Arithmetical Ability

1) Numbers:
Numbers are mathematical entities used to quantify and represent quantities or values.
They play a fundamental role in mathematics, science, and everyday life. Numbers can be
broadly categorized into several types, including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers,
rational numbers, and irrational numbers. Here's an overview of these types with examples:
1. Natural Numbers (N):
- Natural numbers are the set of positive counting numbers.
- They start from 1 and go infinitely in the positive direction.
- Examples: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
2. Whole Numbers (W):
- Whole numbers include all natural numbers plus zero.
- Examples: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
3. Integers (Z):
- Integers include all positive and negative whole numbers, as well as zero.
- Examples: -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
4. Rational Numbers (Q):
- Rational numbers are those numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers,
where the denominator is not zero.
- Examples: 1/2, -3/4, 5,
5. Irrational Numbers:
- Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions of integers.
- They have non-repeating, non-terminating decimal expansions.
- Examples: π (pi), √2 (the square root of 2), e (Euler's number).
6. Real Numbers (R):
- Real numbers encompass all rational and irrational numbers.
- They can be represented on the number line.
- Examples: 5, -1.75, √3, π, -√2.
7. Complex Numbers (C):
- Complex numbers are in the form a + bi, where 'a' and 'b' are real numbers, and 'i' is the
imaginary unit (i² = -1).
- Examples: 3 + 2i, -1 - 4i.
8. Prime Numbers:
- Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 that have exactly two distinct positive
divisors: 1 and themselves.
- Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
9. Even and Odd Numbers:
- Even numbers are divisible by 2, while odd numbers are not.
- Examples: Even - 4, 12, 22;
Odd - 3, 9, 15.

Numbers are an essential part of our daily lives, used for counting, measuring,
calculating, and much more. They are a fundamental concept in mathematics and have wide-
ranging applications in various fields, from physics and engineering to finance and computer
science. Understanding the different types of numbers and their properties is crucial for solving
mathematical problems and making sense of the world around us.

2) Divisibility Tests:
Divisibility tests are rules or criteria that help determine whether one number is
divisible by another without performing the actual division. Here are divisibility tests for
numbers from 1 to 10, along with examples for each:
1. Divisibility by 1:
- Every integer is divisible by 1.
- Example: 17 is divisible by 1 because 17 ÷ 1 = 17.
2. Divisibility by 2:
- A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8).
- Example: 126 is divisible by 2 because its last digit is 6.
3. Divisibility by 3:
- A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
- Example: 273 is divisible by 3 because 2 + 7 + 3 = 12, and 12 is divisible by 3.
4. Divisibility by 4:
- A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits together form a number divisible by 4.
- Example: 2,316 is divisible by 4 because 16 is divisible by 4.
5. Divisibility by 5:
- A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.
- Example: 450 is divisible by 5 because its last digit is 0.
6. Divisibility by 6:
- A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
- Example: 48 is divisible by 6 because it's divisible by both 2 and 3.
7. Divisibility by 7:
Divisibility by 7 does not have a straightforward and simple divisibility rule like some
other numbers (e.g., 2, 3, 4). However, there is a method you can use to check for divisibility
by 7, which involves subtracting and halving.
Here's how it works, along with an example:
1. Start with the last digit of the number and double it.
2. Subtract the result from the original number after removing the last digit.
3. If the result of this subtraction is either 0 or a multiple of 7, then the original number is
divisible by 7.
Let's illustrate this with an example:
Example: Is 357 divisible by 7?
1. Start with the last digit, which is 7. Double it: 7 × 2 = 14.
2. Remove the last digit from the original number: 35.
3. Subtract the doubled last digit from the result: 35 - 14 = 21.
Now, check the result: 21 is a multiple of 7 (21 = 7 × 3). Since the result is a multiple of 7, we
can conclude that 357 is divisible by 7.
So, in this case, 357 is indeed divisible by 7, and the divisibility test worked.
8. Divisibility by 8:
- A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits together form a number divisible by 8.
- Example: 6,144 is divisible by 8 because 144 is divisible by 8.
9. Divisibility by 9:
- A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
- Example: 891 is divisible by 9 because 8 + 9 + 1 = 18, and 18 is divisible by 9.
10. Divisibility by 10:
- A number is divisible by 10 if it ends with a 0.
- Example: 350 is divisible by 10 because its last digit is 0.
 These divisibility tests are handy tools for quickly determining whether one number
can be evenly divided by another. They are especially useful in simplifying calculations and
identifying factors of numbers in various mathematical problems.
11. Divisibility Test for 11:
1. Start by adding up all the digits at odd positions (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.) and separately add up all
the digits at even positions (2nd, 4th, 6th, etc.).
2. Calculate the difference between the sum of digits at odd positions and the sum of digits at
even positions.
3. If the difference is divisible by 11 (i.e., it equals 0 or a multiple of 11), then the original
number is divisible by 11.
Let's illustrate this with an example:
Example: Is 4,381 divisible by 11?
1. Sum of digits at odd positions: 4 + 8 = 12.
2. Sum of digits at even positions: 3 + 1 = 4.
3. Calculate the difference: 12 - 4 = 8.
Now, check the difference: 8 is not divisible by 11 (8 is not equal to 0 or a multiple of 11).
Therefore, we can conclude that 4,381 is not divisible by 11.
So, in this case, 4,381 is not divisible by 11, and the divisibility test indicates that.

3) Arithmetic Progression
Arithmetic Progression (AP), also known as an arithmetic sequence, is a sequence of
numbers in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant
difference is called the "common difference" and is denoted by 'd'. Arithmetic progressions are
a fundamental concept in mathematics and have wide-ranging applications in various fields,
including algebra, calculus, and physics.
The general form of an arithmetic progression is:
[a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,…]
Where:
- 'a' is the first term of the sequence.
- 'd' is the common difference between consecutive terms.
- 'n' represents the position of a term in the sequence (e.g., the nth term).
Key Properties of Arithmetic Progressions:
1. Common Difference (d): The difference between any two consecutive terms in an
arithmetic progression is a constant value 'd'. It determines the pattern of the sequence.
2. Nth Term (an): The nth term of an arithmetic progression can be found using the formula:
[an = a + (n - 1).d ]
Here, 'an' represents the nth term, 'a' is the first term, 'n' is the position of the term, and 'd' is
the common difference.
3. Sum of Terms (Sum of an AP): The sum of the first 'n' terms of an arithmetic progression,
denoted as 'S_n', can be calculated using the formula:
𝑛
[Sn = [2a + (n - 1) d]
2

This formula allows you to find the sum of the first 'n' terms of an AP.
Example:
Let's work through an example of an arithmetic progression:
Problem: Find the first 5 terms of an arithmetic progression with the first term 'a' equal to 3
and a common difference 'd' equal to 4.
Solution:
We know that the nth term of an arithmetic progression can be found using the formula:
[ an = a + (n - 1) d ]
For this sequence:
- 'a' (the first term) is 3.
- 'd' (the common difference) is 4.
Let's find the first 5 terms:
1. For n = 1:
[a1 = 3 + (1 - 1) 4 = 3 + 0 = 3]
2. For n = 2:
[a2 = 3 + (2 - 1) 4 = 3 + 4 = 7]
3. For n = 3:
[a3 = 3 + (3 - 1) 4 = 3 + 8 = 11]
4. For n = 4:
[a4 = 3 + (4 - 1) 4 = 3 + 12 = 15]
5. For n = 5:
[a5 = 3 + (5 - 1) 4 = 3 + 16 = 19]
So, the first 5 terms of the arithmetic progression with a first term 'a' equal to 3 and a common
difference 'd' equal to 4 are 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19.
Arithmetic progressions are used in various mathematical and real-world scenarios,
such as calculating financial payments, modeling linear relationships, and analyzing sequences
in mathematics and science.

4) Geometric Progression:
Geometric Progression (GP), also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of
numbers in which each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed, nonzero
number called the "common ratio." Geometric progressions exhibit exponential growth or
decay and are used in various mathematical, scientific, and real-world applications.
The general form of a geometric progression is:
[a, ar, ar2, ar3,…]
Where:
- 'a' is the first term of the sequence.
- 'r' is the common ratio between consecutive terms.
- 'n' represents the position of a term in the sequence (e.g., the nth term).
Key Properties of Geometric Progressions:
1. Common Ratio (r): The ratio between any two consecutive terms in a geometric progression
is a constant value 'r'. It determines the growth or decay pattern of the sequence.
2. Nth Term (an): The nth term of a geometric progression can be found using the formula:
[an = a . r(n-1)]
Here, 'an' represents the nth term, 'a' is the first term, 'r' is the common ratio, and 'n' is the
position of the term.
3. Sum of Terms (Sum of a GP): The sum of the first 'n' terms of a geometric progression,
denoted as 'Sn', can be calculated using the formula:
a (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn = (1 – r)

This formula allows you to find the sum of the first 'n' terms of a GP.
Example:
Problem: Find the first 5 terms of a geometric progression with the first term 'a' equal to 3 and
a common ratio 'r' equal to 2.
Solution:
We know that the nth term of a geometric progression can be found using the formula:
[an = a r(n-1)]
For this sequence:
- 'a' (the first term) is 3.
- 'r' (the common ratio) is 2.
Let's find the first 5 terms:
1. For n = 1:
[a1 = 3 2(1-1) = 3 20 = 3 1 = 3]
2. For n = 2:
[a2 = 3 * 2(2-1) = 3*21 = 3 * 2 = 6]
3. For n = 3:
[a3 = 3 * 2(3-1) = 3 * 22 = 3 * 4 = 12]
4. For n = 4:
[a4 = 3 * 2(4-1) = 3 * 23 = 3 * 8 = 24]
5. For n = 5:
[a5 = 3 * 2(5-1) = 3 * 24 = 3 * 16 = 48]
So, the first 5 terms of the geometric progression with a first term 'a' equal to 3 and a common
ratio 'r' equal to 2 are 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48.
Geometric progressions are widely used in mathematics, science, finance, and
engineering to model exponential growth, decay, and other situations where quantities change
at a constant ratio. They are essential for understanding various natural and man-made
phenomena.

5) HCF & LCM :

HCF (Highest Common Factor) and LCM (Least Common Multiple) are fundamental
concepts in number theory and arithmetic, often used in various mathematical and real-world
applications.
HCF (Highest Common Factor):
- The HCF of two or more numbers is the largest number that divides each of them without
leaving a remainder.
- It is also known as the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
Example of Finding HCF:
Let's find the HCF of two numbers, 24 and 36:
1. List the factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24.
2. List the factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.
3. The common factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
4. The highest common factor (HCF) is 12.
So, the HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.

LCM (Least Common Multiple):

The LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is divisible by each of
them without leaving a remainder.
Example of Finding LCM:
Let's find the LCM of two numbers, 15 and 20:
1. List the multiples of 15: 15, 30, 45, 60, ...
2. List the multiples of 20: 20, 40, 60, 80, ...
3. The common multiples are 60, 120, 180, ...
4. The least common multiple (LCM) is 60.

So, the LCM of 15 and 20 is 60.

HCF and LCM concepts are essential tools in solving problems related to fractions,
simplifying ratios, prime factorization, and many other mathematical and real-world scenarios.

6) Time and Work:

Time and work is a fundamental concept in mathematics and real-world scenarios, often
used to solve problems related to how a group of individuals or machines can complete a task
in a specified amount of time. This concept is particularly important in project management,
production planning, and resource allocation.
Here are the key components and concepts related to time and work, along with an example:
1. Work Rate (Efficiency): Work rate, often denoted as 'R,' represents the rate at which an
individual or a group can complete a certain amount of work. It is usually measured in terms
of work units per unit of time.
2. Amount of Work: This represents the total work to be done. It is typically denoted as 'W.'
3. Time: Time represents the duration or the number of units of time required to complete a
certain amount of work. It is usually denoted as 'T.'
4. Work Formula:
The amount of work 'W' is directly proportional to the work rate 'R' and the time 'T'
required to complete the work. This relationship can be expressed as:
[W = R * T]
This example demonstrates how the time and work concept can be used to calculate the
time required to complete a task when the number of workers or their efficiency changes. It is
a versatile tool in various fields, including project management, manufacturing, and service
industries.

7) Time & Distance:

Time and distance is a fundamental concept in mathematics and physics, used to
calculate how long it takes to travel a certain distance at a given speed or how far an object can
travel in a specific amount of time. This concept is essential in various real-world situations,
including travel, transportation, sports, and physics.
Here are the key components and concepts related to time and distance, along with an example:
1. Distance (D): Distance represents the length of the path between two points. It is usually
measured in units such as kilometers, miles, meters, or any other appropriate unit.
2. Speed (S): Speed represents the rate at which an object moves. It is usually measured in
units like kilometers per hour (km/h) or meters per second (m/s).
3. Time (T): Time represents the duration or the amount of time taken to cover a certain
distance. It is usually measured in units like hours, minutes, or seconds.
4. Formula:
The relationship between distance, speed, and time can be expressed using the formula:
[D = S * T]
Similarly, you can calculate speed or time using the following formulas:
𝐷
[S= ]
𝑇
D
[T = ]
S

Example:
Let's consider an example to illustrate the concept of time and distance:
Problem: If a car travels at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour (km/h), how long will it take to
cover a distance of 240 kilometers?
Solution:
We can use the time and distance formula to solve this problem:
1. Given information:
- Speed of the car (S) = 60 km/h
- Distance to be covered (D) = 240 kilometers
2. Calculate the time (T) using the time and distance formula:
D
[T = ]
S

Now, let's substitute the values and calculate:

240
[T = = 4, hours]
60

So, it will take the car 4 hours to cover a distance of 240 kilometres at a speed of 60
kilometres per hour.
This example demonstrates how to use the time and distance concept to calculate the
time required to travel a certain distance at a given speed. It is a practical tool for planning
trips, estimating travel times, and solving various problems related to motion and
transportation.

*Unit Conversion (km/hr to m/s)

Converting from kilometers per hour (km/h) to meters per second (m/s) involves
changing the units of speed while keeping the value of the speed constant. To convert km/h to
m/s, you need to know that 1 km equals 1,000 meters (since there are 1,000 meters in a
kilometer) and 1 hour equals 3,600 seconds (since there are 3,600 seconds in an hour).
Therefore, the conversion factor is:
1000 m 5
[1 km/h = = m/s]
3600 s 18

So, to convert from km/h to m/s, you multiply the value in km/h by 5/18.
Here's an example:
Example 1:
Convert 72 km/h to m/s.
5
[72 km/h * 18 , m/s = 20 m/s]

So, 72 km/h is equivalent to 20 m/s.

Example 2:
Convert 120 km/h to m/s.
5
[120, km/h * 18 , m/s = 33.33, m/s]

So, 120 km/h is approximately equal to 33.33 m/s.

Example 3:
Suppose you have a speed of 15 meters per second (m/s), and you want to convert it to
kilometres per hour (km/h)
5
Speed in km/h = Speed in m/s × 18
5 75 25
Speed in km/h = 15 m/s × 18 = 18
m/s = 06
m/s = 4.16 m/s

This conversion is commonly used in physics and engineering when working with
different units for speed. It's essential to make sure that units are consistent when performing
calculations or comparing speeds in different contexts.