIA IN CIRCULAR MOTION measurements of portions of the Moon, planets,
DEFINITION : Inertia in circular motion is the etc. He found the motion of the Moon and planets
tendency of an object to resist changes to its could be described by a series of laws Now called
motion, causing it to want to move in a straight line. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

2ND LAW : ACCELERATION IN CIRCULAR Kepler’s First Law of Planetary Motion

MOTION Kepler’s First Law states that planets move in
DEFINITION: States that the acceleration of an elliptical orbits around the Sun, with the Sun at
object moving in a circle is directly proportional to one of the two foci of the ellipse.
the net force acting on it and inversely proportional Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary Motion
to its mass. Kepler’s Second Law states that a line
ALSO KNOWN AS CENTRIPETAL connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal
ACCELERATION areas in equal times.
Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion
● This is an example of an
inverse square law
Kepler’s Third Law states that the square of a
● Determined experimentally
planet's orbital period (time taken to complete one ● Henry Cavendish in 1798
orbit) is directly proportional to the cube of the
semi-major axis of its orbit (average distance
from the Sun).

In simpler terms, The farther a planet is from the

Sun, the longer it takes to orbit .The nearer a ● The force that mass 1 exerts on
planet is from the Sun, the shorter it takes to orbit. mass 2 is equal and opposite to
Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
the force mass 2 exerts on
mass 1
SUMMARY
● The forces form a Newton’s
FIRST LAW : Planets move in elliptical orbits third law action-reaction
around the Sun, with the Sun as the focus of the ● The gravitational force exerted
ellipse.
by a uniform sphere on a
particle outside the sphere is
SECOND LAW : planet moves faster when it is
the same as the force exerted if
closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away. the entire mass of the sphere
THIRD LAW : The farther a planet is from the Sun, were concentrated on its center
the longer it takes to orbit and the nearer a planet
Free-Fall Acceleration
is from the Sun, the shorter it takes to orbit.
● If you stand on a scale in an
elevator and then the cables are
Module 14:Newton’s Law of cut, you will also weigh nothing
Gravitation, Motion, Mass & Weight (ma = N – mg, but in free-fall a
= g, so the normal force N = 0).
Newton’s Law of Universal
This does not mean g = 0!
Gravitation
● Astronauts in orbit are in
● The apple was attracted to the free-fall around the Earth, just
Earth as you would be in the elevator.
● All objects in the Universe were They do not fall to Earth, only
attracted to each other in the same because of their very high
way the apple was attracted to the tangential speed.
Earth
Free-Fall Acceleration and the
● Every particle in the Universe
Gravitational Force
attracts every other particle with a
force that is directly proportional to ● Consider an object of mass m
the product of the masses and near the Earth’s surface
inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.

Universal Gravitation

● G is the constant of universal

gravitation
● G = 6.673 x 10⁻¹¹ N m² /kg²
 ● Acceleration ag due to gravity •For objects high above the earth’s
surface, an alternate expression is
needed

● Since

we find at the Earth’s surface

Zero reference level is infinitely far
from the earth, so potential energy is
everywhere negative!

•Energy conservation

Free-Fall Acceleration and the

Gravitational Force

•Consider an object of mass m at a

height h above the Earth’s surface
ENERGY OF AN ORBIT
•Consider a circular orbit of a planet
around the Sun. What keeps the
planet moving in its circle?
•It is the centripetal force produced by
the gravitational force, i.e.
•Acceleration ag due to gravity
•That implies that

•Making this substitution in the

expression for total energy:
•ag will vary with altitude

•Note the total energy is negative, and

is half the (negative) potential energy.

•For an elliptical orbit, r is replaced by

Gravitational Potential Energy a:
•U = mgy is valid only near the earth’s
surface
 KEPLER'S FIRST LAW
•All planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun at one focus.
Any object bound to another by an
inverse square law will move in an
elliptical path
Second focus is empty
ESCAPE SPEED
•The escape speed is the speed ELLIPSE PARAMETER
needed for an object to soar off into •Distance a = AB/2 is the semi-major
space and not return axis
•Distance b = CD/2 is the semi-minor
axis
•Distance from one focus to center of
the ellipse is ea, where e is the
•For the earth, vesc is about 11.2 km/s eccentricity.
•Eccentricity is zero for a circular orbit,
•Note, v is independent of the mass of and gets larger as the ellipse gets
the object more pronounced.

KEPLER'S SECOND LAW

•A line drawn from the Sun to any
planet will sweep out equal areas in
equal times
°Area from A to B and C to D are the
KEPLER’S LAW same
•All planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun at one of the focal points. KEPLER'S THIRD LAW
•A line drawn from the Sun to any The square of the orbital period of any
planet sweeps out equal areas in planet is proportional to cube of the
equal time intervals. average distance from the Sun to the
•The square of the orbital period of any planet.
planet is proportional to cube of the
average distance from the Sun to the
planet.
 satellite?

°T is the period of the planet

°a is the average distance from the
Sun. Or a is the length of the
semi-major axis
°For orbit around the Sun, K = KS =
2.97x10⁻¹⁹ s²/m³
°K is independent of the mass of the
planet

THE MASS OF THE SUN

Calculate the mass of the Sun noting
that the period of the Earth’s orbit
around the Sun is 3.15610⁷ s and its
distance from the Sun is 1.49610¹¹ m.

GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT
From a telecommunications point of
view, it’s advantageous for satellites to
remain at the same location relative to
a location on the Earth. This can occur
only if the satellite’s orbital period is
the same as the Earth’s period of
rotation, 24 h. (a) At what distance
from the center of the Earth can this
geosynchronous orbit be found? (b)
What’s the orbital speed of the
 to conduct electricity.
MODULE 15
PROPERTIES OF SOLID Luster is the ability of a material to
reflect light.
-Matter is anything that occupies
space and has mass. Magnetic is the ability of a material to
-The things or matter around us is attract material.
made up of tiny building blocks called
MOLECULES. Thermal is the ability of a material to
-Molecules are further composed of conduct heat.
the tiniest parts of matter called
ATOMS.

PROPERTIES OF SOLID
Elasticity is the ability of a material
to return to its original shape and size
after it is stretched.

Porosity is the ability of a material to

hold much liquid.

Solubility is the ability of a material

to be dissolved.

Brittleness is the ability of a material

to be broken easily.

Malleability is the ability of a material

to be hammered into fine sheets.

Flexibility is the ability of a material

to be bent without breaking.

Ductility is the ability of a material to

be drawn into fine and several
sheets.

Impenetrability -states that no two

materials can occupy the same space
at the same time.

Softness refers to tenderness.

MODULE 16
Hardness refers to the property of MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
materials that can hardly be bent,
broken nor hammered into thin Liquids
sheets. • Particles of a liquid move fast enough
to over come some of the attraction
Conductivity is the ability of a between the particles, therefore, the
material particles are close together but can
slide past each other
• Can change shape but not volume,
liquids take the shape of the container
they are in
A 500N person weighs about 113 lbs.
Determining the density of a liquid

• To determine density of a liquid, we

need mass and volume.
• Apparatus:
• Measuring cylinder
• Beam balancea1000 cm³measuring
cylinder

• Procedure:
1. Measure the mass of an empty
measuring cylinder and record it as m,
in grams.
2. Pour the given liquid into a
measuring cylinder and take the Example: At the surface of a
readings in cm³ (same as ml).level on freshwater lake, the pressure is 105
scale gives volume of liquid kPa. (a) What is the pressure increase
in going 35.0 m below the surface?
3. Measure the mass of the measuring
cylinder with water in it and record it as
m, in grams.
4. Calculate the mass of the liquid:
Mass of liquid = m₂ - m₁
5. Calculate the density of the liquid
Density of liquid = mass of liquid /
volume Example: The surface pressure on the
planet Venus is 95 atm. How far below
Pressure arises from the collisions the surface of the ocean on Earth do
between the particles of a fluid with you need to be to experience the same
another object (container walls for pressure? The density of seawater is
example). 1025 kg/m3.

By Newton’s 3rd Law, there is a force

on the wall due to the particle.

Pressure is defined as

The Many Units of Pressure

The units of pressure are N/m2 and
are called Pascals (Pa). 1 ATM equals
1 atmosphere (atm) = 101.3 kPa 1.013x105 N/m2
Example: Someone steps on your toe, 14.7 lbs/in
exerting a force of 500 N on an area of 21.013 bar
1.0 cm2. What is the average pressure 76 cm Hg
on that area in atmospheres? 760 mm Hg
760 Torr An ideal fluid is incompressible,
34 ft H2O undergoes laminar flow, and has no
29.9 in Hg viscosity.

Pascal’s Principle Bernoulli’s equation is a statement of

A change in pressure at any point in a energy conservation.
confined fluid is transmitted
everywhere throughout the fluid. (This
is useful in making a hydraulic lift.)

Viscosity
A real fluid has viscosity (fluid
friction). This implies a pressure
difference needs to be maintained
across the ends of a pipe for fluid to
flow.
Archimedes’ Principle: A fluid exerts
an upward buoyant force on a
submerged object equal in magnitude
to the weight of the volume of fluid
displaced by the object.

Steady flow is laminar; the fluid flows

in layers. The path that the fluid in Surface Tension
these layers takes is called a The surface of a fluid acts like a
streamline. Streamlines do not cross stretched membrane (imagine
standing on a trampoline). There is
Crossing streamlines would indicate a force along the surface of the fluid.
a volume of fluid with two different The surface tension is a force per
velocities at the same time. unit length.