Java Concepts Overview

2 Marks Questions REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL

[1] Differentiate between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming.
[2] Why Java is called Robust Programming Language?
[3] Why Java is called Architectural?
[4] Define bytecode
[5] Give any four differences between C and Java.
[6] Why Java is considered a hybrid programming language?
[7] Draw the relationship among JVM, JRE & JDK using Venn diagram.
[8] Why Java is platform independent?
[9] Why main() method needs to declare as public?
[10] Explain each term of the following: public static void main(String [] args).
[11] Discus JDK.
[12] Explain the installation of JDK.
[13] What is Unicode? Explain the advantage of using Unicode
[14] Explain JIT compiler in Java.
[15] Why is the main method static?
[16] Differentiate between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming.
[17] What is JRE?
[18] What is JVM?
[19] How does Java provide high performance?
[20] What is the relationship between JavaScript and Java?

Here are concise 2-marks answers to your questions based on standard study material:

[1] Differentiate between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming.

Procedural Programming is based on functions and procedures, while OOP is based on objects and
classes.
OOP supports encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism; Procedural does not.

[2] Why Java is called Robust Programming Language?

Java provides strong memory management, exception handling, and type checking at compile-time
and runtime.

[3] Why Java is called Architectural?

Java is called architecturally neutral because it runs on any platform with the help of the JVM,
regardless of the underlying architecture.

[4] Define bytecode.

Bytecode is an intermediate code generated by the Java compiler which is executed by the JVM.

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[5] Give any four differences between C and Java.

1. C is a procedural language; Java is object-oriented.

2. C uses pointers; Java does not support pointers.

3. Java has automatic garbage collection; C does not.

4. C is platform-dependent; Java is platform-independent.

[6] Why Java is considered a hybrid programming language?

Java combines features of both compiled and interpreted languages, using a compiler to generate
bytecode and the JVM to interpret it.

[7] Draw the relationship among JVM, JRE & JDK using Venn diagram.
(Use this description to draw a Venn diagram):

JDK ⟶ contains JRE ⟶ contains JVM.

JDK ⊃ JRE ⊃ JVM.

[8] Why Java is platform independent?

Java bytecode can run on any device with a JVM, making it platform-independent.

[9] Why main() method needs to declare as public?

It must be public so the JVM can access and execute it from outside the class.

[10] Explain each term of the following: `public static void main(String [] args)`.

public: accessible by JVM.

static: called without creating object.

void: no return value.

main: entry point.

String[] args: accepts command-line arguments.

[11] Discuss JDK.

JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software development kit that includes tools like compiler (`javac`),
JRE, and debugger for developing Java applications.

[12] Explain the installation of JDK.

Download JDK from Oracle’s website → Run installer → Set environment variables (`JAVA_HOME`,
`Path`) → Verify using `java -version`.

[13] What is Unicode? Explain the advantage of using Unicode.

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 Unicode is a character encoding standard that represents characters from all languages.

Advantage: Ensures global language support in Java applications.

[14] Explain JIT compiler in Java.

JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler improves performance by compiling bytecode into native machine code
at runtime.

[15] Why is the main method static?

So it can be executed without creating an object of the class, enabling program startup.

[16] Differentiate between Procedural and Object Oriented Programming.

(Repeated – see answer to Q1 above.)

[17] What is JRE?

JRE (Java Runtime Environment) provides the libraries and JVM needed to run Java applications.

[18] What is JVM?

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) executes Java bytecode and provides platform independence.

[19] How does Java provide high performance?

Through bytecode optimization and the use of the JIT compiler which converts bytecode to efficient
native code at runtime.

[20] What is the relationship between JavaScript and Java?

Java and JavaScript are unrelated in functionality; Java is a programming language, while JavaScript
is a scripting language used mainly in web development. They share similar names due to
marketing strategies.

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5 Marks Questions REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL

[1] (QN27)Develop a diagram illustrating the process of compiling and interpreting Java code,
highlighting the role of the Just-In-Time Compiler (JIT) and its significance in this process.
[2] "Java is truely object oriented programming language"- Justify.
[3] Discuss difference between C++ and Java.
[4] Describe the features of Java with real-world examples.
[5] What are the different components in the Java environment and their usage?
[6] What are the advantages of a platform-independent language?Also explain how Java is platform
independent.
10 Marks Questions REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL
[1] Sketch and demonstrate the architecture of JVM.
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 [2] What are the elements of OOP? How do these elements make the OOP approach ?
[3] Discus the features and benefits of object oriented programming?

Here are well-structured 5-mark and 10-mark answers based on common academic study material:

✅ 5 Marks Questions
[1] Develop a diagram illustrating the process of compiling and interpreting Java code,
highlighting the role of the Just-In-Time Compiler (JIT) and its significance in this process.
Diagram Description:

less

`Java Source Code (.java)

|
| [Java Compiler - javac]
↓
Bytecode (.class)
|
| [JVM - Java Virtual Machine]
↓
Class Loader → Bytecode Verifier → Interpreter & JIT Compiler
|
↓
Native Machine Code
`

JIT Role & Significance:

The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler improves runtime performance by compiling bytecode to native
machine code.

It works alongside the interpreter: frequently used code is compiled once and reused, speeding
up execution.

[2] "Java is truly object-oriented programming language" - Justify.

Java is considered truly OOP because:

Everything in Java is an object (except primitive types, which are handled via wrapper
classes).
Supports core OOP principles: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.

Classes and objects are fundamental building blocks.

Java libraries and frameworks are designed around object interaction.
Even the main() method is inside a class, enforcing an object-oriented approach.

[3] Discuss difference between C++ and Java.

Feature C++ Java

Paradigm Multi-paradigm Pure Object-Oriented
Memory Mgmt Manual (new/delete) Automatic (Garbage Collector)

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 Feature C++ Java

Platform Platform-dependent Platform-independent (JVM)

Pointers Supports pointers No pointer support
Multiple Inheritance Supported via classes Not directly supported (uses interfaces)

[4] Describe the features of Java with real-world examples.

1. Platform Independent – A Java banking app runs on Windows, Linux, or Mac.

2. Object-Oriented – A school management system with objects like Student, Teacher.
3. Robust – Uses exception handling to manage errors.

4. Secure – Java web apps use security features like bytecode verification and access control.
5. Multithreaded – A chat application where messages, typing indicators, and notifications run on
separate threads.

[5] What are the different components in the Java environment and their usage?

1. JDK (Java Development Kit) – Used to develop and compile Java applications.
2. JRE (Java Runtime Environment) – Runs Java programs.

3. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) – Converts bytecode into machine code at runtime.
4. Java API – Provides a rich set of libraries and tools.
5. Development Tools – Includes compiler (`javac`), debugger (`jdb`), and documentation tool
(`javadoc`).

[6] What are the advantages of a platform-independent language? Also explain how Java is
platform independent.
Advantages:

Software can run on multiple platforms without modification.

Reduces development and deployment cost.
Increases code reusability and portability.

How Java is Platform Independent:

Java source code is compiled into bytecode, not machine code.

Bytecode is executed by the JVM, which is available for different operating systems.

So, "write once, run anywhere".

✅ 10 Marks Questions
[1] Sketch and demonstrate the architecture of JVM.
JVM Architecture Components:

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 scss

` [Class Loader Subsystem]

↓
[Method Area] [Heap]
↓ ↓
[JVM Stack] [Native Method Stack]
↓ ↓
[Program Counter Register]
↓
[Execution Engine]
(Interpreter + JIT + GC)
`

Explanation:

Class Loader: Loads class files.

Method Area: Stores class-level data.

Heap: Stores objects.

JVM Stack: Stores method calls and local variables.

PC Register: Tracks current instruction.
Execution Engine: Executes bytecode using the interpreter and JIT.

Native Method Interface: Enables Java to call native C/C++ libraries.

[2] What are the elements of OOP? How do these elements make the OOP approach?

Elements of OOP:

1. Encapsulation – Bundles data and methods (e.g., class with private variables).

2. Inheritance – Reuse code from parent class (e.g., Car extends Vehicle).

3. Polymorphism – Same method behaves differently (e.g., `draw()` method in shapes).

4. Abstraction – Hide implementation details (e.g., interface for payment methods).

How they support OOP:

Encourages modularity, reusability, and scalability.

Leads to cleaner code and easier maintenance.

Real-world problems can be modeled as objects.

[3] Discuss the features and benefits of object-oriented programming.

Features:

Encapsulation

Abstraction

Inheritance
Polymorphism

Modularity

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 Reusability

Benefits:

Improved Code Maintainability – Modular design helps in managing large codebases.

Enhanced Productivity – Reusability of classes speeds up development.

Real-world Modeling – Objects reflect real entities, making system design intuitive.

Security – Data hiding via encapsulation.

Extensibility – Easy to enhance features using inheritance and interfaces.

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2 Marks Questions
REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL
[1] Express a Java programming structure to display “Hello World”.
[2] Write down the signifiance of static keyword.
[3] What are the benifits of reuseability properties?
[4] What happens if the constructors are defined as private?
[5] Write a program to print a string in reverse order.
[6] Write a program to show the use of enhanced for loop in java.
[7] What is a constructor? Explain with suitable example.
[8] Distinguish between instance variables and static variables with a code snippet.
[9] String is immutable in java - justify your answer with a code snippet.
[10] Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors?
[11] How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?
[12] What is the basic difference between string and stringbuffer objects?
[13] How objects of a class are created if no constructor is defined in the class?
[14] Write down the difference between Concat method and + operator to join strings?
[15] Explain default method in java.
[16] What are the relationships between classes?
[17] What is a break statement?
[18] What is a continue statement?
[19] What is a “blank final” variable?
[20] What is the precedence of an operator?
[21] What is the Associavity of an operator?

Here are the answers to the 2-marks questions based on typical Java study material:

✅ 2 Marks Questions
[1] Express a Java programming structure to display “Hello World”.

java

`public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
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 }
}
`

[2] Write down the significance of static keyword.

The `static` keyword denotes that a member (variable or method) belongs to the class rather than
instances.

It can be accessed without creating an object of the class.

[3] What are the benefits of reusability properties?

Reduces code duplication.

Enhances maintainability.

Increases development speed and consistency.

Improves readability and debugging.

[4] What happens if the constructors are defined as private?

Objects cannot be created from outside the class.

Used in Singleton pattern or for factory methods.

[5] Write a program to print a string in reverse order.

java

`public class ReverseString {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Java";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(str);
System.out.println(sb.reverse());
}
}
`

[6] Write a program to show the use of enhanced for loop in Java.

java

`public class EnhancedLoop {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] nums = {1, 2, 3};
for (int num : nums) {
System.out.println(num);
}
}
}
`

[7] What is a constructor? Explain with suitable example.

A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the class and
no return type.
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 java

`public class Student {

Student() {
System.out.println("Constructor called");
}
}
`

[8] Distinguish between instance variables and static variables with a code snippet.

java

`public class Example {

int instanceVar = 5; // Instance variable
static int staticVar = 10; // Static variable

public static void main(String[] args) {

Example obj = new Example();
System.out.println(obj.instanceVar); // Accessed via object
System.out.println(staticVar); // Accessed directly
}
}
`

[9] String is immutable in Java - justify your answer with a code snippet.

java

`public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Java";
s1.concat(" World");
System.out.println(s1); // Output: Java
}
}
`

`s1` remains unchanged because strings are immutable.

[10] Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors?

Yes, using `this()` keyword.

java

`public class Demo {

Demo() {
this(10);
}
Demo(int x) {
System.out.println("Value: " + x);
}
}
`

[11] How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?

Using `super()` for constructor, and `super.methodName()` for method.

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[12] What is the basic difference between String and StringBuffer objects?

`String` is immutable; `StringBuffer` is mutable (can be changed after creation).

[13] How objects of a class are created if no constructor is defined in the class?

Java provides a default constructor automatically if no constructor is defined.

[14] Write down the difference between `concat` method and `+` operator to join strings.

`concat()` is a method: `"A".concat("B")`.

`+` operator internally uses `StringBuilder` for performance.

[15] Explain default method in Java.

Introduced in Java 8, default methods allow interfaces to have method implementations using
`default` keyword.

[16] What are the relationships between classes?

Inheritance (is-a)

Association (has-a)
Aggregation / Composition (whole-part)

[17] What is a break statement?

Used to terminate loops or switch cases prematurely.

[18] What is a continue statement?

Used to skip current iteration and continue with the next one in loops.

[19] What is a “blank final” variable?

A final variable that is not initialized at declaration but must be initialized in the constructor.

[20] What is the precedence of an operator?

It determines the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression.

[21] What is the associativity of an operator?

It defines direction of evaluation (left-to-right or right-to-left) for operators of the same

precedence.

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 5 Marks Questions
REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL
[1] Develop a Java application to generate Electricity bills. Create a class with the following members:
Consumer no., consumer name, previous month reading, current month reading, and type of EB
connection (i.e domestic or commercial). Compute the bill amount using the following tariff. If the
type of the EB connection is domestic, calculate the amount to be paid as follows:
First 100 units - Rs. 1 per unit
101-200 units - Rs. 2.50 per unit
201 -500 units - Rs. 4 per unit
> 501 units - Rs. 6 per unit
[2] Write a program to show the use of object as a return type and parameter.
[3] Given a string, return a new string made of 'n' copies of the last 2 chars of the original string
where 'n' is the length of the string. Input:Coding Output: ngngngngngng
[4] Given a string, return a new string made of 'n' copies of the first 2 chars of the original string
where 'n' is the length of the string. Input:Hello Output: HeHeHeHeHe
[5] Write about the operators in JAVA with examples.
[6] How is the for each loop different from the for loop?
[7] Using up to four characters, write the Java representation of the octal literal 6.
[8] How many bits represent a Boolean variable? Why?
[9] How can we make a class immutable?
[10] Discus constructing a string with character array and String class.
10 Marks Questions
REFERENCE: STUDY MATRERIAL
[1] Discuss different access specifier of java. Explain each with examples.
[2] a) Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java. b) Explain each token in the statement:
System.out.println(“Hello Java”);
[3] Write a program that reads ten numbers through command line argument, computes their
average, and finds out how many numbers are above the average.
[4] Explain different iterators used for accessing the elements,with examples.
[5] Discus operators and control statements in Java in detail.
[6] Write a program that defines a class that represents a complex number.Write a method in the
class that returns the magnitude or modulus of the complex number on which it is called.

Here are the well-structured answers for the 5-marks and 10-marks questions from your study
material:

✅ 5 Marks Questions
[1] Java Program to Generate Electricity Bill (Domestic)

java

`class ElectricityBill {
int consumerNo;
String consumerName;
int prevReading, currReading;
String connectionType;

ElectricityBill(int no, String name, int prev, int curr, String type) {
consumerNo = no;
consumerName = name;
prevReading = prev;

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 currReading = curr;
connectionType = type;
}

double calculateBill() {
int units = currReading - prevReading;
double amount = 0;

if (connectionType.equalsIgnoreCase("domestic")) {
if (units <= 100) amount = units * 1;
else if (units <= 200) amount = 100 * 1 + (units - 100) * 2.5;
else if (units <= 500) amount = 100 * 1 + 100 * 2.5 + (units - 200) * 4;
else amount = 100 * 1 + 100 * 2.5 + 300 * 4 + (units - 500) * 6;
}

return amount;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

ElectricityBill bill = new ElectricityBill(101, "Ravi", 1200, 1600, "domestic");
System.out.println("Total Bill: Rs." + bill.calculateBill());
}
}
`

[2] Object as Return Type and Parameter

java

`class Box {
int length, breadth;

Box(int l, int b) {
length = l;
breadth = b;
}

Box biggerBox(Box b) {
if (length * breadth > b.length * b.breadth) return this;
else return b;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Area: " + (length * breadth));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Box b1 = new Box(4, 5);
Box b2 = new Box(6, 2);
Box bigger = b1.biggerBox(b2);
bigger.display();
}
}
`

[3] String with Last 2 Chars Repeated `n` Times

java

`public class RepeatLast {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Coding";
int n = str.length();
String lastTwo = str.substring(str.length() - 2);
String result = lastTwo.repeat(n);
System.out.println(result); // Output: ngngngngngng
}

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 }
`

[4] String with First 2 Chars Repeated `n` Times

java

`public class RepeatFirst {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello";
int n = str.length();
String firstTwo = str.substring(0, 2);
String result = firstTwo.repeat(n);
System.out.println(result); // Output: HeHeHeHeHe
}
}
`

[5] Operators in Java with Examples

Arithmetic Operators: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`

java

`int a = 10, b = 5;
System.out.println(a + b); // 15
`

Relational Operators: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`

Logical Operators: `&&`, `||`, `!`

Assignment Operators: `=`, `+=`, `-=`
Unary Operators: `++`, `--`, `+`, `-`

[6] Difference Between For Loop and For-Each Loop

For Loop For-Each Loop

Uses index Does not use index

More control over iteration Simpler syntax
Can modify data via index Cannot modify primitive arrays

[7] Octal Literal 6 in Java

java

`int oct = 06;

`

[8] How Many Bits for Boolean & Why?

Boolean values in Java use 1 bit conceptually but occupy 1 byte (8 bits) in memory for alignment
and compatibility.

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[9] Making a Class Immutable
Steps:

1. Declare class `final`

2. Make all fields `private final`

3. No setters
4. Provide only getters

java

`final class Person {

private final String name;

public Person(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
}
`

[10] Constructing String from Char Array and String Class

java

`char[] ch = {'J', 'a', 'v', 'a'};

String s = new String(ch);
System.out.println(s); // Output: Java
`

✅ 10 Marks Questions
[1] Access Specifiers in Java

Modifier Class Package Subclass World

private ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
default ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗

protected ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
public ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Examples:

java

`public class A {
private int x;
protected int y;
public int z;
}
`

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[2a] Explain `public static void main(String args[])`

`public`: Accessible to JVM

`static`: No need to create object

`void`: No return value

`main`: Entry point

`String args[]`: Stores command-line arguments

[2b] Tokens in `System.out.println("Hello Java")`:

`System`: Class from java.lang

`out`: Static member of System (PrintStream)

`println()`: Method to print a line

[3] Command Line Average Program

java

`public class AverageCalc {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] nums = new int[10];
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
nums[i] = Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
sum += nums[i];
}
double avg = sum / 10.0;
int count = 0;
for (int n : nums) if (n > avg) count++;
System.out.println("Average: " + avg);
System.out.println("Numbers above average: " + count);
}
}
`

[4] Iterators in Java

Iterator: `hasNext()`, `next()`, `remove()`

ListIterator: Works both directions (`previous()`)

for-each loop: Simplified iteration

Enumeration: Legacy interface (Vector)

Example:

java

`import java.util.*;
public class IteratorDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = List.of("A", "B", "C");
Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
}
}

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 }
`

[5] Operators and Control Statements in Java

Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Ternary

Control Statements:

if, else-if, switch

while, for, do-while
break, continue, return

[6] Complex Number Class with Magnitude Method

java

`class Complex {
double real, imag;

Complex(double r, double i) {
real = r;
imag = i;
}

double magnitude() {
return Math.sqrt(real * real + imag * imag);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Complex c = new Complex(3, 4);
System.out.println("Magnitude: " + c.magnitude()); // 5.0
}
}
`

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