RELATIVE

EQUILIBRIUM
OF LIQUIDS
ENGR. SAMUEL E. BULALACAO RMP
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

• Rectilinear Translation (Moving Vessel)

• Horizontal Motion
• Inclined Motion
• Vertical Motion

• Rotation(Rotating Vessel)
• Open Cylindrical Vessel
• Closed Cylindrical Vessel
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
(MOVING VESSEL)

Horizontal Motion
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
(MOVING VESSEL)
W = mg

Reversed effective force

REF = ma
θ a

N θ

Horizontal Motion
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
(MOVING VESSEL)
Horizontal Motion
Consider a mass of fluid moving with a linear
acceleration a as shown in the Figure.
Considering a particle in the surface, the
forces acting are the weight W = Mg and the
fictitious inertia force (reversed effective
force, REF) which is equal to ma, and the
reaction N which must be normal to the
surface.
Sample problem: Moving vessel (Horizontal)
An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long, 2 m wide and 2.5 m
high is filled with water to a depth of 2 m.
(a) What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank without
spilling any water and
(b) Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass?
(c) If the acceleration is increased to 6 m/s2, how much water is spilled out?
Sample problem: Moving vessel
An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long, 2 m wide and 25 high is filled with water to a depth of 2 m.
(a) What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank without spilling any water and
(b) Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass?
(c) If the acceleration is increased to 6 m/s2, how much water is spilled out?
Sample problem: Moving vessel
An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long, 2 m wide and 25 high is filled with water to a depth of 2 m.
(a) What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank without spilling any water and
(b) Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass?
(c) If the acceleration is increased to 6 m/s2, how much water is spilled out?
Vertical Motion
Consider a mass of fluid
accelerated upwards or downwards
with an acceleration of a as shown
in the Figure. The forces acting at a
point h below the liquid surface are
the weight of the liquid above the
point, ƔV, the inertia force, 𝑀𝑎 and
the pressure force 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴, then,

By summation of forces vertical;

𝑎
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ(1 ± )
𝑔
Sample problem: Moving vessel (Vertical)
An open tank containing oil (sp. gr. = 0.8) is accelerated vertically at 8 m/s2.
Determine the pressure 3 m below the surface if the motion is (a) upward with a
positive acceleration, (b) upward with a negative acceleration, (c) downward
with a positive acceleration, and (d) downward with a negative acceleration
Inclined Motion

Consider a mass of fluid being

accelerated upwards at an inclination
a with the horizontal so that
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝛼 and 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝛼.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A vessel containing oil accelerated on a plane inclined 15deg with
the horizontal at 1.2 m/s2 . Determine the inclination of the oil
surface when the motion is (a) upwards, and (b) downwards
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎

r r

y
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎

Height of the paraboloid

r
𝑤 2𝑟2
𝑦=
2𝑔

Where:
w = angular acceleration in rad/sec
R = radius of cylinder
y
x
𝜃
𝑦𝑝
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎
Height of the paraboloid

𝑤 2𝑟2
𝑦=
r 2𝑔

Where:
w = angular acceleration in rad/sec
R = radius of cylinder

Slope of the paraboloid at any point x

y
𝑤 2𝑥
x 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑔
𝜃
𝑦𝑝
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎
Height of the paraboloid Slope of the paraboloid at any point x
𝑤 2𝑥
𝑤 2𝑟2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑦= 𝑔
r 2𝑔

Where:
w = angular acceleration in rad/sec
R = radius of cylinder

Volume of the paraboloid revolution

x
y 1 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
𝜃 2
𝑦𝑝
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎
Height of the paraboloid Slope of the paraboloid at any point x

𝑤 2𝑟2 𝑤 2𝑥
𝑦= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
r 2𝑔 𝑔

Where:
Volume of the paraboloid revolution
w = angular acceleration in rad/sec 1 2
R = radius of cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
2

y Conversion factor
x
𝜃 1
𝑦𝑝 1𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
30
ROTATING VESSELS
𝝎 Height of the paraboloid
𝑤 2𝑟2
𝑦=
r
2𝑔
Where:
w = angular acceleration in rad/sec
R = radius of cylinder

Slope of the paraboloid Volume of the paraboloid

at any point x revolution
y 𝑤 2𝑥 1 2
x 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
𝜃
𝑔 2
𝑦𝑝
Conversion factor
1
1𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
30
LIQUID CONDITIONS (open container)

D
D y/2
y/2
y
y y/2
y/2
H
H h
h

y/2<D y/2=D
(No liquid spilled) Liquid surface just touching
the top of the rim
(No liquid spilled)
LIQUID CONDITIONS (open container)

D D

y y

H H
h h

y/2>D y=H
(Some liquid spilled) Vortex at the bottom
(Some liquid spilled)
LIQUID CONDITIONS (open container)

H
h

Y>H
Vortex (imaginary) below the bottom
(Some liquid spilled)
LIQUID CONDITIONS ( closed container)

D
D y/2
y/2
y
y initial liquid level y/2
y/2
H
H h
h

y/2<D y/2=D
Liquid surface just touching
the top of the rim
LIQUID CONDITIONS (closed container)

D D

y y

H H
h h

y/>D 𝑯𝟐
(with imaginary paraboloid 𝒚=
𝟐𝑫
above) Vortex just touching the
bottom
LIQUID CONDITIONS (closed container)

y H
h

𝑦2 𝑯𝟐
𝒚>
𝟐𝑫
Vortex below the bottom
Sample prblem
An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is 2/3
full of water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be
spilled out is the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a
constant angular speed of 90 rpm.
Situation – An open cylindrical tank is 0.4 m in diameter and 1.5 m
tall. The tank is rotated about its own vertical axis at constant
angular speed.

a. What is the maximum depth of water in the tank if there is no water

spilled at 240 rpm? 0.86 m

b. With the depth of water in the first question, what speed of rotation in
rpm will spill 1.4 liters of water. 242

c. With the depth of water in the first question, what minimum angular
speed will zero the pressure at the center bottom of the tank? 259
Situation – An open top cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and
2.5 m high is 3/5 full of water. Determine the angular speed
in rpm if:
a. The water will just touch the rim. 119.6
b. The vortex will just touch the bottom. 133.7
Sample Problem:
An open cylinder 20 cm in diameter and 90 cm high
containing water is rotated about its vertical axis at a speed
of 240 rpm without spilling water.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the height of the
paraboloid formed?
b. Compute for the depth of water.