DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​

11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer
provides solution and validation in order to apply
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH to the real setting.

RESEARCH — the scientific investigation of NATURE OF INQUIRY

phenomena which includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an INQUIRY — defined as “a seeking for truth, information
individual‘s speculation with reality. or knowledge”; It is a problem solving technique.

●​ Solutions to problems must be based on ●​ The information and data pursued through
knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or questioning begins with gathering by applying the
theories. different human senses.
●​ In research a systematic and well-planned ●​ Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from
procedure is required to meet the need in order birth till death.
that information is acquired and evaluate its ●​ Inquiry is synonymous with the word
accuracy and effectiveness. investigation.
●​ It is a process of inquiring.
DIFFERENTIATE INQUIRY FROM RESEARCH
1)​ WALKER 2010 — Research is an organized Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word
investigation and study of materials and sources ‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you
to create facts and reach new inferences. It has tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to
come up with developing appropriate solutions to request for truth, information, or knowledge.
improve the individual’s quality of life. Although it
may take place in a different setting and may use Research is systematic and objective creation of
different methods, scientific research is knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the
universally a systematic and objective search for scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles
reliable knowledge. presented), knowledge creation (a creative process).

2)​ CRAWFORD, AS CITED BY ALCANTARA AND

ESPINA, 1995 — Research is a verified PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
approach of thinking and employing legalized
instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate 1. To inform action.
solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible 2. To prove or generate a theory.
to address under ordinary means. 3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

In some cases, research helps society to answer WHAT IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
(QUANTITATIVE) and HOW (QUALITATIVE) questions.
It must be a proper investigation and should reach a
1)​ Research directs us to inquire about the right
valid conclusion that would facilitate the finding of
information by conducting further investigation of
answers to the questions:
the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in
giving results and findings by proving lies and
a.​ How can research affect society?
supporting the truth.
b.​ What is the impact of the research to daily life?
2)​ Research empowers us with knowledge and
discovers new things and issues in life. It helps
TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH us solve problems in health, crimes, business,
technology and environment.
●​ BASIC RESEARCH — it is a type of research 3)​ Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to
that is purely direct application but increasing the share valuable information to others as a way of
nature of understanding about the problem. It recognizing various concerns for public
develops the scientific theories to be more awareness.
understandable to the readers.
-​ can be continue to add from existing knowledge.

●​ APPLIED RESEARCH — a type of research that

needs an answer to a specific question. It
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​
11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer

CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND 2)​ Availability of funds

ETHICS IN RESEARCH 3)​ Investigator‘s ability and training

Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the STEP 2. Find background information about your
major characteristics of research: chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).

1.​ EMPIRICAL — based on observations and STEP 3. Plan your research design including your
experiments of theories. sample (Methodology).
2.​ SYSTEMATIC — follows orderly and sequential
procedures, based on valid procedures and STEP 4. Gather necessary data using open ended
principles. questions (for qualitative research) and closed ended
3.​ CONTROLLED — In research, all variables, questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for
except those that are tested/ experimented on, quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).
are kept constant.
4.​ EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS — refers to a search STEP 5. Process and analyze data using thematic
for facts, answers to questions and solutions to analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools
problems. (for quantitative research).
5.​ ANALYTICAL — shows analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, STEP 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative
descriptive, and or case study. research) conclusions (for quantitative research)
6.​ OBJECTIVE — it is unbiased and logical. All and recommendations.
findings are logically based on real-life situations.
7.​ ORIGINAL WORK — requires its own STEP 7. Define new problem.
examination and produces the data needed to
complete the study. ETHICS IN RESEARCH

OTHER DEFINITIONS & TERMS RESEARCH ETHICS — guidelines for the responsible
conduct of research which educates and monitors
1)​ EMPIRICAL — based on direct experience or
researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the
observation by the researcher.
aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
2)​ LOGICAL — based on valid procedures and
supports the values required for collaborative work,
principles.
such as mutual respect and fairness.
3)​ CYCLICAL — a cyclical process because it
starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING
4)​ ANALYTICAL — utilizes proven analytical
RESEARCH
procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study. 1.​ Objectivity and integrity
5)​ CRITICAL — exhibits careful and precise 2.​ Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy
judgment. and dignity and protection of subjects from
6)​ METHODICAL — conducted in a methodical personal harm
manner without bias using systematic method 3.​ Presentation of research findings
and procedures. 4.​ Misuse of research role
7)​ REPLICABILITY — The research design and 5.​ Acknowledgement of research collaboration and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable assistance
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive 6.​ Distortions of findings by sponsor
results
WHAT ARE THESE ETHICS IN RESEARCH?
7 STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
1)​ INFORMED CONSENT — This is required to
STEP 1. Define and develop your topic (Research secure in order protect the rights of the
Problem). Factors to Consider in Selecting a participants in your study. Inform your participants
Research Problem: about the criteria set for choosing them as
informants and the schedule of one-on one
1)​ Researcher‘s area of interest interview at the convenient time they are
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​
11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer
available. Participation to the study will be mitigate social harms through research, public
completely voluntary. education, and advocacy.

2)​ HONESTY — reports data, results, methods and 13)​ NON-DISCRIMINATION — avoid discrimination
procedures, and publication status. Do not against colleagues or students on the basis of
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data. sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and
3)​ OBJECTIVITY — avoid bias in experimental integrity.
design, data analysis, data interpretation peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert 14)​ COMPETENCE — maintain and improve your
testimony, and other aspects of research. own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take
4)​ INTEGRITY — keep your promises and steps to promote competence in science as a
agreements; act with sincerity; strive for whole.
consistency of thought and action.
15)​ LEGALITY — know and obey relevant laws and
5)​ CAREFULNESS — avoid careless errors and institutional and government policies.
negligence; carefully and critically examine your
work and the work of peers. Keep good records 16)​ ANIMAL CARE — show proper respect and
of research activities. care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed
6)​ OPENNESS — share data, results, ideas, tools animal experiments.
and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas. 17)​ HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION — when
conducting a research on human subjects,
7)​ RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
— respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
published or unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give credit where credit is due. 1)​ HUMAN RIGHTS — they are moral principles or
Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify. norms that describe certain standards of human
behavior and are regularly protected as natural
8)​ CONFIDENTIALITY — protect confidential and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights
communications, such as papers or grants and duties necessary for the protection of human
submitted for publication, personnel records, dignity, inherent to all human beings.
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
2)​ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY — It protects
9)​ RESPONSIBLE MENTORING — help to creations of the mind, which have both a moral
educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote and a commercial value.
their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions. 3)​ COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT — the use or
production of copyright-protected material without
10)​ RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION — publish in permission of the copyright holder. Copyright
order to advance research and scholarship, not infringement means that the rights accorded to
to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of
duplicative publication. a work for a set period of time, are breached by a
third party
11)​ RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES — respect your
colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not a)​ Downloading movies and music without proper
outsmart others. payment for use.
b)​ Recording movies in a theatre
12)​ SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES — strive to c)​ Using others’ photographs for a blog without
promote social acceptance and prevent or permission
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​
11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer
d)​ Copying software code without giving proper ●​ It can be revised any and many times as the
credit research develops and reach its final phase. It
e)​ Creating videos with unlicensed music clips becomes final on its final defense before the
panel of judges.
4)​ VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION — people must ELEMENTS RESEARCH TITLE
not be coerced into participating in research
process. Essentially, this means that prospective The research title does not need to be entertaining but
research participants must be informed about the informative. A part of a research title has the
procedures and risks involved in research and following information:
must give their consent to participate. 1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated.
(“What?”)
5)​ ANONYMITY — It is the protection of people’s 2. The place or locale where the research is to be
identity through not disclosing their name or not conducted. (“Where?”)
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data 3. The population like the respondents’ interviewees.
gathering activities in which informant’s name is (“Who”?)
not given nor known. 4. The time period of the study during which the data
are to be collected. (“When”?)
6)​ PRIVACY — It is someone’s right to keep his
personal matters and relationships secret. It is
RULES IN CHOOSIMG A RESEARCH TITLE
the ability of an individual to seclude him from
disturbance of any research activity.
1)​ INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER —
Interest in a subject drives you to research,
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH investigate, or inquire about it with full motivation,
enthusiasm, and energy.
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification,
or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of 2)​ AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION —
differences of opinion. It can erode trust between information will serve as evidence to support your
researchers and funding agencies, which make it more claims about your subject matter from varied
difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive forms of literature like books, journals, and
grants. newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel
of any research work.
PLAGIARISM — refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without What to include in the investigation of the available
giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the materials?
unauthorized use of original works, a violation of a.​ Update and authority of the materials.
intellectual property rights. b.​ Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or
old?
Three different acts are considered plagiarism: c.​ Expert or qualification of the writers of reading
materials about your topic
1)​ Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2)​ Failure to enclose borrowed language in 3) TIMELESS AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC —
quotation marks, and. How relevant is the topic?
3)​ Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in
your own words. a.​ It yields results that are useful in society
b.​ Related to the present. (Except for pure or
RESEARCH TITLE historical research)

●​ The most important element that defines the 4) LIMITATIONS ON THE SUBJECT — Connect your
research problem. choice with course requirements. You need to decide on
●​ It is usually read first and the most read part of one topic to finish your course.
the research.
●​ It contains the least words enough to describe 5) PERSONAL RESOURCES — Do an assessment on
the contents and the purpose of your research your research abilities in terms of your financial
paper. standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed
facilities, and time schedule to enable you to complete
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​
11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer
your research. You have to raise an amount of money 3)​ PROFESSIONAL PERIODICALS — College
needed to spend on questionnaire printing and English Language Teaching Forum, English
interview trips. Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business
RESEARCH TOPIC Circle, Law Review, etc.
4)​ GENERAL PERIODICALS — Readers’ Digest,
What are the factors to consider in Identifying and Women’s Magazine, Panorama, Magazine, Time
Selecting Research Topic? Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
5)​ PREVIOUS READING ASSIGNMENTS — other
1)​ Relevant to the needs of your study target subjects
audience 6)​ WORK EXPERIENCE — clues to a researchable
2)​ Interest that you and the other people have about topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT
the research topic (on-the-job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.
3)​ Manageability that can be studied within your
abilities and with specific limits FRAMING THE TITLE
4)​ Availability of resources
A research title must …
RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
1.​ list key variables
1)​ CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS — It depends more 2.​ be written in scientific or technical style
on the writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts 3.​ be concise (no more that 12 words) and not
cannot support this topic. repetitive
4.​ reflect SHS context
2)​ HIGHLY TECHNICAL SUBJECTS — Not 5.​ not explicitly provide reference to the research
advisable for beginners as these topics require design
an advanced study, technical knowledge, and
skills. DISTINGUISHING AMONG TOPIC,
RESEARCH PROBLEM, PURPOSE, AND
3)​ HARD-TO-INVESTIGATE SUBJECTS — RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Happens if there are no available reading
materials about it and if such materials are not
up-to-date. RESEARCH TOPIC RESEARCH PROBLEM

broad subject matter a general educational

4)​ TOO BROAD SUBJECTS — It prevents you addressed by the study issue, concern, or
from to focus on the subject matter of the paper. controversy addressed in
Narrow down or limit the subject to eliminate the research that narrows the
problem. topic

5)​ TOO NARROW SUBJECTS — subjects that are

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE RESEARCH
so limited where an extensive searching is QUESTIONS
necessary.
the major intent or narrows the purpose into
6)​ VAGUE SUBJECTS — Titles beginning with objective of the study specific questions that the
used to address the researcher would like
indefinite adjectives such as several, many,
problem answered or addressed in
some, etc., as in “Some Remarkable Traits of a the study
Filipino” or “Several People’s Comments on the
RH Law,” are vague enough to decrease the
readers’ interests and curiosity. SEEKING A PROBLEM

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS What are good resources of researchable problems?

1)​ Theories to be validated, extended, or modified

1)​ MASS MEDIA COMMUNICATION — press
2)​ Other studies, particularly through research
(newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
recommendations
2)​ BOOKS, INTERNET, PEER — reviewed
3)​ National or international trends or situations to be
journals, government publications
described or improved
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)​
11 ABM || Second Semester || 1st Quarter Reviewer
4)​ Real-life problems, issues, experiences, or
situations of SHS students