PARUL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

SUBJECT : BASIC MATHEMATICS

Chapter-2 – Determinant and Matrices

2.1 INTRODUCTION

a1 x +b1 y = 0,
Consider
a2 x +b2 y = 0;

Multiplying the first equation by b2 ,the second by b1 , subtracting and dividing by x ,we
obtained two homogeneous linear equations

a1b2 - a2b1 = 0
This result is sometimes written as

a1 b1
=0
a2 b2

and the expression on the left is called the determinant.

A determinant also is an arrangements of numbers in rows and columns but it
always has a square form and can be reduced to a single value. Therefore, a determinant
is distinct from matrix in the sense that the determinant is always in square shape and it
has a numerical value. The arrangements of the numbers of a determinant is enclosed
within two vertical parallel lines.
2.2 EXPANSION OF THE DETERMINANT
Determinants can be represented as linear combination of order two with co-efficients
from second row and third row or in terms of elements of any columns. The only thing to
remember is that 2x2 determinant acccompaying any co-efficient can be obtained by
deleting the row and column contating the co-efficient in the original determinant.
1
Further, the signs accompanying the co-efficient in the original determinant will follow the
following checker board pattern:
+ − +
(− + −)
+ − +
Example :Give the determinants with co-efficients from first column in the following co-
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
efficients of the determinant. |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑏 𝑐2 𝑏 𝑐1 𝑏 𝑐1
Solution : ∆= 𝑎1 | 2 | − 𝑎2 | 1 | + 𝑎3 | 1 |
𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑏2 𝑐2

=𝑎1 ( 𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐2 )−𝑎2 ( 𝑏1 𝑐3 − 𝑏3 𝑐1 )+ 𝑎3 ( 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 )

=𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑎1 𝑏3 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑐3 + 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐1 +𝑎3 𝑏1 𝑐2 + 𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐1

ORDER OF A DETERMINANT

The determinant of a square matrix of order n is known as determinant of order n .

Remark

a b
For an determinant of order 2 i.e., consisting 2 rows, 2 columns and having 2x2=4
c d
elements. The Row 1 consisting the elements a and b , Row 2 consisting the elements
c and d

Similarly, The Column 1 consisting the elements a and c and Column 2 consisting the
elements b and d

2.3 DETERMINANT OF ORDER TWO

Let a, b, c, and d be any four number (real or complex). Then

a b
A=
c d

Represent the number ad - bc and is called a determinant of order two.

2
 5 2
A= = (5)(−7) − (3)(2)
For example 3 −7
= −35 − 6 = −41

Q. Solve the following by using determinant and find the values of x.

𝑥−2 3
1)| |=0
4 𝑥+2
Solution:
𝑥−2 3
| | = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) − (4)(3) = 0
4 𝑥+2
⇒ (𝑥 2 − 4) − 12 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±4
𝑥+1 2
2)| |=0
2 𝑥−2
Solution:
𝑥+1 2
| |=0
2 𝑥−2
⇒ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑜𝑟 − 2

Q. Solve the following determinants

2 1 −2 5 3 8 x −y
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 5 −3 2 −2 0 y x

2.4 DETERMINANT OF ORDER THREE

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

3
is called a determinant of order 3 because it is consisting 3 rows and 3 columns. Its value
can be obtained as follows:

a22 a23 a a a a
A = a11 − a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11 (a22 a33 − a32 a23 ) − a12 (a21a33 − a31a23 ) + a13 (a21a32 − a31a22 )

For example,

2 3 5
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
A = −1 2 3 =2 −3 +4
−2 1 4 1 4 −2
4 −2 1
= 2(2 + 6) − 3(−1 − 12) + 4(2 − 8)
= 2(8) − 3(−13) + 4(−6) = 16 + 39 − 24 = 31

Q. Solve the following determinants

1 2 3 −1 −3 2 3 4 −2
1) 4 5 6 (Ans:- 0 ) 2) 3 −2 1 (Ans:- 78) 3) 1 2 0 (Ans:- -10)
7 8 9 −5 4 5 2 6 −3

4 −5 −3
4) 3 −3 2 (Ans:- 0)
8 −10 −6

Remarks

• The value of a determinant is not changed if it expanded along any row or

column.
• When no reference of the corresponding matrix is needed, we may denote a
determinant by D.
• The determinant of a square zero matrix is zero.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

x 3 5 −4
Example 1: Solve for x : =
5 2x 5 3

4
 x 3 5 −4
=
5 2x 5 3
Solution: We have  2 x 2 − 15 = 15 + 20
 2 x 2 = 50  x 2 = 25  x =  5

x +1 x−2
Example 2 : Expand
x+2 x −1

x +1 x − 2
= ( x − 1)( x + 1) − ( x − 2)( x + 2)
Solution: x + 2 x −1
= ( x 2 − 1) − ( x 2 − 4) = x 2 − 1 − x 2 + 4 = 3

a+b a −b
Example 3: Expand
−a + b −a − b

a+b a −b
= (a + b)(−a − b) − (a − b)(−a + b)
−a + b −a − b
Solution: = (−a 2 − ab − ab − b 2 ) − (−a 2 + ab + ab − b 2 )
= −a 2 − ab − ab − b 2 + a 2 − ab − ab + b 2 = −4ab

2.5 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

Property 1: The value of a determinant does not change when rows and columns are
interchanged.

1 2 3
For example: Let us take A = 4 5 6
7 8 9

1 2 3
5 6 4 6 4 5
A = 4 5 6 =1 −2 +3
8 9 7 9 7 8
7 8 9
Then by considering Row 1 = 1(45 − 48) − 2(36 − 42) + 3(32 − 35)
= 1(−3) − 2(−6) + 3(−3) = −3 + 12 − 9 = 0

Now the same procedure we will do by considering Column 1

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 1 2 3
5 6 2 3 2 3
A = 4 5 6 =1 −4 +7
8 9 8 9 5 6
7 8 9
= 1(45 − 48) − 4(18 − 24) + 7(12 − 15)
= 1(−3) − 4(−6) + 7(−3) = −3 + 24 − 21 = 0

Hence, we can say that determinant value doesn’t change when Rows and Columns are
interchanged.
Property 2: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of
the determinant is changed.

1 2 0
For example: Let us take A = 4 2 −1 then
3 1 1

1 2 0
A = 4 2 −1 = 1(2 + 1) − 2(4 + 3) + 0(4 − 6)
3 1 1
= 1(3) − 2(7) + 0(−2) = 3 − 14 = −11

4 2 −1
Now by interchanging Row1 and Row2 we have another matrix say B = 1 2 0
3 1 1

Then,

4 2 −1
B =1 2 0 = 4(2 − 0) − 2(1 − 0) − 1(1 − 6)
3 1 1
= 4(2) − 2(1) − 1(−5) = 8 − 2 + 5 = 11

Hence, we can see that after changing Row 1 and Row 2 the sign of a determinant has
changed.
Property 3: If two rows and two columns of the determinant are identical(same), then the
value of a determinant is zero.
For example: Let us take a matrix having Row 1 and Row 2 is identical

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 1 −1 3
1 −1 3
A = 1 −1 3 = 1(−6 − 12) + 1(6 − 6) + 3(4 + 2)
A = 1 −1 3 then
2 4 6
2 4 6
= 1(−18) + 1(0) + 3(6) = −18 + 18 = 0

Hence, we can see that in above example by taking two rows identical the value of a
determinant is zero.
Property 4: If all the elements of any Row or any column of a determinant are multiplied
by same number then the value of a determinant is also multiplied by same number.

1 2 0
For example: Let us take A = 4 2 −1 then from Property 2 we know that A = −11
3 1 1

Now let us select any number, say 2 , which is multiplie with all the elements of any arow,
2 4 0
say Row 1, then the resultant determinant, say B = 4 2 −1
3 1 1

2 4 0
B = 4 2 −1 = 2(2 + 1) − 4(4 + 3) + 0(4 − 6)
Now,
3 1 1
= 2(3) − 4(7) + 0(−2) = 6 − 28 − 0 = −22 = 2(−11) = 2 A

Hence, we can see that after multiplying 2 with the first Row of a matrix A the value of a
determinant is also multiplied by 2.
Property 5: If all the elements of any Row or any column of a determinant are zero then
the value of a determinant is also zero.

0 0 0
For example: Let us take A = 4 2 −1 then
3 1 1

0 0 0
A = 4 2 −1 = 0(2 + 1) − 0(4 + 3) + 0(4 − 6) = 0
3 1 1

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Hence, we can see that in the above examples all the elements of Row 1 are zero hence
the value of a determinant is also zero.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1 1 1
Example 1: Show that 1 1 + x 1 = xy
1 1 1+ y

Solution: Before expanding the above determinant let us apply column or row operations
to reduce the computational process

1 1 1
We have L.H.S.= 1 1 + x 1
1 1 1+ y

On applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 in above determinant, we get

1 0 0
1 x 0 = 1( xy − 0) − 0( y − 0) + 0(0 − x) = xy = R.H.S
1 0 y

1+ a 1 1
1 1 1
Example 2: Prove that 1 1 + b 1 = abc(1 + + + )
a b c
1 1 1+ c

1+ a 1 1
Solution: We have L.H.S= 1 1+ b 1
1 1 1+ c

On applying C1 → C1 − C2 and C2 → C2 − C3 in above determinant, we get

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 a 0 1
−b b 1 = a[b(1 + c) + c] − 0 + 1[bc − 0]
0 −c 1 + c
= a[(b + bc + c)] + bc = ab + abc + ac + bc = abc + bc + ac + ab
1 1 1
= abc(1 + + + ) = R.H.S
a b c

Q. Prove the following by using determinant:

1 x x2
1) Prove that 1 y y 2 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)
1 z z2

−a 2 ab ac
2) Prove that ba −b 2 bc = 4a 2b 2c 2
ac bc −c 2

2.6 MINORS AND COFACTORS OF AN ELEMENT

• Minor of an element is defined as the determinant obtained by deleting the row

and column in which that element lies. For example, in the determinant
a11 a12 a13
A = a21 a22 a23 ,
a31 a32 a33

The minor of a11 can be obtained by deleting the 1st Row and 1St Columnn and it is denoted
a a
by M 11 . Therefore, M 11 = 22 23 and so on.
a32 a33

• Cofactor of an element aij is related to its minor as Cij = (-1)i+ j M ij , where ' i '
th
denotes the i th row and ' j ' denotes the j column to which the element aij
belongs.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

9
 5 −2
Example 1: Find the minor and cofactor of elements of the determinant
3 7

Solution:

Minorof the element a11 is M 11 = 7 = 7

Minor of the element a12 is M 12 = 3 = 3

Minor of the element a21 is M 21 = −2 = −2

Minor of the element a22 is M 22 = 5 = 5

7 3
Therefore, M ij =
−2 5

Hence, Cofactor’s are given by

C11 = (-1)1+1 M 11 =+1(7)=7

C12 = (-1)1+2 M12 = -1(3)= -3

C21 = (-1)2+1 M 21 = -1(-2)= 2

C22 = (-1)2+2 M 22 =+1(5)= 5

7 −3
Therefore, Cij =
2 5

4 3 1
Example 2: Find the minor and cofactor of elements of the determinant 1 3 2
2 1 5

Solution: Minor’s of an each element is given below,

3 2 1 2 1 3
M 11 = = 15 − 2 = 13 M 12 = = 5− 4 =1 M 13 = = 1 − 6 = −5
1 5 2 5 2 1

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 3 1 4 1 4 3
M 21 = = 15 − 1 = 14 M 22 = = 20 − 2 = 18 M 23 = = 4 − 6 = −2
1 5 2 5 2 1

3 1 4 1 4 3
M 31 = = 6−3 = 3 M 32 = = 8 −1 = 7 M 33 = = 12 − 3 = 9
3 2 1 2 1 3

13 1 −5
Therefore, M ij = 14 18 −2
3 7 9

Now, the cofactors are

C11 = (-1)1+1 M 11 =+1(13)= 13 C12 = (-1)1+2 M12 = -1(1)= -1

C13 = (-1)1+3 M 13 =+1(-5)= -5 C21 = (-1)2+1 M 21 = -1(14)= -14

C22 = (-1)2+2 M 22 =+1(18)= 18 C23 = (-1)2+3 M 23 = -1(-2)= 2

C31 = (-1)3+1 M 31 =+1(3)= 3 C32 = (-1)3+2 M 32 = -1(7)= -7

13 −1 −5
C33 = (-1)3+3 M 33 =+1(9)= 9 Therefore, Cij = −14 18 2
3 −7 9

Q. Find the Minor’s and cofactor’s of the following

5 3 −1 5 6 7
1 2 −2 3
1) 2) 3) 4 −3 0 4) −8 2 −1
3 4 −5 6
6 1 2 3 −4 10

2.7 CRAMMER’S RULE

Consider the system of linear equations

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d 2 (1)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

Then ,We define

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Δ= determinant coefficient
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

Now we define  x which is obtained by supperessing the coloum of coefficients of x and

replacing it by the coloumn of constant terms d1, d 2 , d3 on right and side.

d1 b1 c1
Δx = d 2 b2 c2
d3 b3 c3

Similarly, we obtained

a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Δy = a2 d2 c2 and Δz = a2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

Case 1: If Δ  0 solution of system (1) is given by

Δx Δy Δ
x= ,y= and z = z
Δ Δ Δ
And system is called consistent.
Case 2: If Δ= 0 ,also Δx = Δy = Δz  0 , then system does not possess any common solution
and system is called inconsistent.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Using the crammer’s rule, solve the following system of equations
x+ y - 4 = 0, 2x - 3y - 8 = 0

Solution: The given equation is

x + y - 4 = 0,
2x - 3y - 8 = 0

1 1 4 1 1 4
Here, Δ= = -3 - 2 = -5  0 , Δx = = -12 - 3 = -15 , Δy = = 3 - 8 = -5
2 -3 3 -3 2 3

 By Crammer’s rule,

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 Δx -15 Δy -5
x= = = 3, y = = =1
Δ -5 Δ -5
Example 2: Solve the following by Crammer’s rule
x+ y+ z = 6
x - y+ z = 2
3x + 2y - 4z = -5

Solution: We have
1 1 1
Δ= 1 -1 1 = 1(4 - 2)- 1(-4 - 3)+1(2+3)
3 2 -4
= 1(2)- 1(-7)+1(5)= 2+7 +5 = 14  0

6 1 1
Δx = 2 -1 1 = 6(4 - 2) - 1(-8 + 5)+1(4 - 5)= 6(2) - 1(-3)+1(-1)= 12+ 3 - 1= 14
-5 2 -4
1 6 1
Δy = 1 2 1 = 1(-8 + 5) - 6(-4 - 3)+1(-5 - 6)= 1(-3) - 6(-7)+1(-11)= -3+ 42 - 11= 28
3 -5 -4
1 1 6
Δz = 1 -1 2 = 1(5 - 4) - 1(-5 - 6)+6(2+ 3)= 1(1) - 1(-11)+6(5)= 1+11+ 30 = 42
3 2 -5
Δx 14 Δy 28 Δ 42
x= = = 1, y = = = 2, z = z = =3
Δ 14 Δ 14 Δ 14
Hence, the solution is given by x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

Example 3: Solve using Crammer’s rule

x + y = 5, y + z = 3, x + z = 4

Solution: Given system can be rewrite as

x + y +0z = 5
0x+ y + z = 3
x +0y+ z = 4

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 1 1 0
Δ= 0 1 1 = 1(1- 0)- 1(0 - 1)+0(0 - 1)= 1+1+0 = 2  0
1 0 1

5 1 0
Δx = 3 1 1 = 5(1- 0) - 1(3 - 4)+0(0 - 4)= 5+1+0 = 6
4 0 1
1 5 0
Δy = 0 3 1 = 1(3 - 4) - 5(0 - 1)+0(0 - 3)= -1+ 5+0 = 4
1 4 1
1 1 5
Δz = 0 1 3 = 1(4 - 0) - 1(0 - 3)+ 5(0 - 1)= 4 + 3 - 5 = 2
1 0 4
Δx 6 Δy 4 Δ 2
x= = = 3, y = = = 2, z = z = = 1
Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ 2
Q. Solve the following by using Crammer’s rule.
1) x + 2 y = −1, 2 x + y = 1 2) 3 x − 2 y = 1, x + 2 y = 3

3) x − 2 y + 3z = 2, 2 x − 3z = 3, x + y + z = 6

4) x + 2 y + 3z = 6, 2 x + 4 y + z = 17, 3 x + 2 y + 9 z = 2

2.8 INTRODUCTION OF MATRICES

‘Matrices’ is a powerful tool of modern mathematics. The study of ‘Matrices’ is essential
in almost every important branch of science like mathematics and physics.
The word ‘matrix’ was used by J.J. Sylvester in 1850 and developed by ‘Arthur Cayley’
in 1858.

• Definition
A set having mn numbers either real or complex, arranged in the form of
rectangular array in which there are m rows and n columns. This rectangular
arrangement is called a matrix of order m n which is denoted by
aij  , where i = 1, 2,3,... m and j = 1, 2,3,...n and a matrix of order m n is usually
mn
written as

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 a11 a12 L a1n
a a22 L a2 n
 aij  = 21
mn M M M M
am1 am 2 L amn mn

Q. Write down the difference between determinant and matrices.

Determinant Matrices

1) Determinant has a specific value 1) Matrix has no specific value. It is just an

arrangement of numbers.

2) In a determinant, number of rows and 2)In a matrix, number of rows and columns
columns are equal. may or may not be equal

3) Elements of a determinant are enclosed 3) Elements of a matrix are enclosed 

or ( )
in

4) If a determinant is multiplied by any 4) If a matrix is multiplied by any scalar k ,

scalar k , then that scalar will be multiplied then that scalar will be multiplied to each
to only one specific row. element of a matrix.

2.9 TYPES OF MATRICES

• Row matrix:- A matrix of order 1 n is called a row matrix(i.e., a matrix having only
1 row and n number of columns).
Example:- (1) 1 2 313 (2) 5 6 7 814

• Column matrix:- A matrix of order m1 is called a column matrix(i.e., a matrix

having only 1 column and m number of rows).
5
1  6

Example:- (1)  2   (2)  
7 
 3  31  
 8  41

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 • Null or Zero matrix:-If all the elements of the given matrix are zero then it is known
as Null or Zero matrix.
0 0  0 0 0 
Example:- (1)   (2)  
 0 0  22 0 0 0  23

• Square matrix:- A matrix having an equal number of rows and columns is known
as square matrix.
1 2 3
1 2 
Example:- (1)   (2)  4 5 6 
3 4  22 7 8 9  33

1 2 3
Remark:- In the square matrix  4 5 6 ,the elements (1 5 9 ) are known as diagonal
7 8 9 
elements and (3 5 7) are known as subsidiary diagonal elements.

• Diagonal matrix:- A squrae matrix is said to be an diagonal matrix if main

diagonal elements are non-zero and rest of all the elements are zero is known as
a diagonal matrix.
1 0 0 
1 0 
Example:- (1)   (2) 0 2 0 
 0 2  22 0 0 3 33
• Scalar matrix:-A diagonal matrix, in which all the elements on the main diagonal
are same.
3 0 0
2 0
Example:- (1)   (2) 0 3 0 
 0 2  22 0 0 3 33
• Identity matrix:- An identity matrix is an special case of scalar matrix In which all
the elements on the main diagonal are same and equals to 1.
1 0 0 
1 0 
Example:- (1)   (2) 0 1 0 
 0 1  22 0 0 1  33
• Upper-triangular matrix:-A square matrix in which all the elements below to the
diagonal elements are zero then it is known as Upper-triangular matrix.

16
 1
2 3 4
1 2 3  0
5 −1 2 
Example:- (1) 0 4 5  (2) 
  0
0 6 −3
0 0 6  33  
0
0 0 9  44
• Lower-triangular matrix:-A square matrix in which all the elements above to the
diagonal elements are zero then it is known as Lower -triangular matrix.

1 0 0 0
1 0 0  2 5 0 0 
Example:- (1)  2 4 0  (2) 
   3 −1 −2 0
 3 5 6  33  
4 2 3 9  44
• Transpose of an matrix:-By converting rows into columns or columns into rows
of any matrix A is known as a transpose of an matrix A and it is denoted by
AT or A' .

1 4
1 2 3
Example:- (1) A =    A =  2
T
5 
 4 5 6  23  3 6  32
1 2 3 1 4 7
 
(2) A =  4 5 6   A =  2
T
5 8 
7 8 9  33  3 6 9  33
• Symmetric matrix:- For any square matrix A , if A = AT then it is known as
symmetric matrix.
1 2 3 1 2 3
Example:- (1) A =  2 
5 6   AT =  2 5 6  Here, we can see that A = AT so A
 3 6 5   3 6 5 
is symmetric matrix.
• skew-symmetric matrix:- For any square matrix A , if A = − AT then it is known
as Skew symmetric matrix.
0 3 5 0 −3 −5 0 3 5
Example:- (1) A =  −3 0 −2  AT = 3 0 2  = −  −3 0 −2  = − A
 −5 2 0  5 −2 0   −5 2 0 
Here, we can see that A = − AT so A is skew-symmetric matrix.
• Singular and non-singular matrix:-For any square matrix A , if A  0, then it is
known as non-singular matrix and if A = 0, then it is known as singular matrix.

17
 2 1
Example:- (1) If A =   A = 8 − 8 = 0  Singular matrix.
8 4
1 2
(2) If A =   A = 4 − 6 = −2  0  non-singular matrix
3 4

2.10 ALGEBRA OF MATRICES

(i) Addition of Matrices:- Let A and B be two matrices of m n order. Then the sum
of A and B i.e., ( A + B ) is defined to be the matrix of the same order m n obtained
by adding the corresponding elements of A and B .

Let A = aij  and B = bij  then A + B = aij + bij 

mn mn mn

(ii) Substraction of two matrices:- Let A and B be two matrices of m n order. Then
the sum of A and B i.e., ( A − B ) is defined to be the matrix of the same order m n
obtained by substracting the corresponding elements of A and B .

Remark

• For addition and substraction of any two matrices, the order of both the matrices
should be same.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

 1 2 3 5 2 6
Example 1: If A =   and B =   then find A + B and A − B
 −1 4 5 23  4 −2 3 23

 1 2 3 5 2 6
Solution: We have A =   and B =   then
 −1 4 5 23  4 −2 3 23

6 4 9   −4 0 − 3 
A+ B =   and A − B =  
 3 2 8  23  −5 2 2  23

1 4   −1 −2 
 
Example 2: If A =  3 2  and B =  0 5  then find (i) A + B (ii) A − B
 2 5  32  3 1  32

(iii) 3A − 2B (iv) 2 A + 3B

18
 1 4   −1 −2 

We have A = 3 2    then
 and B =  0 5 
Solution:

 2 5  32  3 1  32

1 4   −1 −2 0 2 
(i) A + B =  3 2 +  0 5  = 3 7 
     
 2 5  32  3 1  32 5 6  32

1 4   −1 −2 2 6
(ii) A − B =  3 2 −  0 5  =  3 −3
     
 2 5  32  3 1  32  −1 4  32

1 4  −1 −2 3 12   −2 −4  5 16 
(iii) 3 A − 2 B = 3  3 2  −      
2  0 5  = 9 6  −  0 10  = 9 −4 
 2 5  32  3 1  32 6 15 32  6 2  32 0 13  32

1 4   −1 −2  2 8   −3 −6   −1 2 

(iv) 2 A + 3B = 2 3 2         
  + 3  0 5  = 6 4  +  0 15  =  6 19 
 2 5  32  3 1  32  4 10  32  9 3  32 13 13 32

1 2 1  3 −2 4 
Example 3: If A =   and B =   then find matrix X from X + A + B = 0
3 4 2  23 1 5 0  23

Solution: Here

1 2 1  3 −2 4 
X + A+ B = 0  X +   +  =0
3 4 2  23 1 5 0  23
4 0 5
 X +  =0
 4 9 2  23
4 0 5  −4 0 −5
 X = −  = 
 4 9 2  23  −4 −9 −2  23
 −4 0 −5
X = 
 −4 −9 −2  23

Q. Solving the following questions by using matrix addition and subtraction

19
 1 4  5 6
1) If A =   and B =   then find (i) A + B (ii) A - B (iii) 2 A + 4 B (iv) 3 A - B
7 9   2 3

 2 −1 0   17 −1 3 
 
2) If A = 3 2 −4 , B =  −24 −1 −16  and 4 A + 3C = B then find C
   
5 1 9   −7 1 1 

1 2 −3  3 1 −2 
 
3) If A = 5 0 2  , B =  0 1 4  and A + 2C = B then find C
1 −1 1   −2 0 −1

2.11 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

Property 1:- Addition of matrices is commutative.
(i.e., If A and B be two matrices of m n order then A + B = B + A )

Property 2:- Addition of matrices is associative.

(i.e., If A , B and C be three matrices of m n order then
( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C ) )

SOLVED EXAMPLES

3 7   −1 2 
Example 1: If A =   and B =   then prove the commutative property of addition.
9 8   0 4

Solution: Here,

3 7   −1 2  2 9   −1 2  3 7   2 9 
A+ B =   +  =  ,B+ A=  + = 
9 8   0 4 9 12   0 4  9 8  9 12 

It is clear that A + B = B + A . Hence commutative property satisfied.

Example 2: Check the associative property of addition for given matrices

20
 1 5 9   −1 0 −2 2 5 4
   
A = 8 6 4 , B =  4 8 3  and C =  −3 6 −8
3 2 0   −5 −2 1   −1 2 4 

Solution: ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )

 1 5 9   −1 0 −2    2 5 4 
 
L.H .S . = ( A + B) + C =  8 6 4  +  4 8 3   +  −3 6 −8
 3 2 0   −5 −2 1    −1 2 4 

0 5 7  2 5 4 
= 12 14 7  +  −3 6 −8
 −2 0 1   −1 2 4 
2 10 11 
=  9 20 −1
 −3 2 5 

1 5 9    −1 0 −2   2 5 4  
 
R.H .S . = A + ( B + C ) = 8 6 4  +   4 8 3  +  −3 6 −8 
3 2 0    −5 −2 1   −1 2 4  
1 5 9   1 5 2 
= 8 6 4  +  1 14 −5
3 2 0   −6 0 5 
 2 10 11 
=  9 20 −1
 −3 2 5 

Hence, ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C ) so, associative property satisfied.

Q. Solve the following by using properties

(1) Verify the associative property for the given matrices

1 4  2 3  −1 2 
A=  ,B =   and C=  
6 8  5 7   3 8

(2) Check the commutative property for the given matrices

21
  2 6 7  1 0 −2 
 
A =  −1 5 3 , B =  −4 8 −3
 1 0 5   5 −2 1 

2.12 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES

Let A =  aij  and B = bij  be two matrices such that the number of columns in A is
mn n p
equal to the number of rows in B then the product of A and B denoted by AB is
defined as a matrix C =  cik m p where cik =  aij b jk or

The product AB is defined as the matrix whose element in the i th row and k th
column is ai1b1k + ai 2b2k + ai 3b3k + .... + ainbnk thus we conduct that :

If A is an m n matrix and B is an n  k matrix then the product matrix AB , is an

m  k matrix.
Note:-The product AB can be calculated only if the number of columns in A is equal to
the number of rows in B .

• Remark:

(1) If AB = BA , then the matrices A and B are called commutative and if

AB = − BA then the matrices A and B are called anticommutative.
(2)The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1 2 3 1 2 
Example 1: If A =   and B =   Can we find product AB and BA ?
 4 5 6  23 3 4  22

If yes then find AB and BA .

Solution: -For product AB , the number of columns of A = 3  2 = the number of rows of B

So product AB can’t define.

Now, for product BA , the number of columns of B = 2 = the number of rows of A

So we can find product BA

22
 1 2  1 2 3 1.1 + 2.4 1.2 + 2.5 1.3 + 2.6   9 12 15 
BA =   = = 
3 4   4 5 6  3.1 + 4.4 3.2 + 4.5 3.3 + 4.6  19 26 33 23

1 2 
1 2 3
Example 2: If A =   , B =  2 1  then find AB and BA if possible.
 4 5 6  23 1 2  32

Solution: -For product AB , the number of columns of A = 3 = the number of rows of B

1 2 
1 2 3 
AB =   = 1.1 + 2.2 + 3.1 1.2 + 2.1 + 3.2  =  8 10 
  2 1  1.4 + 5.2 + 6.1 4.2 + 5.1 + 6.2  20 25
 4 5 6 23 1 2      22
  32

Now, for product BA , the number of columns of B = 2 = the number of rows of A

1 2 1.1 + 2.4 1.2 + 2.5 1.3 + 2.6  9 12 15 

 
BA =  2 1      
1 2 3
 =  2.1 + 1.4 2.2 + 1.5 2.3 + 1.6  = 6 9 12 
1 2 32   23 1.1 + 2.4 1.2 + 2.5 1.3 + 2.6 
4 5 6
  33 9 12 15  33

 1 −1
Example 3:If A =   , then show that A = 4 A
3

 −1 1 

Solution: - L.H .S = A3 = A2 .A

 1 −1  1 −1 1.1 + (−1).(−1) 1.(−1) + (−1).(1)   2 −2 

Now, A2 = A. A =   =  = 
 −1 1   −1 1  (−1).1 + 1.(−1) (−1).(−1) + 1.1   −2 2 

 2 −2  1 −1  2.1 + (−2).(−1) 2.(−1) + (−2).(1)   4 −4

L.H .S = A3 = A2 . A =   =  = 
 −2 2   −1 1  (−2).1 + 2.(−1) (−2).(−1) + (2).(1)   −4 4 

 1 −1  4 −4
R.H .S = 4 A = 4  =   Hence, we can see that L.H .S = R.H .S
 −1 1   −4 4 

 3 1
Example 4:Show that A =   is a solution of the matrix equation A − 5 A + 7I = O
2

 −1 2 

Solution: -Here,

23
  3 1  3 1  3 1 1 0 
L.H .S . = A2 − 5 A + 7 I = A. A − 5 A + 7 I =     −5  +7 
 −1 2   −1 2   −1 2  0 1 
 3.3 + 1.(−1) 3.1 + 1.2  15 5  7 0 
= − + 
(−1).3 + 2.(−1) (−1).1 + 2.2   −5 10  0 7 
 8 5 15 5  7 0   8 − 15 + 7 5 − 5 + 0 
= − + = 
 −5 3  −5 10   0 7   −5 + 5 + 0 3 − 10 + 7 
0 0 
=  = O = R.H .S
0 0 

Q. solve the following by using Matrix Multiplication.

1 2 
1) If A =   , then show that A − 5 A = 2I
2

 3 4 

 1 −2 3  1 0 2 
 
2) If A =  2 3 −1 , B = 0 1 2  then find AB and BA .Also check AB  BA
 −3 1 2  1 2 0 

1 2 2 
3) If A =  2 1 2  then prove that A2 − 4 A − 5I = O
 2 2 1 

2.13 ADJOINT OF A MATRIX

Definition:- Let A = aij  be a square matrix of order n  n . Then the adjoint of A is a

nn
matrix of the same order n  n which is obtained by the transpose of a matrix whose
elements are cofactor of the element of A in the determinant A . That is if B =  Aij 
nn
where Aij are the cofactors of the elements aij in the determinant A . Then B is called of
A . It is denoted by adjA.

Remark

• Sometimes the adjoint of a matrix is also called the adjugated of the matrix.
• For finding adjA. of a matrix A of order 2  2 we will apply the given short-cut
method (Replace the diagonal elements and change the sign of subsidiary
diagonal elements).
Property 1: If A is a square matrix of order n then

24
A.(adjA) = (adjA).A = A .I n

1 2 
Example 1: Find the adjoint of the matrix A =  
3 4  22

Solution: Here, the matrix A is of order 2  2 we will apply the shortcut method [that is
replace the diagonal elements (1, 4) and change the sign of the subsidiary diagonal
elements (2, 3)] Therefore,

1 2   4 −2 
A=   adjA =  
3 4  22  −3 1 

Example 2: Find the adjoint of the matrix

1 2 4 
A = 5 7 8 
9 10 12 

Solution: For the given matrix A , we have

7 8 5 8  5 7 
A11 =  =4 A12 = −   = 12 A13 =   = −13
10 12  9 12  9 10

2 4 1 4  1 2 
A21 = −   = 16 A22 =   = −24 A23 = −   =8
10 12 9 12 9 10 

 2 4 1 4 1 2
A31 =   = −12 A32 = −   = 12 A33 =   = −3
7 8  5 8  5 7 

Therefore the matrix B formed by the cofactors of the elements of A is:

 4 12 −13
B =  16 −24 12 
 −13 8 −3 

 4 16 −12 
Now, adjA = transpose of the matrix B =  12 −24 8 

 −12 12 −3 

25
 1 2 
Example 3: - find the adjoint of the matrix A =   and verify the property
3 −5

A.(adjA) = (adjA).A = A .I n

1 2   −5 −2
Sollution:- Here, A =    adjA =  
3 −5  −3 1 

1 2   −5 −2  1.(−5) + 2.(−3) 1.(−2) + 2.1   −11 0 

A.(adjA) =     = =  (1)
3 −5  −3 1  3.(−5) + (−5).(−3) 3.(−2) + (−5).1  0 −11

 −5 −2 1 2  (−5).1 + (−2).3 (−5).2 + (−2).(−5)   −11 0 

(adjA). A =   = = (2)
 −3 1  3 −5  (−3).1 + 1.3 (−3).2 + 1.(−5)   0 −11

1 2 1 0  1 0  1 0  −11 0 
A .I n = A .I 2 =   = (−5 − 6)   = −11  =  (3)
3 −5 0 1  0 1  0 1   0 −11

From (1), (2) and (3) we can see that A.(adjA) = (adjA).A = A .I n

Hence, property is satisfied.

Q. Solve the following:

 1 4
1) Find the adjoint of the given matrix  
 −2 5 

 2 −1 3 
2) Find the adjoint of the given matrix  1 0 5 
 −1 3 4 

4 3 
3) find the adjoint of the matrix A =   and verify the property
1 −2

A.(adjA) = (adjA).A = A .I n

2.14 INVERSE OF AN MATRIX

Definition: Let A be a square matrix of order n  n and there exists a square matrix of
the same order such that AB = BA = I n , where I n is a unit matrix of order n  n .Then the
matrix B is called the inverse of a matrix A .

26
Remarks
• A matrix A is in invertible if it is non-singular (i.e., A  0 )
adjA
• A−1 = , A 0
A
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1 2 3
Example 1: - Can we find the inverse of the matrix A =  4 5 6
 
7 8 9 

Solution: - For finding the inverse of any matrix A we need A  0

1 2 3
But here, A = 4 5 6 = 1(45 − 48) − 2(36 − 42) + 3(32 − 35) = −3 + 12 − 9 = 0
7 8 9

Therefore, we can’t find the inverse of the given matrix A .

1 2 
Example 1: Find A −1 where A =  
3 4 

1 2
Solution: - Here, A =    A = 4 − 6 = −2  0
3 4 

1 2  4 −2
Now, A =    adjA =  −3 1 
3 4   
Hence,
adjA 1  4 −2 
A−1 = =
A −2  −3 1 

1 2 2 
Example 2: - Find A −1
where A =  2 1 2 
 2 2 1 

1 2 2 
Solution: - Here, A =  2 1 2  A = 1(1 − 4) − 2(2 − 4) + 2(4 − 2) = −3 + 4 + 4 = 5  0
 2 2 1 

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Now, we will find the adjoint of a given matrix A
1 2  2 2 2 1
A11 =   = −3 A12 = −  =2 A13 =  =2
2 1  2 1 2 2

2 2 1 2 1 2
A21 = −  =2 A22 =   = −3 A23 = −  =2
2 1 2 1 2 2

2 2 1 2 1 2 
A31 =  =2 A32 = −  =2 A33 =   = −3
1 2  2 2 2 1

Therefore the matrix B formed by the cofactors of the elements of A is:

 −3 2 2 
B =  2 −3 2 
 2 2 −3

 −3 2 2 
Now, adjA = transpose of the matrix B =  2 −3 2 
 2 2 −3

Hence,

 −3 2 2 
adjA 1 
−1
A = =  2 −3 2 
A 5
 2 2 −3

 2 −1 1 
Example 3: - Show that the matrix A =  −1 2 −1 satisfies the equation
 1 −1 2 
A3 − 6 A2 + 9 A − 4I = O . Hence find A −1

 2 −1 1 
Solution: - Here, A =  −1 2 −1
 1 −1 2 

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  6 −5 5   22 −21 21 
By using matrix multiplication, we have A = −5 6 −5 and A =  −21 22 −21
 2  3
   
 5 −5 6   21 −21 22 

 22 −21 21  6 −5 5  2 −1 1  1 0 0
A − 6 A + 9 A − 4 I =  −21
3 2
22 −21 − 6  −5
 6 −5 + 9  −1
 2 −1 − 4 0
 1 0 
 21 −21 22   5 −5 6   1 −1 2  0 0 1 
 22 −21 21   36 −30 30  18 −9 9   4 0 0
Now, =  −21 22 −21 −  −30 36 −30  +  −9 18 −9  −  0 4 0 
 21 −21 22   30 −30 36   9 −9 18   0 0 4 
0 0 0 
= 0 0 0  = O
0 0 0 

Hence, it satisfies the equation.

Now, multiplying A −1 both the sides

( )
A−1 A3 − 6 A2 + 9 A − 4 I = A−1 ( O )

A2 − 6 A + 9 I − 4 A−1 = 0  4 A−1 = A2 − 6 A + 9 I
1
(
 A−1 = A2 − 6 A + 9 I
4
)
  6 −5 5   2 −1 1  1 0 0  
 
 A−1 =   −5 6 −5 − 6  −1 2 −1 + 9 0 1 0  
1
4
  5 −5 6   1 −1 2  0 0 1  
 3 1 −1
 A =  1 3 1 
−1 1
4
 −1 1 3 

0 0 1 
Example 4: - Show that A −1
= A where A = 0 1 0 
 
1 0 0 

0 0 1 
Solution: - Here, A = 0 1 0  A = 0 − 0 + 1(0 − 1) = −1  0
1 0 0

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Now, we will find the adjoint of a given matrix A
1 0  0 0  0 1 
A11 =  =0 A12 = −  =0 A13 =   = −1
0 0  1 0  1 0 

0 1  0 1  0 0 
A21 = −  =0 A22 =   = −1 A23 = −  =0
0 0  1 0  1 0 

0 1  0 1  0 0
A31 =   = −1 A32 = −  =0 A33 =  =0
1 0  0 0  0 1 

Therefore the matrix B formed by the cofactors of the elements of A is:

 0 0 −1
B =  0 −1 0 
 −1 0 0 

 0 0 −1
Now, adjA = transpose of the matrix B =  0 −1 0 
 −1 0 0 

Hence,

 0 0 −1 0 0 1 
adjA 1 
A =−1
=  0 −1 0  = 0 1 0
A −1
 −1 0 0  1 0 0

We can see that A−1 = A .

Q. Solve the following
5 2
1) Find the inverse of the matrix A =  
7 3

 2 −2 4 
2) Find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 3 2 
 −1 1 −1

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 1 0 2
3) Find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 1 0 
 
 3 2 1 

2.15 PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE AND INVERSE

Let A =  aij  and B = bij  be any two square matrices then

mn mn

Property 1: - ( A + B )T = AT + BT
Property 2: - ( AB )−1 = B−1 A−1
SOLVED EXAMPLES

1 2  4 5
Example 1: - For giver matrices A =   and B = 6 7  then prove that
3 4   

( A + B )T = AT + BT
1 2  4 5
Solution: - Here, A =   and B =  
3 4  6 7 

1 2  4 5  5 7  5 9 
 ( A + B) = 
T
A+ B =   +  =   (1)
3 4 6 7  9 11 7 11

1 3  4 6 1 3  4 6   5 9 
Now, AT =   and BT =    AT + BT =  + =  (2)
2 4 5 7   2 4 5 7  7 11

From (1) and (2), we can say that ( A + B ) = AT + BT .

T

 2 1  2 3
Example 2: - For giver matrices A =   and B =   then prove that
 −1 3 1 2

( AB )−1 = B−1 A−1

 2 1  2 3  2.2 + 1.1 2.3 + 1.2  5 8
Solution: - AB =     = = 
 −1 3 1 2  (−1).2 + 3.1 (−1).3 + 3.2  1 3
5 8  −1 1 1  3 −8
Now, AB =    ( AB ) = adjAB =  (1)
1 3 AB 7  −1 5 

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  2 1 1 1 3 −1
Next, A =    A−1 = adjA =  and
 −1 3 A 7 1 2 
2 3 1 1  2 −3  2 −3
B=   B −1 = adjB =  =
1 2  B 1  −1 2   −1 2 

 2 −3 1 3 −1 1  2.3 + (−3).1 2.(−1) + (−3).2  1  3 −8

Lastly B −1 A−1 =    =  =   (2)
 −1 2  7 1 2  7  (−1).3 + 2.1 (−1).( −1) + 2.2  7  −1 5 
−1
From (1) and (2), we can say that ( AB ) = B−1 A−1

Q. Solve the following:

1 2 5  2 −1 5 

(1)For giver matrices A =  3 4 −2  and B =  4 2 −3 then prove that

 −1 0 6   3 1 0 

( A + B )T = AT + BT
1 2  1 4 
(2) For giver matrices A =   and B =   then prove that
0 3  3 1 

( AB )−1 = B−1 A−1

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