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2.3 Introduction To Memories

Memory is defined as the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It involves three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval, with explicit and implicit memory types that include various forms of knowledge and skills. The three-stage model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin describes how information is processed from sensory memory to short-term memory and finally to long-term memory.

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13 views9 pages

2.3 Introduction To Memories

Memory is defined as the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It involves three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval, with explicit and implicit memory types that include various forms of knowledge and skills. The three-stage model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin describes how information is processed from sensory memory to short-term memory and finally to long-term memory.

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Module 2.

3
Introduction to Memory
What is memory?
Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the encoding,
storage, and retrieval of information.

To a psychologist, evidence that learning persists includes these


three retention measures:

● recall—retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious


awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.
○ A fill-in-the-blank question tests your recall.
● recognition—identifying items previously learned.
○ A multiple-choice question tests your
recognition.
● relearning—learning something more quickly when you learn it a
second or later time.
○ When you study for a final exam or engage a
language used in early childhood, you will
relearn the material more easily than you did
initially.
Three Stages of Memory
● Encoding: the process of getting information into the memory system
● Storage: the process of retaining information over time
● Retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage

Imagine your brain is a filing cabinet (or a memory drive if you’re too tech savvy for paper files). Encoding is
creating the file, storage is putting the file in a notable location, and retrieval is being able to find that file again when
you need to.
Encoding Memories
Explicit or declarative memory involves the retention of facts and
experiences that one can consciously know.
● Semantic memory: general knowledge
● Episodic memory: memories of life events
● Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the
future.
Implicit or non-declarative memory involves retention of learned skills
or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
● Procedural memory: how-to do something
● Classical conditioned responses: learned associations that evoke
emotional or physiological responses
● Primed responses: exposure to one thing unconsciously influences
future thoughts or behavior
Synaptic Changes
When first learning how to write, the neural
connections between your brain and hand are slow and
inefficient. But as you spent more time writing, it got better.
Now, you can write legibly without even looking, because
those neural connections are stronger, faster, and more
efficient. Practice makes perfect, or rather practice makes
permanent.

This phenomenon is called long-term potentiation (an


increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid
stimulation) and is the neural basis for learning and
memory.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOgAbKJGrTA
What is working memory?
Working memory - a newer understanding of short-term memory
that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual
information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory →
sight-reading music.

The central executive system, a core component of working


memory, controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop
(handling auditory information), and the visuospatial sketchpad
(processing visual and spatial information).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_ZAv5UFUSM
Three-Stage Model of Memory

To explain our memory-forming process, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a
three-stage model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oph9i3bAp4A

1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory.


○ Iconic - visual traces → spots in your vision after flash photography
○ Echoic - auditory traces
2. From there, we process information into short-term memory, where we encode it through
rehearsal.
3. Finally, information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval.
This model has since been updated with important newer concepts, including working memory
and automatic processing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWKvpFZJwcE&t=306s
Processing Memory
We encode explicit memories through effortful processing, which requires attention and conscious effort. We
encode implicit memories through automatic processing, which is the unconscious encoding of incidental information,
such as space, time, and meaning.

● Levels of processing:
○ Structural: look of a word
○ Phonemic: sound of a word
○ Semantic: meaning of a word

○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azKjn_FfJUM

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