Definition

● DevOps is a collection of two words, “Development” and “Operations,”

representing a cultural approach that emphasizes collaboration and
communication between development and operations teams to streamline the
entire software delivery lifecycle.

● DevOps is the combination of cultural philosophies, practices, and tools that

increases an organization’s ability to deliver applications and services at high
velocity: evolving and improving products at a faster pace than organizations
using traditional software development and infrastructure management processes.
Dev

• Developers write code to create new features, programs, websites, or databases. They focus
on producing new systems and applications as quickly as possible.

Ops

• Operators maintain infrastructure and ensure software runs smoothly. They deploy new
releases into production and monitor live environments for issues. They focus on ensuring
users have access to a fast, stable, and bug-free system.
How DevOps Works?

● Under a DevOps model, development and operations teams are no longer “siloed.”
Sometimes, these two teams are merged into a single team where the engineers
work across the entire application lifecycle, from development and test to
deployment to operations, and develop a range of skills not limited to a single
function.
● In some DevOps models, quality assurance and security teams may also become
more tightly integrated with development and operations and throughout the
application lifecycle. When security is the focus of everyone on a DevOps team,
this is sometimes referred to as DevSecOps.
How DevOps Works?

● These teams use practices to automate processes that historically have been
manual and slow. They use a technology stack and tooling which help them
operate and evolve applications quickly and reliably.
SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)

• A framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a

software development project.

• A systematic approach that generates a structure for the developer to

design, create and deliver high-quality software based on customer
requirements and needs. The primary goal of the SDLC process is to
produce cost-efficient and high-quality products. The process comprises a
detailed plan that describes how to develop, maintain, and replace the
software.
Phases of SDLC

• Planning
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation (Coding)
• Testing & Deployment
• Maintenance
 Planning

• The first stage of SDLC is all about “What do we want?” Project planning is a
vital role in the software delivery lifecycle since this is the part where the team
estimates the cost and defines the requirements of the new software.

• Planning, involves defining the software's purpose and scope. The team
collaborates to understand the end-users' needs and the goals the software
should meet. Essentially, we ask, "What problem will this software solve?" and
"What value will it offer to the user?"
 Planning

• A feasibility study also takes place during the Planning phase. Developers and
product teams evaluate technical and financial challenges that might affect the
software's development or success.

• Key documents such as the Project Plan and Software Requirement

Specification (SRS) are created.

• The Planning phase fosters effective communication and collaboration within

the team. By defining clear roles, responsibilities, and expectations, it lays a
solid foundation for an efficient software development process.
 Analysis

• The second step of SDLC is gathering maximum information from the client
requirements for the product. Discuss each detail and specification of the
product with the customer.

• The development team will then analyze the requirements keeping the design
and code of the software in mind. Further, investigating the validity and
possibility of incorporating these requirements into the software system.

• The main goal of this stage is that everyone understands even the minute
detail of the requirement. Hardware, operating systems, programming,
and security are to name the few requirements.
 Analysis

• The project team collects information from stakeholders, including analysts,

users, and clients. They conduct interviews, surveys, and focus groups to
understand the user's expectations and needs. The process involves not only
asking the right questions but also accurately interpreting the responses.

• After collecting the data, the team analyzes it, distinguishing the essential
features from the desirable ones. This analysis helps the team understand the
software's functionality, performance, security, and interface needs.

• These efforts result in a Requirements Specification Document.

 Design
• The Design phase is all about building the framework. Key activities include
crafting data flow diagrams, constructing entity-relationship diagrams, and
designing user interface mock-ups. The team also identifies system
dependencies and integration points. They also set the software's limitations,
such as hardware constraints, performance requirements, and other system-
related factors.

• The culmination of these tasks is an exhaustive Software Design Document

(SDD). This document serves as the roadmap for the team during the coding
phase. It meticulously details the software's design, from system architecture
to data design, and even user interface specifics.
 Coding
• The Coding phase in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is when
engineers and developers get down to business and start converting the software
design into tangible code.
• This development phase aims to develop software that is functional, efficient, and
user-friendly. Developers use an appropriate programming language, Java or
otherwise, to write the code, guided by the SDD and coding guidelines. This
document, acting as a roadmap, ensures the software aligns with the vision set in
earlier phases.
• Another key aspect of this phase is regular code reviews. Team members carefully
examine each other's work to identify any bugs or inconsistencies.
 Testing
• Once the developers build the software, then it is deployed in the testing
environment. Then the testing team tests the functionality of the entire system. In
this fifth phase of SDLC, the testing is done to ensure that the entire application
works according to the customer’s requirements.
• After testing, the QA and testing team might find some bugs or defects and
communicate the same with the developers. The development team then fixes the
bugs and send it to QA for a re-test. This process goes on until the software is
stable, bug-free and working according to the business requirements of that
system.
 Deployment
• The sixth phase of SDLC: Once the testing is done, and the product is ready for
deployment, it is released for customers to use. The size of the project determines
the complexity of the deployment.
• The users are then provided with the training or documentation that will help
them to operate the software. Again, a small round of testing is performed on
production to ensure environmental issues or any impact of the new release.
 Maintenance
• The maintenance phase is characterized by constant assistance and improvement,
which guarantees the software's best possible functioning and longevity and
ensures it meets customer expectations.
• The primary focus is to adapt to the software's changing needs. This adaptation
involves responding to user feedback, resolving unexpected issues, and upgrading
the software based on users' evolving requirements. It's a continuous process of
refining and adapting.
 Waterfall model
Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. It is also known as the
linear sequential model. In this model, the outcome of one phase is the input for the
next phase. Development of the next phase starts only when the previous phase is
complete.
Advantages:
● The waterfall model is a simple model that can be easily understood and is the one in
which all the phases are done step by step.
● Deliverables of each phase are well defined, leading to no complexity and making the
project easily manageable.
Disadvantages:
• The waterfall model is time-consuming & cannot be used in the short-duration projects as
in this model a new phase cannot be started until the ongoing phase is completed.
● The waterfall model cannot be used for projects that have uncertain requirements or
wherein the requirement keeps on changing as this model expects the requirement to be
clear in the requirement gathering and analysis phase itself and any change in the later
stages would lead to cost higher as the changes would be required in all the phases.
V model
V- Model is also known as Verification and Validation Model. In this model
Verification & Validation goes hand in hand i.e. development and testing goes
parallel. V model and waterfall model are the same except that the test planning and
testing start at an early stage in V-Model.
Advantages:

● It is a simple and easily understandable model.

● V –model approach is good for smaller projects wherein the requirement is defined
and it freezes in the early stage.
● It is a systematic and disciplined model which results in a high-quality product.
Disadvantages:

● V-shaped model is not good for ongoing projects.

● Requirement change at the later stage would cost too high.
Unit Testing: Focuses on testing individual components or units of the software in
isolation.
Integration Testing: Tests the interactions between integrated modules or
components.
System Testing: Validates the complete and integrated system against specified
requirements.
Acceptance Testing: Verifies whether the software meets the business requirements
and is ready for release.
Prototype model
The prototype model is a model in which the prototype is developed prior to the
actual software. Prototype models have limited functional capabilities and inefficient
performance compared to the actual software. Dummy functions are used to create
prototypes. This is a valuable mechanism for understanding the customers’ needs.

Software prototypes are built prior to the actual software to get valuable feedback
from the customer. Feedbacks are implemented and the prototype is again reviewed
by the customer for any change. This process goes on until the model is accepted by
the customer.
Advantages:
● Prototype model reduces the cost and time of development as the defects are
found much earlier.
● Missing features or functionality or a change in requirement can be identified in the
evaluation phase and can be implemented in the refined prototype.
● Involvement of a customer from the initial stage reduces any confusion in the
requirement or understanding of any functionality.
Disadvantages:
● Since the customer is involved in every phase, the customer can change the
requirement of the end product which increases the complexity of the scope and
may increase the delivery time of the product.
Spiral model
Spiral model phases are followed in the iterations. The loops in the model represent the phase
of the SDLC process i.e. the innermost loop is of requirement gathering & analysis which
follows the Planning, Risk analysis, development, and evaluation. Next loop is Designing
followed by Implementation & then testing.
Spiral Model has four phases:
•Planning
● Risk Analysis
● Engineering
● Evaluation
Spiral model

● Planning
The first phase of the Spiral Model is the planning phase, where the scope of the project is
determined and a plan is created for the next iteration of the spiral.
● Risk Analysis
In the risk analysis phase, the risks associated with the project are identified and evaluated.
Risks can be operational (e.g., team changes), technical (e.g., untested technologies), or
external (e.g., regulatory changes).
● Engineering
In the engineering phase, the software is developed based on the requirements gathered in
the previous iteration.
● Evaluation
In the evaluation phase, the software is evaluated to determine if it meets the customer’s
requirements and if it is of high quality.
 Contd..
Advantages:

● Risk Analysis is done extensively using the prototype models.

● Any enhancement or change in the functionality can be done in the next iteration.

Disadvantages:

● The spiral model is best suited for large projects only.

● The cost can be high as it might take a large number of iterations which can lead to high
time to reach the final product.
Iterative & Incremental model
Feature to be developed in the iteration is decided and implemented. Each iteration goes
through the phases namely Requirement Analysis, Designing, Coding, and Testing. Detailed
planning is not required in iterations.

Once the iteration is completed, a product is verified and is delivered to the customer for their
evaluation and feedback. Customer’s feedback is implemented in the next iteration along with
the newly added feature.
Phases of Iterative & Incremental Development Model:
• Inception phase
● Elaboration Phase
● Construction Phase
● Transition Phase
 Iterative & Incremental model
Inception Phase
• Define the project scope and its feasibility.
• Establish a high-level understanding of the system to be built.
Elaboration Phase
• Refine the project vision and requirements.
• Establish a robust architecture for the system.
Construction Phase
• Build the software incrementally based on the established architecture.
• Develop a fully functional system.
Transition Phase
• Deploy the system into the production environment.
• Ensure the system meets the users' needs.
 Contd..
Advantages:
● Any change in the requirement can be easily done and would not cost as there is a
scope of incorporating the new requirement in the next iteration.
● Risk is analyzed & identified in the iterations.
● Defects are detected at an early stage.
● As the product is divided into smaller chunks it is easy to manage the product.

Disadvantages:
● Complete requirements and understanding of a product are required to break down and
build incrementally.
Big Bang model
Big Bang Model does not have any defined process. Money and efforts are put together as the
input and output come as a developed product which might be or might not be the same as
what the customer needs.

Big Bang Model does not require much planning and scheduling. The developer does the
requirement analysis & coding and develops the product as per his understanding. This model
is used for small projects only. There is no testing team and no formal testing is done, and this
could be a cause for the failure of the project.
 Contd..
Advantages:

● It’s a very simple Model.

● Less Planning and scheduling is required.
● The developer has the flexibility to build the software of their own.

Disadvantages:

● Big Bang models cannot be used for large, ongoing & complex projects.
● High risk and uncertainty.
 Agile model
• The meaning of Agile is swift or versatile. "Agile process model" refers to a software
development approach based on iterative development. Agile methods break tasks into
smaller iterations, or parts that do not directly involve long term planning. The project scope
and requirements are laid down at the beginning of the development process. Plans
regarding the number of iterations, the duration and the scope of each iteration are clearly
defined in advance.
• Each iteration is considered as a short time "frame" in the Agile process model, which
typically lasts from one to four weeks. Each iteration involves a team working through a full
software development life cycle including planning, requirements analysis, design, coding,
and testing before a working product is demonstrated to the client.
 Agile model
• The agile software development life cycle is a software development project methodology
that prioritizes adaptability, flexibility, rapid development, and transformation.
• Agile Model is a combination of the Iterative and incremental model. This model focuses
more on flexibility while developing a product rather than on the requirement.
• In Agile, a product is broken into small incremental builds. It is not developed as a complete
product in one go. Each build increments in terms of features. The next build is built on the
previous functionality.
• In agile iterations are termed as sprints. Each sprint lasts for 2-4 weeks. At the end of each
sprint, the product owner verifies the product and after his approval, it is delivered to the
customer.
 Phases of Agile model
• Requirements gathering
• Design the requirements
• Construction/ iteration
• Testing/ Quality assurance
• Deployment
• Feedback
 Planning & Requirements gathering
• The planning phase in Agile is about defining the overall vision and high-
level objectives of the project. The Product Owner works with stakeholders
to create a Product Backlog, which is a prioritized list of features or tasks to
be completed. This backlog is dynamic and evolves over time as new
requirements emerge.
 Design
• During this phase, the team focuses on designing the system architecture
and features based on the requirements defined in the backlog. However,
Agile design is adaptive and can change as the project progresses, unlike
traditional SDLCs where the design is typically fixed early on.
 Construction/ iteration
• This phase involves the actual coding and implementation of the features
identified in the product backlog. Teams typically work in sprints (usually
1-4 weeks), and each sprint results in a potentially shippable product
increment.
 Testing
• Testing in Agile is continuous and happens throughout the development
process, rather than as a separate phase at the end. This ensures that
issues are caught early, and the product evolves in a stable, reliable
manner.
 Deployment
• Once the software is developed, tested, and reviewed, it is deployed to
production. In Agile, deployment can happen frequently, even after every
sprint, ensuring that the product is always ready for release.
 Maintenance
• After the software is deployed, maintenance is an ongoing activity. Agile
allows teams to adapt and respond to feedback from users and
stakeholders, and they can address issues or add new features in
subsequent iterations.
 Contd..
Advantages of Agile Model:
• It allows more flexibility to adapt to the changes.
● The new feature can be added easily.
● Customer satisfaction as the feedback and suggestions are taken at every stage.

Disadvantages:

● Lack of documentation.
● Agile needs experienced and highly skilled resources.
● If a customer is not clear about how exactly they want the product to be, then
the project would fail.
Types of Agile Framework
● If you choose an agile software project model, the second step is to choose
the framework based on your development team, workflow, scale, project
complexity, requirements, targets, and needs.
Scrum
Scrum is used to do tasks in a scenario where teams are involved. The idea of scrum
comes from the game of rugby and it helps in the proper working of smaller teams.
The three aspects of scrum can be described as below:
● Scrum Master helps in building the team, look after sprint meetings and take
care of problems in the path of progress.
● Product Owner helps in building the product backlog. The owner also gives the
most priority to the backlog and ensures that there is delivery after every
iteration.
● The Scrum Team looks after their work and completes the sprint.
Scrum
Key Roles
• Product Owner: Manages the product backlog and prioritizes features.
• Scrum Master: Facilitates the Scrum process and removes impediments.
• Development Team: Cross-functional team that delivers the product increment.
Key Artifacts
• Product Backlog: List of prioritized work items (user stories, tasks).
• Sprint Backlog: Subset of the product backlog selected for a sprint.
• Increment: The working product delivered at the end of a sprint.
Scrum
Services:
• Sprint Planning: Plan what work will be completed during the sprint.
• Daily Standup: Short daily meeting to discuss progress, plans, and blockers.
• Sprint Review: Showcase the completed work to stakeholders.
• Sprint Retrospective: Reflect on the sprint to identify improvements.
Lean
Lean Software Development is an Agile framework that applies principles from Lean
manufacturing to the software development process. Its primary focus is on delivering
maximum value to the customer by eliminating waste, optimizing processes, and fostering
continuous improvement.
Principles of Lean Software Development
Eliminate Waste - Identify and remove anything that does not add value to the customer.
Build Quality In - Prevent defects rather than fixing them later.
Create Knowledge - Emphasize learning and adapting through feedback and experimentation.
Defer Commitment - Make decisions as late as possible to allow for maximum flexibility and
adaptability.
Lean
Deliver Fast - Minimize lead time and deliver value to customers as quickly as possible.

Respect People - Empower individuals and teams to contribute their best work.

Optimize the Whole - Focus on the entire system rather than optimizing individual

components.
Extreme Programming

This methodology is helpful when the demand is not stable i.e. the requirement of the
demand is always changing. It can be also used when there is uncertainty regarding the
functionality of the whole system. Thus, with the help of extreme programming, the product is
released in shorter intervals of time thus creating checkpoints and improving productivity.
The aim of extreme programming works with respect to the customer.
The different phases of extreme programming are:
● Planning
● Analysis
● Execution
● Wrapping
● Closure
 Kanban method
• The Japanese word Kanban refers to a card that has all the information which is required and done on
the product during its process of completion. This method is widely used in software development.
• Kanban is a visual framework for managing work that focuses on optimizing the flow of tasks through a
system. It does not prescribe time-boxed iterations.
• Visualize Workflow: Use a Kanban board with columns (e.g., To Do, In Progress, Done).
• Limit Work in Progress (WIP): Set limits to prevent bottlenecks and improve flow.
• Manage Flow: Continuously monitor and optimize the flow of tasks.
• Continuous Improvement: Use feedback and metrics to improve the process.
 Feature-Driven Development (FDD)

• FDD focuses on delivering tangible, working software features in a structured way. It

combines iterative development with modeling and design.

Key Practices:

• Develop an overall model of the system.

• Build a feature list (a breakdown of system functionality).

• Plan by feature and deliver in small increments.

• Design and build features iteratively.

 Crystal

• Crystal is a family of Agile frameworks (e.g., Crystal Clear, Crystal Orange, Crystal Red)

that adapt based on team size, system criticality, and project priorities.

Key Practices:

• Frequent delivery of working software.

• Close communication within the team.

• Reflective improvement (learning from experiences).

• Tailored processes based on project needs.

 Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)

• DSDM is an Agile framework focused on delivering projects on time and within budget while emphasizing

active user involvement.

Key Practices:

• MoSCoW Prioritization: Categorize requirements into Must Have, Should Have, Could Have, and Won’t

Have.

• Timeboxing: Fixed deadlines for delivering specific functionality.

• Iterative development and prototyping.

• Continuous user involvement.

 Agile Principles
● Satisfy the customer with recurring delivery of software at regular intervals.
● If there are changes in requirements then accept them, even if they arrive late in the development cycle
● Deliver the software at intervals between 3 weeks to 3 months.
● The developers and the businessmen should work in collaboration.
● Building projects keeping in mind individuals who are highly motivated and then supporting them to get
the work done.
● Using face to face conversation as the most effective way of communication.
● To measure progress the software should be working.
● The development should be sustainable and there should be consistency.
● Technical excellence and a good design help in better agility.
● Simplicity is the key.
● A team which is self-organizing helps to deliver best architecture, design and requirements.
● The team decides and discusses ways in which the team can be more effective.
Contd..
 Agile Values
● Individuals and interactions

Along with the software tools and processes, agile suggests that the people working in the processes
are equally if not more important. A project can be the most successful if the people working on it are
the best suited for it.
● A working software

Working software is more important. It is of utmost importance according to the agile manifesto to
provide the customers with working software than to have piles and piles of documentation.
 Contd..
● Customer collaboration

Previously there would only be a contract between the customer and the developer. So after the
project would be completed it would be handed over to the customer. Many times a situation would
arise that the product asked for and the product delivered was not the same. Thus agile insists on
continuous delivery so that the developer and the customer are on the same page and can react to
changing market conditions.
● Responding to change

According to the Agile Manifesto, there might be many phases in software development when changes
can be done to the product. These changes should be encouraged irrespective of the phase the project
is in. This helps in achieving better goals and revised results.
Fundamentals of DevOps
What is DevOps?
DevOps is a collaboration between Development and IT Operations to make software production
and Deployment in an automated & repeatable way.

DevOps helps increase the organization’s speed to deliver software applications and services. The
full form of ‘DevOps’ is a combination of ‘Development’ and ‘Operations.’

It allows organizations to serve their customers better and compete more strongly in the market.

In simple words, DevOps can be defined as an alignment of development and IT operations with
better communication and collaboration.
What is DevOps?
DevOps is a set of practices, principles, and cultural philosophies that emphasize collaboration
and communication between software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) teams.

The main objective of DevOps is to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the software
development and delivery process by promoting automation, continuous integration,
continuous delivery, and other practices that streamline the entire lifecycle.
What are Automation, Scaling, and Infrastructure?
Automation: In the context of DevOps, automation refers to the use of tools and processes to
mechanize manual and repetitive tasks in software development, testing, and deployment.
Automation minimizes human error and accelerates the delivery process.

Scaling: Scaling involves the ability to adapt the infrastructure and software systems to handle
increased workloads or demand. DevOps often employs auto-scaling mechanisms to automatically
adjust resources based on traffic or usage.

Infrastructure: In DevOps, infrastructure can be managed as code (Infrastructure as Code or IaC),

which means that the provisioning, configuration, and management of servers, networking, and other
infrastructure components are defined and controlled using code.
Why is DevOps Needed?
Before DevOps, the development and operation team worked in complete isolation.

Testing and Deployment were isolated activities done after design-build. Hence they consumed
more time than actual build cycles.

Without using DevOps, team members spend a large amount of their time testing, deploying,
and designing instead of building the project.

Manual code deployment leads to human errors in production.

Coding & operation teams have separate timelines and are not sync, causing further delays.
Why is DevOps Needed?
Faster Delivery: DevOps accelerates the development and deployment of software, allowing
organizations to release updates and new features more quickly, which is crucial in today’s fast-
paced business environment.

Improved Quality: Automation and continuous testing in DevOps reduce the chances of human
error and help maintain a consistent level of quality in software.

Efficiency: DevOps streamlines the software development process, making it more efficient by
automating manual tasks, optimizing resource usage, and reducing downtime.
Why is DevOps Needed?
Collaboration: DevOps fosters collaboration and communication between development and
operations teams, leading to a shared sense of responsibility and faster issue resolution.

Scalability: With the ability to auto-scale infrastructure and applications, DevOps helps
organizations handle varying workloads and effectively manage resources.

Security: DevOps practices, such as DevSecOps, integrate security into the software
development and delivery process, reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing data protection.

Continuous Improvement: DevOps encourages a culture of continuous improvement, where

feedback and lessons learned from failures are used to enhance processes and products.
DevOps Principles
 Collaboration: Collaboration is at the heart of DevOps. Development and operations come together to form a
functional team that communicates, shares feedback and collaborates throughout the development and
deployment cycle.

Automate everything possible: Automation is an essential component of DevOps. The general approach is to
automate as much of the software development lifecycle (SDLC) as possible. By automating tasks in the
development process, developers have more time to write code and build new features. Plus, it reduces human
error and increases team productivity.

Continuous improvement: Continuous improvement is tied to continuous delivery (CD) and enables DevOps
teams to push updates that improve software systems' efficiency constantly. This principle concerns incremental
improvements and ongoing efforts to improve products, services or processes.
DevOps Principles
Customer-centric decision making: Teams can use DevOps practices—such as real-time live monitoring and
rapid deployment—to streamline and speed up the process of gathering user feedback. With immediate visibility
into how live users interact with a software system, teams can and should use that insight to develop further
improvements.

Create with the end in mind: DevOps teams understand customers' needs and create products or services based
on solving real problems. It may mean that teams need to let go of their assumptions about how consumers will
use the software. Instead, they need to understand the product thoroughly and continuously focus on the idea
that they are building working products sold to actual customers.
DevOps Architecture
DevOps Architecture
Development and operations both play essential roles in order to deliver applications. The
development comprises analyzing the requirements, designing, developing, and testing of the
software components or frameworks.

The operation consists of the administrative processes, services, and support for the software.
When both the development and operations are combined with collaborating, then the DevOps
architecture is the solution to fix the gap between deployment and operation teams; therefore,
delivery can be faster.
DevOps Architecture
DevOps architecture is used for the applications hosted on the cloud platform and large
distributed applications. Agile Development is used in the DevOps architecture so that
integration and delivery can be contiguous.

When the development and operations team works separately from each other, then it is time-
consuming to design, test, and deploy. And if the teams are not in sync with each other, then it
may cause a delay in the delivery. So DevOps enables the teams to change their shortcomings
and increases productivity.
DevOps Core Components
 Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)

• CI: Developers integrate code into a shared repository frequently, with automated

builds and testing ensuring early detection of issues.

• CD: Automates the deployment of code to production or staging environments.

Tools: Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD, CircleCI, Azure DevOps, Travis CI.

DevOps Core Components
 Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
• Manages infrastructure through code to ensure consistency, scalability, and
repeatability.

• Enables provisioning, configuration, and management of infrastructure in a

programmatic way.

Tools: Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, Ansible, Chef, Puppet.

DevOps Core Components
 Monitoring and Logging
• Tracks system performance, detects anomalies, and provides insights for continuous
improvement.

• Centralized logging helps debug and analyze issues.

Tools: Prometheus, Grafana, ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana), Splunk,

Datadog.
DevOps Core Components
 Collaboration and Communication
• Facilitates seamless communication between development, operations, and
other stakeholders.

• Promotes a culture of shared responsibility.

Tools: Slack, Microsoft Teams, Jira, Confluence.

DevOps Core Components
 Version Control System (VCS)

• Manages codebase versions and tracks changes made by multiple developers.

• Supports branching, merging, and rollback capabilities.

Tools: Git, GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket.

DevOps Core Components
 Configuration Management
• Ensures consistency across environments by automating configuration
tasks.

• Simplifies updates and maintenance.

Tools: Ansible, SaltStack, Chef, Puppet.

DevOps Core Components
 Containerization and Orchestration
• Containers: Package applications and dependencies into portable units.

• Orchestration: Manages and scales containers across distributed

environments.

Tools: Docker, Kubernetes, OpenShift, Amazon ECS.

DevOps Core Components
 Cloud and Hybrid Environments
• Supports scalable, flexible, and on-demand infrastructure for DevOps
workflows.

• Enables hybrid setups for seamless on-premises and cloud integration.

Cloud Providers: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP).

DevOps Workflow in the Architecture
DevOps Architecture
Build: Without DevOps, the cost of the consumption of the resources was evaluated based on
the pre-defined individual usage with fixed hardware allocation. And with DevOps, the usage of
cloud, sharing of resources comes into the picture, and the build is dependent upon the user's
need, which is a mechanism to control the usage of resources or capacity.

Code: Many good practices such as Git enables the code to be used, which ensures
writing the code for business, helps to track changes, getting notified about the reason
behind the difference in the actual and the expected output, and if necessary reverting to
the original code developed.
DevOps Architecture
Test: The application will be ready for production after testing. In the case of manual
testing, it consumes more time in testing and moving the code to the output. The testing
can be automated, which decreases the time for testing so that the time to deploy the
code to production can be reduced as automating the running of the scripts will remove
many manual steps.

Plan: DevOps use Agile methodology to plan the development. With the operations and
development team in sync, it helps in organizing the work to plan accordingly to increase
productivity.
DevOps Architecture
Monitor: Continuous monitoring is used to identify any risk of failure. Also, it helps in
tracking the system accurately so that the health of the application can be checked. The
monitoring becomes more comfortable with services where the log data may get
monitored through many third-party tools such as Splunk.

Deploy: Many systems can support the scheduler for automated deployment. The cloud
management platform enables users to capture accurate insights and view the
optimization scenario, analytics on trends by the deployment of dashboards.
DevOps Architecture
Benefits of DevOps Architecture
• Faster Delivery: Automates repetitive tasks, reducing deployment time.
• Improved Collaboration: Breaks silos between teams for better coordination.
• Enhanced Reliability: Ensures consistent environments and robust monitoring.
• Scalability: Enables efficient scaling of applications and infrastructure.
• Cost Efficiency: Optimizes resource usage through automation and cloud-native
solutions.
DevOps Lifecycle
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Development: This phase involves the planning and coding of the software. The
vision of the project is decided during the planning phase. And the developers begin
developing the code for the application. During this phase, project requirements are gathered
and discussed with stakeholders. Moreover, the product backlog is also maintained based on
customer feedback which is broken down into smaller releases and milestones for
continuous software development.

Once the team agrees upon the business needs, the development team starts coding for
the desired requirements. It’s a continuous process where developers are required to code
whenever any changes occur in the project requirement or in case of any performance
issues. There are no DevOps tools that are required for planning, but there are several tools
for maintaining the code.
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Integration: This stage is the heart of the entire DevOps lifecycle. It is a software
development practice in which the developers require to commit changes to the source code
more frequently. This may be on a daily or weekly basis. Then every commit is built, and this
allows early detection of problems if they are present. Building code not only involves
compilation, but it also includes unit testing, integration testing, code review,
and packaging.

In this phase, updated code or add-on functionalities and features are developed and
integrated into existing code. Furthermore, bugs are detected and identified in the code
during this phase at every step through unit testing, and then the source code is modified
accordingly. This step makes integration a continuous approach where code is tested
at every commit.
 DevOps Lifecycle
The code supporting new functionality is continuously integrated with the existing code.
Therefore, there is continuous development of software. The updated code needs to be
integrated continuously and smoothly with the systems to reflect changes to the end-
users.
 DevOps Lifecycle
Jenkins is a popular tool used in this phase. Whenever there is a change in the Git
repository, then Jenkins fetches the updated code and prepares a build of that code,
which is an executable file in the form of war or jar. Then this build is forwarded to the
test server or the production server.
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Testing: This phase, where the developed software is continuously tested
for bugs. For constant testing, automation testing tools such as TestNG, JUnit,
Selenium, etc are used. These tools allow QAs to test multiple code-bases thoroughly in
parallel to ensure that there is no flaw in the functionality. In this
phase, Docker Containers can be used for simulating the test environment.
DevOps Lifecycle
Selenium does the automation testing, and TestNG generates the reports. This entire testing
phase can be automated with the help of a Continuous Integration tool called Jenkins.
Automation testing saves a lot of time and effort for executing the tests instead of doing this
manually. Apart from that, report generation is a big plus. The task of evaluating the test cases
that failed in a test suite gets simpler. Also, we can schedule the execution of the test cases at
predefined times. After testing, the code is continuously integrated with the existing code.
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Deployment: Continuous deployment, or CD, is the final piece of a complete
DevOps pipeline and automates the deployment of code releases. That means if code
passes all automated tests throughout the production pipeline, it’s immediately released
to end users. CD critically removes the need for human intervention to orchestrate a
software release, which results in faster release timelines. This also gives developers
more immediate real-world feedback.
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Monitoring: Continuous monitoring is a set of automated processes and tooling
used to troubleshoot issues and development teams can use to inform future development
cycles, fix bugs, and patch issues.
A well established continuous monitoring system will typically contain four components:
Logging offers a continuous stream of raw data about business-critical components.

Monitoring provides intelligence about the raw data provided in logs and metrics.

Alerting provides proactive notifications when something has gone wrong and critical debugging information.

Tracing takes logging a step further, providing a deeper level of application performance and behavioral
insights that can greatly impact the stability and scalability of applications in production environments.
DevOps Lifecycle
Continuous Feedback: The application development is consistently improved by analyzing the
results from the operations of the software. This is carried out by placing the critical phase of
constant feedback between the operations and the development of the next version of the
current software application.

The continuity is the essential factor in the DevOps as it removes the unnecessary steps which
are required to take a software application from development, using it to find out its issues and
then producing a better version. It kills the efficiency that may be possible with the app and
reduce the number of interested customers.
DevOps Orchestration
DevOps automation is a process by which a single, repeatable task, such as launching an app or
changing a database entry, is made capable of running without human intervention, both on PCs
and in the cloud.

Orchestration refers to a set of automated tasks that are built into a single workflow to
solve a group of functions such as managing containers, launching a new web server,
changing a database entry, and integrating a web application. More simply, orchestration
helps configure, manage, and coordinate the infrastructure requirements an application
needs to run effectively.
DevOps Orchestration
Automation applies to functions that are common to one area, such as launching a web server, or integrating a
web app, or changing a database entry. But when all of these functions must work together, DevOps
orchestration is required.

DevOps orchestration involves automating multiple processes to reduce issues leading to the production date
and shorten time to market. On the other hand, automation is used to perform tasks or a series of actions that
are repetitive.

DevOps orchestration streamlines the entire workflow by centralizing all tools used across teams, along with
their data, to keep track of process and completion status throughout. Besides, automation can be pretty
complicated at scale, although normally it is focused on a specific operation to achieve a goal, such as a server
deployment. When automation has reached its limitations, that’s when orchestration plays to its strengths.
DevOps Orchestration
Reasons to invest in DevOps Orchestration:
 Speed up the automation process

 Enhance cross-functional collaboration

 Release products with higher quality

 Lower costs for IT infrastructure and human resources

 Build transparency across the SDLC

 Improve the release velocity

DevOps adoption in projects:
Technology aspects, Agiling capabilities, Tool
stack implementation, People aspect, processes
DevOps adoption in projects
DevOps is a set of practices that brings together software development and IT
operations to enable the continuous delivery of high-quality software.

Adopting DevOps practices in projects can have several benefits, including

faster delivery of software, improved quality, and increased collaboration
between development and operations teams.
DevOps adoption in projects
To adopt DevOps practices in projects, organizations need to follow a few key
steps:

Cultural shift: Adopting DevOps requires a cultural shift in the organization.

This means breaking down silos and creating a culture of collaboration,
communication, and continuous improvement.
DevOps adoption in projects
Tools and automation: DevOps requires tools and automation to enable
continuous integration, delivery, and deployment. This includes tools for source
code management, build automation, testing, and deployment automation.

Continuous testing: DevOps emphasizes continuous testing throughout the

software development life cycle to ensure that code is delivered with high
quality and is free of defects.
DevOps adoption in projects
Continuous monitoring: DevOps requires continuous monitoring of the
software in production to identify issues and improve performance.

Feedback loops: DevOps requires feedback loops to enable continuous

improvement. This includes feedback loops between development and
operations teams, as well as between the software and its users.
DevOps adoption in projects
Overall, the adoption of DevOps practices requires a commitment to
continuous improvement and a willingness to change the way that software is
developed and delivered.

It can be challenging to implement, but the benefits can be significant,

including faster delivery of high-quality software and increased collaboration
between teams.
Technology aspects
The adoption of technology is an important aspect of many projects related to
DevOps. The key technology aspects to consider when implementing DevOps
practices include:

Cloud computing: Cloud computing provides a scalable and flexible infrastructure

for DevOps projects, enabling organizations to quickly provision and manage
resources as needed. It also enables the use of technologies like containers and
serverless computing, which can help to streamline the development and
deployment process.
Technology aspects
Automation tools: DevOps requires the use of automation tools for tasks such as
code builds, testing, and deployment. There are many tools available for DevOps
automation, including Jenkins, GitLab, and Ansible, among others.

Containerization: Containers provide a lightweight and portable way to package

and deploy applications. Technologies like Docker and Kubernetes are commonly
used in DevOps projects to enable containerization and orchestration of
containers.
Technology aspects
Infrastructure as code: Infrastructure as code (IaC) is a practice that involves
defining infrastructure using code. This enables DevOps teams to manage
infrastructure in a consistent and repeatable way, and to treat infrastructure as a
versioned artifact.

Monitoring and observability: DevOps requires continuous monitoring and

observability of applications and infrastructure to detect and resolve issues quickly.
Tools like Prometheus and Grafana can be used for monitoring, while distributed
tracing tools like Jaeger and Zipkin can be used for observability.
Technology aspects
Security: Security is an important consideration in any DevOps project.
Technologies like security scanning tools, vulnerability management tools, and
penetration testing tools can help to ensure that applications and infrastructure
are secure.

By leveraging cloud computing, automation tools, containerization, infrastructure

as code, monitoring and observability, and security technologies, organizations can
streamline the development and deployment process, improve software quality,
and accelerate time to market.
Agiling capabilities
Agiling capabilities
Agile capabilities refer to an organization's ability to effectively adopt and implement
agile methodologies and practices in their software development process.

Agile is a mindset and a methodology that focuses on delivering value to customers

through iterative and incremental development, with a focus on collaboration, flexibility,
and continuous improvement.

Agile capabilities are therefore critical to the success of any DevOps project, as DevOps
also relies on a collaborative and iterative approach to software development.
Agiling capabilities
Agile mindset: It involves a willingness to embrace change, a focus on
delivering value to customers, and a commitment to continuous improvement. The
agile mindset is a culture that values teamwork, collaboration, and open
communication. Organizations need to foster an agile mindset throughout their
teams to effectively adopt DevOps practices.
Agiling capabilities
Agile methodologies: Agile methodologies like Scrum, Kanban, and XP provide a
framework for agile development. These methodologies help teams to prioritize
work, manage work in progress, and continuously improve the development
process. Organizations need to select the appropriate agile methodology that
aligns with their business needs and the nature of their project.
Agiling capabilities
Agile practices: Agile practices like user stories, sprint planning, and
retrospectives help teams to collaborate, communicate, and deliver high-quality
software. User stories help to capture requirements in a customer-centric way,
while sprint planning helps to organize work into manageable chunks.
Retrospectives provide an opportunity to reflect on the development process and
make improvements.
Agiling capabilities
Agile tools: Agile tools like Jira, Trello, and GitLab can help teams to
manage their work and collaborate effectively. These tools provide a
platform for managing work in progress, tracking progress, and
communicating with team members.
Agiling capabilities
Continuous delivery: Continuous delivery is an agile practice that involves
continuously integrating and testing code changes, and deploying those changes to
production quickly and frequently. This requires an agile approach to development,
where teams work in small increments and focus on delivering value to customers.
Agiling capabilities
Continuous improvement: Continuous improvement is a core tenet of both
agile and DevOps. Teams need to continuously reflect on their work and make
improvements to their processes, tools, and practices. This involves an agile
mindset, where teams are willing to experiment, learn from their mistakes, and
make changes to improve the software delivery process.
Tool Stack Implementation
A tool stack is a collection of software tools that are used together to
support a particular process or workflow. In the context of DevOps, a
tool stack is a set of tools that are used to support the software
development and deployment process. Implementing a tool stack is a
critical aspect of DevOps adoption, as it enables teams to automate
tasks, streamline workflows, and improve collaboration.
Tool Stack Implementation
Tool selection: The first step in implementing a DevOps tool stack is to
select the appropriate tools. There are many tools available for
different aspects of the DevOps workflow, such as source code
management, continuous integration and delivery, testing, monitoring,
and collaboration. It's important to select tools that are compatible
with each other and can integrate seamlessly to support the end-to-
end software delivery process.
Tool Stack Implementation
Tool integration: Once the appropriate tools have been selected, they
need to be integrated to create a cohesive tool stack. This involves
configuring the tools to work together and automating the workflow
between them. Integration is critical to achieving the benefits of
DevOps, such as faster delivery, higher quality, and improved
collaboration.
Tool Stack Implementation
Tool adoption: After the tool stack has been implemented, it's
important to encourage adoption by the development and operations
teams. This involves providing training, support, and documentation to
ensure that everyone understands how to use the tools effectively.
Adoption is critical to achieving the benefits of DevOps, as it ensures
that the tool stack is used to its full potential.
Tool Stack Implementation
Tool optimization: Finally, it's important to optimize the tool stack
over time. This involves regularly reviewing the tool stack to identify
areas for improvement and making changes to the tools or processes
as necessary. Optimization is critical to ensuring that the DevOps tool
stack continues to support the evolving needs of the development and
operations teams.
Tool Stack Implementation
By selecting the appropriate tools, integrating them effectively,
encouraging adoption, and optimizing the tool stack over time,
organizations can realize the full potential of DevOps.
People Aspect
DevOps is a software development approach that emphasizes
collaboration, communication, and integration between development
and operations teams. It requires a cultural shift towards a shared
responsibility for software delivery and a focus on continuous
improvement. The people aspect in DevOps refers to the importance
of building a positive work environment that fosters collaboration,
creativity, and innovation among team members.
People Aspect
One of the critical aspects of the people aspect in DevOps is building cross-
functional teams that are empowered to make decisions and take ownership of the
entire software delivery process. This means breaking down silos between
development and operations teams and creating a shared understanding of the
end-to-end software delivery process. The goal is to enable teams to work
together effectively, streamline the delivery process, and deliver high quality
software faster.
People Aspect
Effective communication is another crucial element of the people
aspect in DevOps. It requires teams to communicate effectively,
collaborate, and share information freely. This fosters an environment
of trust and transparency that enables team members to work
together towards a common goal.
People Aspect
Leadership is also an essential element of the people aspect in
DevOps. Leaders must build a culture of psychological safety where
team members feel comfortable taking risks, learning from failures,
and sharing their ideas and opinions. They must also empower teams
to make decisions, take ownership of their work, and continuously
improve their processes.
People Aspect
The people aspect in DevOps also recognizes the importance of
diversity and inclusivity. DevOps teams must be inclusive of individuals
from diverse backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. This creates
a culture of creativity and innovation that can lead to better outcomes
for both the organization and its customers.
People Aspect
Overall, the people aspect is a critical component of DevOps success.
It requires a focus on building high-performing teams, fostering a
culture of continuous improvement, and valuing diversity and
inclusivity. By prioritizing the people aspect, organizations can improve
collaboration, increase productivity, and deliver high-quality software
that meets the needs of their customers
Processes Aspect
In DevOps, processes refer to the workflows and practices that enable
teams to deliver high-quality software faster. These processes include:

Continuous Integration (CI): This involves the frequent integration of

code changes into a shared repository. The goal is to detect and resolve
integration issues early in the development process.
Processes Aspect
Continuous Delivery (CD): This involves automating the deployment
of software changes to production environments. The goal is to deliver
software changes quickly, reliably, and with minimal manual
intervention.
Processes Aspect
Continuous Testing (CT): This involves testing software changes
continuously throughout the development process. The goal is to
detect and resolve defects early in the development process.
Processes Aspect
Infrastructure as Code (IaC): This involves managing infrastructure
using code and automation tools. The goal is to reduce manual
processes and increase consistency and reliability.
Processes Aspect
Monitoring and Logging: This involves monitoring the performance
and behavior of software applications in production environments. The
goal is to detect and resolve issues quickly and ensure that the
software meets the needs of end-users.
Processes Aspect
Agile and Lean methodologies: These methodologies emphasize
collaboration, continuous improvement, and delivering value to
customers quickly. They are a critical part of DevOps processes.
Processes Aspect
Effective processes in DevOps require collaboration between
development and operations teams, as well as automation tools and
continuous feedback loops. Teams must work together to identify
bottlenecks and areas for improvement, and continuously refine their
processes to deliver high-quality software faster.
CI/CD: Introduction to Continuous Integration,
Continuous Delivery and Deployment
What is CI/CD?
CI and CD stand for continuous integration and continuous delivery/continuous deployment. In
very simple terms, CI is a modern software development practice in which incremental code
changes are made frequently and reliably.

Automated build and test steps triggered by CI ensure that code changes being merged into the
repository are reliable. The code is then delivered quickly and seamlessly as a part of the CD
process. In the software world, the CI/CD pipeline refers to the automation that enables
incremental code changes from developers’ desktops to be delivered quickly and reliably to
production.
Continuous Integration
Continuous integration is a DevOps software development practice where
developers regularly merge their code changes into a central repository, after
which automated builds and tests are run.

The key goals of continuous integration are to find and address bugs quicker,
improve software quality, and reduce the time it takes to validate and release
new software updates.
Why is Continuous Integration Needed?
In the past, developers on a team might work in isolation for an extended
period of time and only merge their changes to the master branch once their
work was completed. This made merging code changes difficult and time-
consuming, and also resulted in bugs accumulating for a long time without
correction. These factors made it harder to deliver updates to customers quickly.
How does Continuous Integration Work?
With continuous integration, developers frequently commit to a shared
repository using a version control system such as Git. Prior to each commit,
developers may choose to run local unit tests on their code as an extra
verification layer before integrating. A continuous integration service
automatically builds and runs unit tests on the new code changes to
immediately surface any errors.
How does Continuous Integration Work?
Continuous Integration Benefits
Improve Developer Productivity: Continuous integration helps your
team be more productive by freeing developers from manual tasks
and encouraging behaviors that help reduce the number of errors
and bugs released to customers.
Continuous Integration Benefits
Find and Address Bugs Quicker: With more frequent testing, your team
can discover and address bugs earlier before they grow into larger problems
later.

Deliver Updates Faster: Continuous integration helps your team deliver

updates to their customers faster and more frequently.
Continuous Delivery
Continuous delivery is a software development practice where code changes
are automatically prepared for a release to production. A pillar of modern
application development, continuous delivery expands upon continuous
integration by deploying all code changes to a testing environment and/or a
production environment after the build stage. When properly implemented,
developers will always have a deployment-ready build artifact that has passed
through a standardized test process.
Continuous Delivery
Continuous delivery lets developers automate testing beyond just unit tests so they
can verify application updates across multiple dimensions before deploying to
customers. These tests may include UI testing, load testing, integration testing, API
reliability testing, etc.

Once the code is integrated, build and passes the automated tests, the built is pushed
to the mock server. This enables the developer to check the application on the
production-like environment and confidently upload it on the actual production
environment — ensuring that the software will work well when it reaches to the
customer.
Continuous Delivery
The main goal of continuous delivery is to make the application deployment
seamless, reduce risk and ensure the application will work great in the
production environment.

With CD, the application is always ready to deploy and there is no last-minute
anxiety or urgency. Even the team can be confident about their codebase and
can concentrate on their daily development tasks.
Continuous Delivery
Benefits of Continuous Delivery
Faster Releases: Automating the release process reduces the time and effort required to
deploy changes.
Reduced Risk: Deploying smaller changes more frequently reduces the risk of
introducing major bugs.
Consistent Environments: Using identical environments from development to
production prevents environment-specific bugs.
Improved Collaboration: Developers, testers, and operations teams collaborate more
effectively.
Continuous Deployment
While Continuous Delivery makes the codebase ready for the deployment, Continuous
Deployment releases it directly to the production server.

Continuous deployment is a practice for application deployment wherein any code commit
passing the automated testing is automatically released to the production server and made
available to the users.

This process of deployment is fully automated without any manual intervention — and the
build components that don’t pass the production pipeline are prevented from deploying on the
server.
Continuous Deployment
This kind of automatic deployment works great to ship the new components
and features of the application and bug fixes quickly to the customers. Users’
feedback is quick as customers stay in the loop with every update and even the
team experiences peace of mind as there is no pressure of release date. Thus,
ultimately developers can focus more on developing the application and see
their work go live.
Continuous Deployment
Benefits of Continuous Deployment
Faster Delivery: New features and bug fixes are available to users immediately.

Increased Productivity: Developers focus on coding rather than manual

deployment tasks.

Reduced Risk: Deploying small, frequent changes minimizes the impact of bugs.

Improved Customer Satisfaction: Faster delivery of new features enhances the

user experience.
Metrics to track CICD practices
The primary goal of any DevOps practice revolve around three aspects: Time, Quality and
Speed. Based on the aforementioned factors, the metrics can be grouped as follows:
 Time-based metrics

 Quality metrics

 Automation metrics
Time-based metrics
 One of the main objectives of DevOps is to save time and ship code as fast as possible. Hence,
evaluating the performance of a CI/CD initiative predominantly revolves around measuring the
time taken for each of the activities involved. Given below is a list of the common time-based
metrics that organizations measure:
• Time to market (TTM)

• Defect resolution time

• “Code freeze-to-delivery” time

• Deployment time
Time to Market(TTM)
 This defines the duration between the ideation of a feature and the “go-live” of the same. Your CI/CD
efforts should significantly shrink the time taken to launch a feature to your customers. While
traditional software delivery takes 3-6 months for every internal software release, continuous
delivery can foster multiple releases weekly or daily.

It is therefore essential to keep a close watch on the time taken to release a feature to the customer
and if the continuous integration and continuous delivery principles have helped you shrink TTM.

 If there’s no improvement, the reason could be the technologies you have employed, the workload
of the developers, the complexity of the feature. You should retrospect to see where the issue is and
fix it to increase the speed of your CI/CD pipeline.
Defect resolution time
 Defect resolution time or the lifetime of a defect defines the time taken to

resolve an issue, raised after the code has been delivered or deployed. The time

taken to resolve a defect can significantly impact your customer churn rate. The

longer it takes to resolve an issue, the higher your churn rate will be. So, if the

defect resolution loop is lengthy despite implementing your DevOps practices,

there must be some process gaps that you need to identify and fix immediately.
Defect resolution time
The churn rate in CI/CD refers to the frequency of changes made to
code, deployments, or tests over a given period. High churn rates
can indicate instability in the development process, frequent rework,
or inefficiencies in the pipeline. Monitoring churn rate helps teams
identify areas for improvement and enhance software quality and
stability.
Defect resolution time
Code Churn Rate: Measures how often code is rewritten or
modified after being committed.

Deployment Churn Rate: Tracks the frequency of deployments

rolled back or modified shortly after release.

Test Churn Rate: Assesses how frequently automated tests are

modified due to failures or inefficiencies.
“Code freeze-to-delivery” time
 This defines the duration between the code freeze in the team and

the delivery of the code. Continuous integration shortens this time

frame. If it does not, you need to understand why and fine-tune your

practices to achieve the desired result.

Deployment time
 Since CI/CD practices involve a lot of automation, the code deployment should

happen at the click of a button. If your team takes an hour or so for deployment,

the process is at the peak of inefficiency. Tracking this metric helps you increase

the frequency of deployment by eliminating the bottlenecks that hamper the

speed of the pipeline.

Quality Metrics
 Tracking quality metrics is invariably the most important aspect of DevOps. You might be

shipping your code at your own pace. However, the last thing you would want to do is to

compromise on the quality of your code. It is therefore pivotal to keep a check on how you are

doing on quality. The quality metrics that organizations track include, but are not limited to:

• Test pass rate

• Number of bugs

• Defect escape rate

Test pass rate
The test pass rate gives you a clear picture of the quality of your product, based

on the percentage of passed test cases. It can be calculated by dividing the

number of passed test cases with the total number of executed test cases. This

metric also helps you understand how well your automated tests work and how

often code changes are causing your tests to break. Continuous integration and

continuous delivery cannot be done without automated testing.

Number of bugs
This metric is crucial for your continuous deployment efforts because shipping

a buggy code faster will only deliver more bugs to your customers, causing

intricate problems later on. Hence, it is essential to regularly monitor the

number of bugs and scrutinize the root cause in case of a spike. With a buggy

code in the system, none of the DevOps initiatives will yield the results that it

should.
Defect escape rate
The defect escape rate defines the percentage of defects found in pre-production testing versus in
production. Tracking how many defects make it to production is a great way to evaluate the overall
quality of the software releases that you do. If you are finding too many issues in production, then
you know that you’re not doing a good job of automated testing, QA, etc. Therefore, you have to
improve your testing practices and try moving faster again. Your defect escape rate is a great constant
feedback loop to assess how your team performs.

In essence, the defect escape rate serves as a valuable feedback loop, guiding your team in refining
their testing practices and maintaining a balance between speed and quality in software
development.
Automation metrics
Since DevOps relies heavily on automation, it is crucial to understand what impact it has

created, when it comes to your deployment process. Given below are some of the metrics that

will help you quantify your automation efforts while trying to identify if there is a scope for

improvement:

• Deployment size per pipeline

• Deployment frequency

• Failed Deployments
Deployment size per pipeline
This metric measures the size or complexity of deployments pushed

through each pipeline. It helps understanding how much automation is

handled in each deployment cycle. Smaller deployment sizes generally

indicate more frequent, incremental updates, which are typically easier to

manage and less risky. Larger deployments might signify less frequent

releases, potentially increasing the risk of failures and making rollbacks

more complex.
Deployment frequency
This metric tracks how often deployments are pushed through the

pipeline. Higher deployment frequency often indicates more streamlined

and automated processes. It implies that the team is capable of delivering

changes quickly and efficiently, which is a key aspect of DevOps. It's

important to balance frequency with stability – while more frequent

deployments are generally desirable, they shouldn't compromise the

reliability of the system.

Failed Deployments
“Failed Deployments" refers to the number of times a deployment
process within the pipeline did not successfully reach its intended state,
essentially indicating a failed attempt to push code changes to a
production or staging environment, and is often measured as a
percentage of total deployments, called the "deployment failure rate.".

To calculate the failed deployment rate, divide the number of failed
deployments by the total number of deployments, resulting in a
percentage.
DevOps Maturity Model
DevOps Maturity Model
A DevOps maturity model is a framework that organizations use to assess their level of
maturity in adopting DevOps practices and processes. It typically consists of a set of
criteria or characteristics across different dimensions of DevOps, such as Culture,
Automation, Lean, Measurement, and Sharing (often referred to as the CALMS
framework).
DevOps Maturity Model
DevOps Maturity Model
Culture: Culture is at the heart of DevOps. It involves encouraging collaboration,
communication, and shared responsibility among development, operations, and other
stakeholders. Building a culture of trust, transparency, and continuous improvement is
essential for successful DevOps implementation.

Automation: Automation plays a crucial role in DevOps by reducing manual

intervention, streamlining processes, and increasing efficiency. This includes automated
testing, deployment, infrastructure provisioning, and monitoring. By automating repetitive
tasks, teams can focus on delivering value and innovation more rapidly.
DevOps Maturity Model
Lean: Lean principles focus on eliminating waste and optimizing processes. In the context
of DevOps, this means identifying and removing bottlenecks, reducing cycle times, and
optimizing resource utilization. Lean practices help organizations deliver higher-quality
software faster and with fewer resources.

Measurement: Measurement is essential for understanding the effectiveness of DevOps

practices and identifying areas for improvement. This involves collecting data on key
performance indicators (KPIs) such as deployment frequency, lead time, deployment
success rate, and mean time to recovery. By measuring these metrics, teams can track
progress, identify trends, and make data-driven decisions.
DevOps Maturity Model
Sharing: Sharing knowledge, experiences, and best practices is fundamental to the
DevOps culture. This includes sharing code, documentation, tools, and insights across
teams and departments. By fostering a culture of sharing, organizations can accelerate
learning, promote collaboration, and drive continuous improvement.

By adopting the CALMS framework, organizations can create an environment

beneficial to DevOps practices, enabling them to deliver software faster, more reliably,
and with greater efficiency.
Key factors of DevOps Maturity Model
Culture and Leadership: This factor assesses the organization's culture and the extent
to which leadership promotes collaboration, innovation, and continuous improvement.

Automation and Tooling: It evaluates the level of automation implemented across the
software delivery pipeline and the effectiveness of tools used for development, testing,
deployment, and monitoring.

Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD): This factor focuses
on the frequency and efficiency of integrating code changes into a shared repository (CI)
and automating the deployment process to production environments (CD).
Key factors of DevOps Maturity Model
Monitoring and Feedback Loops: It examines the organization's ability to monitor
application and infrastructure performance, collect user feedback, and use this information to
drive improvements.

Scalability and Infrastructure as Code (IaC): This factor assesses the scalability of the
infrastructure and the extent to which infrastructure provisioning and management are
automated using infrastructure as code principles.

 Cross-functional collaboration: It evaluates how effectively different teams (e.g.,

development, operations, QA) collaborate and communicate to deliver value to customers
efficiently.
Key factors of DevOps Maturity Model
Risk Management and Compliance: This factor considers how well the organization
manages risks associated with changes to software and infrastructure and ensures
compliance with regulatory requirements.

Continuous Learning and Improvement: It assesses the organization's commitment

to learning and adapting to new technologies, processes, and market demands
continuously.

 Feedback and Metrics: This factor focuses on the collection and analysis of feedback
and metrics to measure the effectiveness of DevOps practices and identify areas for
improvement.
Key factors of DevOps Maturity Model
Customer-Centricity: It evaluates the organization's focus on delivering value to
customers by prioritizing their needs and preferences in the software development and
delivery process.

These factors provide a holistic view of an organization's DevOps maturity and

help identify areas for improvement to achieve higher levels of maturity. DevOps maturity
models typically define multiple maturity levels (e.g., beginner, intermediate, advanced)
for each factor, allowing organizations to gauge their progress and set goals for
improvement.
Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Initial Stage (Ad Hoc):

Teams work in silos with minimal collaboration between development, operations,

and other stakeholders.

 No formal DevOps practices.

Processes are mostly manual, leading to inefficiencies and delays.

There's little to no automation in place, and deployments are infrequent and error-
prone.

The organization lacks a clear DevOps strategy or culture.

Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Managed Stage (Repeatable):

Basic DevOps practices are introduced.

Some automation is implemented.

Teams start using version control and basic monitoring tools.

Processes are documented but may still be inconsistent.

 Collaboration improves, but cultural resistance may exist.

Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Defined Stage:

DevOps practices are well-defined and standardized across teams.

Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Delivery (CD) pipelines are

established.

 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and configuration management tools are

adopted.

 Monitoring and logging are integrated into workflows.

 Teams collaborate effectively, and cultural barriers are reduced.

Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Measured Stage:

Metrics and KPIs are used to measure DevOps.

Continuous improvement is driven by data and feedback.

Advanced automation is implemented (e.g., self-healing systems, automated

rollbacks).

Security is integrated into the DevOps pipeline (DevSecOps).

Teams are highly collaborative and aligned with business goals.

Stages of DevOps Maturity Model
Optimized Stage:

Fully mature DevOps practices.

Continuous experimentation and innovation.

Proactive identification and resolution of issues.

High levels of automation and self-service capabilities.

Strong alignment between DevOps practices and business objectives.

Culture of continuous learning and improvement.

What to Measure in a DevOps Maturity Model?
There are a set of parameters to be measured at every stage of the DevOps Maturity Model
to confirm an organization’s level of DevOps maturity.

 The number of completed projects and the release frequency should ideally be high
resulting in ROI

Percentage of successful deployments should maintain an edge over unsuccessful ones

Mean Time To Recovery (MTTR) from an unexpected incident/failure from the time of
occurrence, should be nil or as low as possible

Lead time, from development of code to deployment in production, should be satisfactory

Deployment frequency to determine the frequency of new code deployments

Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
The DevOps maturity model presents a wide range of business benefits such as

Faster adaptability to change

Ability to tap opportunities

Identifying areas of fulfillment

Improved scalability

Operational efficiency

Increased delivery speeds

Enhanced quality
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Faster adaptability to change:
In today's fast-paced business environment, agility is essential. The DevOps Maturity
Model enables you to optimize your software delivery process, allowing for faster
adaptation to evolving market demands and customer expectations.
By leveraging automation and continuous integration/delivery (CI/CD), you can
efficiently roll out new features, address bugs, and stay ahead of industry trends,
ensuring your business remains competitive.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Ability to Tap Opportunities:

The faster you can transform ideas into reality, the more
opportunities you can capture. The DevOps Maturity Model
enables you to achieve this by reducing development cycles and
speeding up deployments, allowing you to stay ahead of the
competition.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Identifying Areas of Fulfilment:

The DevOps Maturity Model helps organizations identify and

address areas where their processes may be lacking. By
continuously measuring and evaluating their practices, businesses
can pinpoint inefficiencies and implement targeted improvements to
enhance overall performance.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Improved Scalability:

Mature DevOps practices facilitate the seamless scaling of

applications and infrastructure. Automated provisioning and
management of resources through Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
ensure that businesses can handle increased loads and expand
their operations without significant manual intervention.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Operational Efficiency:

DevOps advocates automating repetitive tasks and breaking down

barriers between development and operations teams. This leads to
streamlined workflows, reduced manual errors, and more efficient
resource use, ultimately lowering operational costs.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Increased Delivery Speeds:

Organizations can notably shorten the delivery time for new

features and updates by implementing automated testing,
integration, and deployment. Faster delivery speeds enhance
customer satisfaction and allow businesses to stay competitive in
fast-paced markets.
Business Benefits of DevOps Maturity Model
Enhanced Quality:

Continuous monitoring and feedback loops in mature DevOps

practices ensure that issues are detected and resolved early in
development. This leads to higher-quality software with fewer bugs
and vulnerabilities, improving the overall user experience and
reducing maintenance costs.
DevOps Maturity Assessment
A DevOps maturity assessment is a process used by organizations to
evaluate their current level of maturity in adopting DevOps practices and
identify areas for improvement. It helps identify strengths, weaknesses, and
areas for improvement in the organization's DevOps journey. Here's an outline
of how such an assessment might be conducted:
DevOps Maturity Assessment
Define Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of the assessment.
Understand what the organization hopes to achieve by adopting DevOps
practices and what specific outcomes it wants to improve, such as
deployment frequency, lead time, mean time to recovery, etc.

Select Assessment Framework: Choose a suitable DevOps maturity model

or framework to guide the assessment. Common frameworks include the
CALMS model (Culture, Automation, Lean, Measurement, Sharing) or it could
be a customized framework tailored to the organization's specific needs and
goals.
DevOps Maturity Assessment
Gather Information: Collect data and information about the organization's
current practices, processes, tools, and culture related to software
development, deployment, and operations. This might involve surveys,
interviews, workshops, and observation of current practices and workflows.

Assessment Criteria: Define the criteria and indicators for each dimension
of the maturity model. These criteria should be measurable and aligned with
the goals of the assessment. For example, criteria for the culture dimension
might include the level of collaboration between teams and the frequency of
knowledge sharing.
DevOps Maturity Assessment
Assessment Process/Scoring: Assign scores or ratings to each criterion
based on the organization's current state. This could be done using a scale
(e.g., 1-5) or descriptive levels (e.g., initial, repeatable, defined, managed,
optimized).

Identify Gaps and Opportunities: Analyze the assessment results to

identify gaps between the current state and the desired state of DevOps
maturity. Identify areas of strength and weakness, as well as opportunities for
improvement.
DevOps Maturity Assessment
Develop Improvement Plan: Based on the assessment findings, develop a
roadmap or improvement plan that outlines specific actions and initiatives to
enhance DevOps practices and advance maturity levels. Prioritize these
actions based on their impact and feasibility.

Implement Changes: Implement the improvement plan, focusing on

addressing the identified gaps and leveraging opportunities for improvement.
This may involve changes to processes, tools, technologies, and culture, as
well as investments in training and skill development.
DevOps Maturity Assessment
Monitor Progress: Continuously monitor and measure progress against the
improvement plan. Use metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) to
track improvements in areas such as deployment frequency, lead time,
quality, and customer satisfaction.

Iterate and Adapt: DevOps maturity is an ongoing journey, so it's essential

to iterate and adapt the improvement plan based on feedback and changing
organizational needs. Regularly revisit the assessment process to gauge
progress and identify new areas for improvement.