fw;gpj;jy; khjpupfspd; mbg;gilf; $Wfs;

SAM
Kd;Diu;:
fw;gpj;jypd; khjpupfs; fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy; nray;Kiwf;F topfhl;l
tbtikf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;Gfs; my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l mZFKiwfs; MFk;. ,e;j khjpupfs;
gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSf;F gaDs;s fw;gpj;jy; tpisTfis mila Kiwahd mZFKiwia
toq;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthU khjpupAk; nghJthf fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw vt;thW
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij tiuaWf;Fk; Kf;fpa $Wfs; my;yJ $Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j $Wfs; mlq;Fk;:
1. ftdk;
xU fw;gpj;jy; khjpupapd; "ftdk;" vd;gJ ikag; gFjp my;yJ khjpupia
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l fUj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J khjpupapd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mJ vij
mila Kay;fpwJ vd;gij tiuaWf;fpwJ. rhuhk;rj;jpy;> khztu; Gupjiy
Nkk;gLj;JtJ> tpku;rd rpe;jid jpwd;fis tsu;g;gJ> khztu; njhlu;Gfis
Nkk;gLj;JtJ my;yJ gilg;ghw;wiy tsu;g;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gil ,yf;if
ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf:
- "tprhuiz mbg;gilapyhd fw;wypy;" (Inquiry-based Learning) >
khztu;fs; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fTk;> Muha;r;rpapy; <LglTk;> Ma;T %yk;
mwpit cUthf;fTk; Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
- "Neub mwpTWj;jypy;"> (Direct Instruction) cs;slf;fj;ij KiwahfTk;
jpwikahfTk; toq;Ftjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. njhlupay;
njhlupay; vd;gJ khjpupapy; cs;s nray;ghLfspd; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
tupir my;yJ fl;likg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J Mrpupaupd; nray;fSf;F topfhl;Lk;
Fwpg;gpl;l gbfs; my;yJ fl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ kw;Wk; ghlj;jpd; NghJ mit
vt;thW ntsptu Ntz;Lk;. njhlupay; fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw vt;thW Kd;Ndw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd tiuglj;ij toq;FfpwJ> ghlk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
gaDs;sjhfTk; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf:
- "gpur;rpid mbg;gilapyhd fw;wy; (Problem-based Learning) ,y;
njhlupay; vd;gJ xU rpf;fiy khztu;fis Kd;itg;gJ> FOthf Muha;r;rp nra;J
jPu;Tfisf; fz;lwptJ> gpd;du; mtu;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis toq;FtJ Mfpait
mlq;Fk;.
 - "$l;LwT fw;wypy;"> (Cooperative Learning) njhlupay; khztu;fis
FOf;fshfg; gpupj;jy;> gzpfis xJf;Fjy; kw;Wk; fl;likf;fg;gl;l nray;ghLfs;
%yk; xj;Jiog;ig tsu;g;gJ Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
3. vjpu;tpidapd; nfhs;if
fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bd; NghJ khztu;fspd; nray;fs;> elj;ij kw;Wk;
cs;sPLfSf;F Mrpupau; vt;thW gjpyspg;ghu; vd;gNj vjpu;tpidapd;
nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J Mrpupaupd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; Njitfs;>
Gupjy; epiyfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;GfSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; jd;ikia typAWj;JfpwJ. ,e;jf;
nfhs;ifahdJ> fw;gpj;jy; khjpupahdJ khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
Vw;wthW khw;wpaikf;fg;gLtij cWjpnra;fpwJ kw;Wk; Njitf;Nfw;g
gpd;D}l;lk;> tYT+l;ly; my;yJ jpirjpUg;gYf;fhd tha;g;Gfis toq;FfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf:
- “fl;likg;ghsu; khjpupfspy;”> (Constructivist models) Mrpupau;>
khztu;fis Mo;e;J rpe;jpf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; Gupjiyg; gpujpgypf;fTk;
rthy; tpLk; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; gjpyspf;fyhk;.
- “gu];gu fw;gpj;jy;” (Reciprocal Teaching) ,y;> Mrpupau; ciuahliy
topelj;Jfpwhu;> Mdhy; khztu;fspd; <Lghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
Mrpupaupd; gq;if rupnra;J> fye;Jiuahliy Kd;ndLg;gjpy; khztu;fSk;
khwp khwpr; nry;fpwhu;fs;.
4. r%f mikg;G
fw;gpj;jy; khjpupapd; r%f mikg;G vd;gJ Mrpupau;> khztu;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; (rfhf;fs; my;yJ ntsp ty;Yeu;fs;
Nghd;wit) ,ilNa ntspg;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; cwTfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J
ghlj;jpd; NghJ epfo Ntz;ba njhlu;Gfspd; jd;ikia Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ>
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; xj;Jiog;G> gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; Mfpatw;iw
typAWj;JfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf:
- xU "$l;L fw;wy;" (Collaborative Learning) khjpupapy;> r%f mikg;G
khztu;fis FOf;fshf ,ize;J gzpahw;wTk;> fUj;Jf;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;sTk;>
$l;lhf mwpit cUthf;fTk; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
- “Mrpupaiu ikakhff; nfhz;l khjpupfspy;” (Teacher-centered models)
(v.fh.> Neub mwpTWj;jy;)> cs;slf;fj;ij toq;Ftjpy; MrpupaUf;F
Kjd;ikg; gq;F cs;sJ> mNj rkak; khztu;fs; nghJthf nrayw;w
gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; Nfl;Fk; NghJ Nfl;Fk; kw;Wk; gjpyspf;Fk;.
5. MjuT mikg;G
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; nray;Kiwf;F cjTk; Mjhuq;fs;> nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; fUtpfis MjuT mikg;G cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jpy; ngsjPf tsq;fs; (ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;
my;yJ njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;wit) mj;Jld; mwpTrhu; tsq;fSk; (fw;wy;
Nkyhz;ik mikg;G> Mrpupau; epGzj;Jtk; my;yJ mwpTWj;jy; cjtpfs;
Nghd;wit) mlq;Fk;. MjuT mikg;G fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw epiyahdJ kw;Wk;
khztu;fs; ntw;wpf;F Njitahd nghUl;fis mZFtij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf:
- "fye;j fw;wy;" (Blended Learning) ,y;> MjuT mikg;gpy; ,aw;gpay;
tFg;giw mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ky;bkPbah Mjhuq;fs;> gzpfs; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPLfis toq;Fk; Md;iyd; jsq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
- "tprhuiz mbg;gilapyhd fw;wypy;" (Inquiry-based Learning) > MjuT
mikg;ghdJ E}yfq;fs;> ,iza tsq;fs; my;yJ khztu;fspd; Muha;r;rp
kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F cjt topfhl;Ljy; Mfpatw;iw mZFtij
cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
6. gad;ghL:;
ep[ cyfpy; my;yJ eilKiwr; R+oy;fspy; fw;w cs;slf;fk; my;yJ jpwd;fs;
vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjpy; gad;ghl;L cWg;G ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. ,J
khztu;fs; fw;Wf;nfhz;lij Gjpa R+o;epiyfSf;F khw;w cjTfpwJ kw;Wk;
mwptpd; nghUj;jj;ij tYg;gLj;JfpwJ. tpz;zg;gkhdJ khztu;fs; jq;fs; Gupjiy
eilKiwg; gad;ghl;by; xUq;fpizf;f Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ> ngUk;ghYk; nray;ghLfs;>
jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ ep[ tho;f;if cUtfg;gLj;Jjy;fs; %yk;.
cjhuzkhf:
- "tof;F mbg;gilapyhd fw;wy;" (Case-based Learning) ,y;> khztu;fs; ep[
tho;f;if epfo;TfSf;F Nfhl;ghl;L mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> KbTfis vLg;gJ
kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; KbTfis epahag;gLj;Jjy;.
- "jpl;l mbg;gilapyhd fw;wy;" (Project-based Learning) ,y;> khztu;fs;
jq;fs; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpl;lq;fis Kbf;fpwhu;fs;> nghJthf ep[-
cyfg; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;f;fpwhu;fs;.
$Wfspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;:
- ftdk;: khjpupapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;if tiuaWf;fpwJ.
- njhlupay;: ghlj;jpd; gbg;gbahd fl;likg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
 - vjpu;tpidapd; nfhs;if: khztu; Njitfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;GfSf;F Mrpupau;
vt;thW gjpyspf;fpwhu; vd;gij tptupf;fpwJ.
- r%f mikg;G: tFg;giwf;Fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk;
ghj;jpuq;fis Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.
- MjuT mikg;G: fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wiy Mjupf;f tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghUl;fis toq;FfpwJ.
- tpz;zg;gk;: mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mu;j;jKs;s> ep[ cyf R+oy;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
KbTiu:
,e;j $Wfs; xt;nthd;Wk; ghlj;jpd; Xl;lj;ij topelj;Jk; xU xj;jpirthd
fw;gpj;jy; khjpupia cUthf;Ftjw;F ClhLfpd;wd> Mrpupau; fw;wy; ,yf;Ffis
jpwk;gl re;jpf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW
khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;.