UNIT-III

Operating System:
lies in the category of system software. It basically manages all the resources
of the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between the software
and different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating
system is designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources and
operations of the computer.

An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer

hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer
system.

Examples of Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.

Functions of the Operating System:

• Resource Management: The operating system manages and
allocates memory, CPU time, and other hardware resources among the
various programs and processes running on the computer.
• Process Management: The operating system is responsible for
starting, stopping, and managing processes and programs. It also
controls the scheduling of processes and allocates resources to them.
• Memory Management: The operating system manages the
computer’s primary memory and provides mechanisms for optimizing
memory usage.
• Security: The operating system provides a secure environment for
the user, applications, and data by implementing security policies and
mechanisms such as access controls and encryption.
• Job Accounting: It keeps track of time and resources used by
various jobs or users.
 • File Management: The operating system is responsible for
organizing and managing the file system, including the creation,
deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.
• Device Management: The operating system manages input/output
devices such as printers, keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the
necessary drivers and interfaces to enable communication between the
devices and the computer.
• Backup and Recovery: The operating system provides mechanisms for
backing up data and recovering it in case of system failures, errors, or
disasters
• Time-Sharing: The operating system enables multiple users to share a
computer system and its resources simultaneously by providing time-
sharing mechanisms that allocate resources fairly and efficiently.

Types of Operating Systems:

• Batch Operating System: A Batch Operating System is a type of
operating system that does not interact with the computer directly.
There is an operator who takes similar jobs having the same
requirements and groups them into batches.
• Time-sharing Operating System: Time-sharing Operating
System is a type of operating system that allows many users to share
computer resources (maximum utilization of the resources).
• Distributed Operating System: Distributed Operating System is a
type of operating system that manages a group of different computers
and makes appear to be a single computer. These operating systems
are designed to operate on a network of computers. They allow
multiple users to access shared resources and communicate with each
other over the network. Examples include Microsoft Windows Server
and various distributions of Linux designed for servers.
• Network Operating System: Network Operating System is a type of
operating system that runs on a server and provides the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions.
• Real-time Operating System: Real-time Operating System is a type
of operating system that serves a real-time system and the time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. These
operating systems are designed to respond to events in real time. They
are used in applications that require quick and deterministic responses,
such as embedded systems, industrial control systems, and robotics.
• Multiprocessing Operating System: Multiprocessor Operating
Systems are used in operating systems to boost the performance of
multiple CPUs within a single computer system. Multiple CPUs are
linked together so that a job can be divided and executed more quickly.
• Single-User Operating Systems: Single-User Operating
Systems are designed to support a single user at a time. Examples
include Microsoft Windows for personal computers and Apple
macOS.
• Multi-User Operating Systems: Multi-User Operating Systems are
designed to support multiple users simultaneously. Examples include
Linux and Unix.
• Embedded Operating Systems: Embedded Operating Systems are
designed to run on devices with limited resources, such as
smartphones, wearable devices, and household appliances. Examples
include Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS.
• Cluster Operating Systems: Cluster Operating Systems are
designed to run on a group of computers, or a cluster, to work together
as a single system. They are used for high-performance computing and
 for applications that require high availability and reliability. Examples
include Rocks Cluster Distribution and OpenMPI.
Examples of Operating Systems :
• Windows (GUI-based, PC)
• GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File, and print server,
Three-tier client/Server)
• macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and
workstations (MacBook, iMac).
• Android (Google’s Operating System for
smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)
• iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch)
GUI Operating System:
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a visual representation of
communication presented to the user for easy interaction with the machine.
The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of
graphical elements like buttons and icons. Communication can be performed
by interacting with these icons rather than the usual text-based or command-
based communication.
 Advantages of Graphical User Interfaces:

Graphical user interfaces operating system has the following most common
advantages:

o The advantage of a graphical user interface is a stark improvement in

usability for the average user.
o The features of a graphical user interface familiar leverage metaphors, such
as drag-and-drop for transferring files, and use familiar icons, such as a
trash bin for deleted files, creating an environment in which computer
operations are intuitive and easy to use without any prior practise or
knowledge of computing machinery or languages.
o Graphical user interface applications are self-descriptive, feedback is
typically immediate, and visual cues encourage and steer discoverability.
o differences between GUI and CUI Operating System, such as:

Terms GUI CUI

Interaction A user interacts with the computer A user interacts with a computer using commands like text.
using Graphics like images, icons.

Navigation Navigation is easy. Navigation is difficult.

Precision GUI has low precision. CUI has high precision.

Usage GUI is easy to use. CUI is difficult to use and requires expertise.

Speed GUI is of low speed. CUI is of high speed.

Peripherals GUI operating system requires a CUI operating system requires the only keyboard.
used keyboard, mouse or any other
pointing device.

Memory It required high memory. It required low memory.

requirement
Data Communication:
Communication is defined as a process in which more than one computer
transfers information, instructions to each other and for sharing resources.
Or in other words, communication is a process or act in which we can
send or receive data. A network of computers is defined as an
interconnected collection of autonomous computers. Autonomous means
no computer can start, stop or control another computer.

Components of Data Communication :

A communication system is made up of the following components:

1. Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be

transmitted from one person to another. It could be a text file, an audio
file, a video file, etc.
2. Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages. It can be a
computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation,
etc.
3. Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer,
telephone mobile, workstation, etc.
4. Transmission Medium / Communication
Channels: Communication channels are the medium that connect two
or more workstations. Workstations can be connected by either wired
media or wireless media.
5. Set of rules (Protocol): When someone sends the data (The sender),
it should be understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is
meaningless. For example, Sonali sends a message to Chetan. If Sonali
writes in Hindi and Chetan cannot understand Hindi, it is a
meaningless conversation.
Type of data communication:

As we know that data communication is communication in which we can send

or receive data from one device to another. The data communication is divided
into three types:

1. Simplex Communication: It is one-way communication or we can

say that unidirectional communication in which one device only
receives and another device only sends data and devices uses their
entire capacity in transmission. For example, IoT, entering data using
a keyboard, listing music using a speaker, etc.
2. Half Duplex communication: It is a two-way communication or we
can say that it is a bidirectional communication in which both the
devices can send and receive data but not at the same time. When one
device is sending data then another device is only receiving and vice-
versa. For example, walkie-talkie.
3. Full-duplex communication: It is a two-way communication or we
can say that it is a bidirectional communication in which both the
devices can send and receive data at the same time. For example,
mobile phones, landlines, etc.
A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared communication path
that works to share resources from one computer to another, provided by or
located on the network nodes.

Uses of Computer Networks:

• Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc.
• Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
• Sharing files.
• Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems.
• Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information.
Types of Computer Networks:
There are mainly five types of Computer Networks

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Types of Computer Networks

These are explained below.

1. Personal Area Network (PAN):PAN is the most basic type of computer

network. This network is restrained to a single person, that is, communication
between the computer devices is centered only on an individual’s workspace.
PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing
communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance
and very low cost.

This uses Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee as technology.

Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

2. Local Area Network (LAN):

LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that
connects computers through a common communication path, contained within
a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more computers
connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this
network are Ethernet and Wi-fi. It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is
very high with easy maintenance and low cost.
Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college,
office, etc.
Local Area Network (LAN)

3. Campus Area Network (CAN):

CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is a type of computer
network that is usually used in places like a school or colleges. This network
covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across several buildings
within the campus. CAN mainly use Ethernet technology with a range from 1km
to 5km.
Its transmission speed is very high with a moderate maintenance cost and
moderate cost.

Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools, colleges, buildings, etc.

Campus Area Network (CAN)

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :
A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of
computer network that connects computers over a geographical distance through
a shared communication path over a city, town, or metropolitan area. This
network mainly uses FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as the technology with a range
from 5km to 50km. Its transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain
and it comes with a high cost.
Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, a large
area within multiple buildings, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

5. Wide Area Network (WAN):

WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large
geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained
to a single location but extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined
as a group of local area networks that communicate with each other with a range
above 50km.
Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission speed is very
low and it comes with very high maintenance and very high cost.

The most common example of WAN is the Internet.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Network Topology:

Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are
interconnected to each other.

Types of Network Topology:

The arrangement of a network that comprises nodes and connecting lines via
sender and receiver is referred to as Network Topology. The various network
topologies are:
• Point to Point Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
Point-to-Point Topology is a type of topology that works on the functionality
of the sender and receiver. It is the simplest communication between two nodes,
in which one is the sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-to-Point
provides high bandwidth.

Point to Point Topology

Mesh Topology:In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device

via a particular channel. In Mesh Topology, the protocols used are AHCP (Ad
Hoc Configuration Protocols), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol),
etc.

Mesh Topology

Star Topology:

In Star Topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central
node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub such as
broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as an
active hub.
 Star Topology

Bus Topology:

Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is
connected to a single cable. It is bi-directional. It is a multi-point connection
and a non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes.

Bus Topology

Ring Topology:

In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two

neighbouring devices. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with a
large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last
node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through
99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used
in the network.
 Ring Topology

Tree Topology:
This topology is the variation of the Star topology. This topology has a
hierarchical flow of data. In Tree Topology, protocols like DHCP and SAC
(Standard Automatic Configuration ) are used.

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology:

This topological technology is the combination of all the various types of

topologies we have studied above. Hybrid Topology is used when the nodes are
free to take any form. It means these can be individuals such as Ring or Star
topology or can be a combination of various types of topologies seen above.
Each individual topology uses the protocol that has been discussed earlier.
 Hybrid Topology

What is the Internet?

Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world
with each other and to the World Wide Web. It uses standard internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of computer users worldwide.

At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging information and

data between computers across the world.

.
 UNIT-IV
Word Processing:
Word processing software is used to manipulate a text document, such as a
resume or a report. You typically enter text by typing, and the software provides
tools for copying, deleting and various types of formatting. Some of the functions
of word processing software include:

• Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.

• Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
• Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
• Creating and editing tables.
• Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or
photographs.
• Correcting spelling and grammar.

MS Word is the most popular and largely used word processing document
software, developed by Microsoft. MS Word is very easy to learn and a user-
friendly software. MS Word saves the documents commonly in “.doc” or
“.docx” file extensions. MS Word is used to make professional-quality
documents, letters, and reports. The advanced features of MS Word help to edit
documents, copy and paste information from other documents, and also gives the
facility to print the documents.
How to Open Saved Documents:
MS Word gives us facilities to save the documents in the computers’ memory
which can be opened any time for any editing or for making any required changes
in the document. We can open any document using the Ctrl + O shortcut key.
OR We can open the saved documents in the MS Word by following some simple
steps.

• Firstly, click on the File Menu.

• Then, click on the OPEN option in the menu. The Open dialog box will
appear.

• We can double click on the document to be opened.

or

• Single click on the document and then click on the Open Button.
How to Print a Document:
MS Word provides facilities to print the documents in it and obtain their hard
copy (in paper formats). We can simply print any document using the Ctrl + P
shortcut key.

Or

We can print the document using the below simple steps:

• Firstly, click on the File menu.

• In the drop-down menu that opens, click on the Print option. The Print
dialog box will appear.

• From the options available in the Print dialogue box, we can set and change
it (number of copies, collated, page range, etc.).

• After selecting those options, click OK.

The printer will print the document.

How to Close a Document:

MS Word gives us the option to save the document for future reference. We can
close the document by following these simple steps.

• Firstly, click on the File menu.

• In the drop-down menu, click the 'Close' option from it and the document
will be closed.

OR

• A simpler way to close any document is to click on the Close button ("X"
button) on the top of the document window. It will close the document.
Points to Remember :

• MS Word is developed by Microsoft.

• We can open any saved document using MS Word.

• MS Word saves the documents in “.doc” or “.docx” file extension.

• We can print any document using the Ctrl + P shortcut key or by using
the print button.
Spreadsheet:
A Spreadsheet is a computer application that is designed to add, display, analyze,
organize, and manipulate data arranged in rows and columns. It is the most
popular application for accounting, analytics, data presentation, etc. In other
words, spreadsheets are scalable grid-based files that are used to organize data
and perform calculations. People all across the world use spreadsheets to create
tables for personal and business usage.
For example – You may track data in a spreadsheet and see sums, differences,
multiplication, division, and fill dates automatically, among other things.
Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apache Open Office, LibreOffice, etc. are
some spreadsheet software. Among all these software, Microsoft Excel is the
most commonly used spreadsheet tool and it is available for Windows, macOS,
Android, etc.

Features of spreadsheet:
Rows and columns:
Rows and columns are two distinct features in a spreadsheet that come together
to make a cell, a range, or a table. In general, columns are the vertical portion
of an excel worksheet, and there can be 256 of them in a worksheet, whereas
rows are the horizontal portion, and there can be 1048576 of them.

The color light green is used to highlight Row 3 while the color green is used to
highlight Column B. Each column has 1048576 rows and each row has 256
columns.
Formulas:
In spreadsheets, formulas process data automatically. It takes data from the
specified area of the spreadsheet as input then processes that data, and then
displays the output into the new area of the spreadsheet according to where the
formula is written. In Excel, we can use formulas simply by typing “=Formula
Name(Arguments)” to use predefined Excel formulas. When you write the first
few characters of any formula, Excel displays a drop-down menu of formulas
that match that character sequence. Some of the commonly used formulas are:
• =SUM(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the sum of all the numeric data
specified in the given range of numbers.
• =COUNT(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to count all the number of cells(it
will count only number) specified in the given range of numbers.
• =MAX(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the maximum number from
the given range of numbers.
• =MIN(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the minimum number from the
given range of numbers.
• =TODAY(): It is used to find today’s date.
• =SQRT(Arg1): It is used to find the square root of the specified cell.
Uses of Spreadsheets:
The use of Spreadsheets is endless. It is generally used with anything that
contains numbers. Some of the common use of spreadsheets are:
• Finance: Spreadsheets are used for financial data like it is used for
checking account information, taxes, transaction, billing, budgets, etc.
• Forms: A spreadsheet is used to create form templates to manage
performance review, timesheets, surveys, etc.
• School and colleges: Spreadsheets are most commonly used in
schools and colleges to manage student’s data like their attendance,
grades, etc.
• Lists: Spreadsheets are also used to create lists like grocery lists, to-
do lists, contact detail, etc.
• Hotels: Spreadsheets are also used in hotels to manage the data of
their customers like their personal information, room numbers, check-
in date, check-out date, etc.
How to create a spreadsheet?
Step 1: Open MS Excel.
Step 2: Go to Menu and select New >> Click on the Blank workbook to create
a simple worksheet. OR – Press Ctrl + N: To create a new spreadsheet.
Step 3: By default, Sheet 1 will be created as a worksheet in the spreadsheet.

What is a presentation software explain?

A presentation software is a computer software package used to show
information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major
functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for
inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the
content.

Creating a Presentation:

When you open PowerPoint window by default a slide appears. The slide has two
placeholders or text boxes. Additional text boxes can be added from the Insert
tab.

To start creating presentation click on the placeholder or text box a blinking

cursor will appear. Then type the title and click outside the box. The text box will
disappear.

See the image.

How to make an effective presentation:
ƒ Use font size no smaller than 24 point.

ƒ Clearly label each screen. Use a larger font (35-45 points) or different color
for the title.

ƒ Avoid italicized fonts as they are difficult to read quickly.

ƒ No more than 6-8 words per line

For bullet points, use the “6 x 6 Rule.” One thought per line, with no more than
6 words per line and no more than 6 lines per slide

ƒ Use dark text on light background or light text on dark background. However,
dark backgrounds sometimes make it difficult for some people to read the text.

ƒ Do not use all caps (except for titles).

ƒ Keep the background consistent and subtle.

ƒ Use only enough text when using charts or graphs to explain the concept.
ƒ Clearly label the graphic.

ƒ Keep the design clean and uncluttered. Leave empty space around the text and
graphics.

ƒ Use quality clipart and use it sparingly. The graphic should relate to and
enhance the topic of the slide.

ƒ Try to use the same style graphics throughout the presentation (e.g., cartoons,
photographs)

ƒ Limit the number of graphics on each slide.

ƒ Avoid flashy graphics and noisy animation effects unless they relate directly
to the slide Check the spelling and grammar.

ƒ Do not read the presentation. Practice the presentation so you can speak from
bullet points. The text should be a cue for the presenter rather than a message for
the viewer.

ƒ It is often more effective to have bulleted points appear one at a time so the
audience listens to the presenter rather than reading the screen

▪ Do not turn your back on the audience. Try to position the monitor so you
can speak from it.

What is MS Access?

MS-Access is application software for managing the databases. It is released

by Microsoft in November 1992. It actually stores the data on the basis of
the relational Jet Database Engine. It mainly provides the graphical user
interface for accessing the data and the tools for software development.

Uses of MS Access:
o Those users who have a basic knowledge of computers can easily create
and manage the database in Access.
o It is a software program which can be used in schools for making the
schedules.
o Any user can easily insert the data in the database of MS Access.
o It is also used to create user-friendly front ends.
o In MS-Access, repetitive tasks can be easily performed by the help of
macros.
o Any user can access the data or information quickly with the help of
commands.
o It allows users for developing web applications. Various software
developers also use this software for developing the application software.
o This software works with the SQL Server, DB2, and Oracle databases.
Because these three databases support the (ODBC) standard.
o Any user can easily import data from and export data to word processing
files, or spreadsheet files.