Voting System Project Using Django Framework

Last Updated : 06 Jan, 2025

Project Title: Pollster (Voting System) web application using Django

framework
Type of Application (Category): Web application.

Introduction: We will create a pollster (voting system) web application

using Django. This application will conduct a series of questions along
with many choices. A user will be allowed to vote for that question by
selecting a choice. Based on the answer the total votes will be calculated
and it will be displayed to the user. Users can also check the result of the
total votes for specific questions on the website directly. We will also
build the admin part of this project. Admin user will be allowed to add
questions and manage questions in the application.

▲
Pre-requisite: Knowledge of Python and basics of Django Framework.
Python should be installed in the system. Visual studio code or any code
editor to work on the application.

Technologies used in the project: Django framework and SQLite database

which comes by default with Django.

Implementation of the Project

Creating Project
Step-1: Create an empty folder pollster_project in your directory.

Step-2: open your command prompt using window+r key

Step-3: Now switch to your folder using

cd pollster_project

cd pollster_project

step-4: and create a virtual environment in this folder using the following
command.

pip install pipenv

 pipenv shell

Step-3: A Pipfile will be created in your folder from the above step. Now
install Django in your folder using the following command.

pipenv install django

Step-4: Now we need to establish the Django project. Run the following
command in your folder and initiate a Django project.

django-admin startproject pollster

A New Folder with name pollster will be created. Switch to the pollster
folder using the following command.

cd pollster

The folder structure will look something like this.

Here you can start the server using the following command and check if
the application running or not using your http://127.0.0.1:8000/ in your
browser.
 python manage.py runserver

Step-5: Create an app ‘polls‘ using the following command

python manage.py startapp polls

Below is the folder structure after creating ”polls’ app in the project.

Create Models
Step-1: In your models.py file write the code given below to create two
tables in your database. One is ‘Question‘ and the other one is ‘Choice‘.
‘Question’ will have two fields of ‘question_text’ and a ‘pub_date’. Choice
has three fields: ‘question’, ‘choice_text’, and ‘votes’. Each Choice is
associated with a Question.

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

def __str__(self):
return self.question_text

class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text

Step-2:Go to the settings.py file and in the list, INSTALLED_APPS write

down the code below to include the app in our project. This will refer to
the polls -> apps.py -> PollsConfig class.

INSTALLED_APPS = [
'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

Step-3: We have made changes in our database and created some tables
but in order to reflect these changes we need to create migration here and
then Django application will stores changes to our models. Run the
following command given below to create migrations.

python manage.py makemigrations polls

Inside polls->migrations a file 0001_initial.py will be created where you

can find the database tables which we have created in our models.py file.
Now to insert all the tables in our database run the command given
below…

python manage.py migrate

Create an Admin User

Step-1: Run the command given below to create a user who can login to
the admin site.

python manage.py createsuperuser

It will prompt username which we need to enter.

 Username: geeks123

Now it will prompt an email address which again we need to enter here.

Email address: [email protected]

The final step is to enter the password. We need to enter the password
twice, the second time as a confirmation of the first.

Password: ******
Password (again): ******
Superuser created successfully.

Now we can run the server using the same command python manage.py
runserver and we can check our admin panel browsing the URL
http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin .

Step-2: In the admin.py file we will write the code given below to map each
question with choices to select. Also, we will write the code to change the
site header, site title, and index_title. Once this is done we can add
questions and choices for the question from the admin panel.

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question, Choice
 # admin.site.register(Question)
# admin.site.register(Choice)

admin.site.site_header = "Pollster Admin"

admin.site.site_title = "Pollster Admin Area"
admin.site.index_title = "Welcome to the Pollster Admin Area"

class ChoiceInLine(admin.TabularInline):
model = Choice
extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fieldsets = [(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}), ('Date
Information', {
'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}), ]
inlines = [ChoiceInLine]

admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

Note: We can test the application here by adding some questions and
choices for those questions.

Create Views
Now we will create the view of our application that will fetch the data from
our database and will render the data in the ‘template‘ (we will create
‘template’ folder and the files inside this folder in the next section) of our
application to display it to the user.

Step-1 Open views.py file and write down the code given below.

from django.template import loader

 from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, Http404
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
from .models import Question, Choice

# Get questions and display them

def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)

# Show specific question and choices

def detail(request, question_id):
try:
question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
except Question.DoesNotExist:
raise Http404("Question does not exist")
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question':
question})

# Get question and display results

def results(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question':
question})

# Vote for a question choice

def vote(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
try:
selected_choice =
question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
# Redisplay the question voting form.
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
'question': question,
'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
# Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully
dealing
# with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice
if a
# user hits the Back button.
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=
(question.id,)))

Step-2: Create a file urls.py inside the pollster->polls folder to define the
routing for all the methods we have implemented in views.py file (don’t
get confused with the file inside the pollster->pollster->urls.py file). Below
is the code of urls.py file…
 from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results,
name='results'),
path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

Create Templates
Step-1: Follow the steps given below to create the front layout of the
page.

Create a folder ‘templates‘ in top-level pollster folder (alongside of

polls and pollster) i.e. pollster-> templates.
Create ‘base.html‘ file inside the template folder. We will define the
head, body and navigation bar of our application in this file.
In the ‘templates’ folder create another folder ‘polls‘. In ‘polls’ folder
create three files ‘index.html‘, ‘results.html‘ and ‘detail.html‘.

The folder structure will look like the image given below (we have
highlighted the files which we have created in ‘create views i.e urls.py’ and
‘create template’ section)…
Step-2: By default Django will search the ‘template’ inside the ‘polls’ app
but we have created a global ‘template’ folder which is outside the polls
app. So in order to make it work, we need to define the ‘template’ folder
path inside the settings.py file. Open settings.py file and add the code
given below in the list ‘TEMPLATES’. In order to make the given code work
add “import os” in settings.py.

TEMPLATES = [
{
# make changes in DIRS[].
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',

'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]

Step-3: Open index.html file and write the code given below. This file will
display the list of questions which are stored in our database. Also, two
buttons will be displayed to the user. One for the voting (we will create a
detail.html file for voting) and the other one is to check the results (we will
create results.html file for results).

{% extends 'base.html' % }
{% block content % }
<h1 class = " text-center mb-3" > Poll Questions < /h1 >
{% if latest_question_list % }
{% for question in latest_question_list % }
<div class = " card-mb-3" >
<div class = " card-body" >
<p class = " lead" > {{question.question_text}} < /p >
<a href = "{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}" class = " btn
btn-primary btn-sm" > Vote Now < /a >
<a href = "{% url 'polls:results' question.id %}" class =
" btn btn-secondary btn-sm" > Results < /a >
</div >
</div >
{ % endfor % }
{ % else % }
 <p > No polls available < /p>
{ % endif % }
{ % endblock % }

Step-4: Open detail.html file and write the code given below. This file will
be responsible for voting on specific questions. Whatever question a user
will select for voting from the list of the question (index.html file), that
specific question and the choices for the question will be displayed on
this page. A user will be allowed to select one choice and give voting by
clicking on the vote button.

{ % extends 'base.html' % }
{ % block content % }
<a class = " btn btn-secondary btn-sm mb-3" href = "{% url
'polls:index' %}" > Back To Polls < /a >
<h1 class = " text-center mb-3" > {{question.question_text}} < /h1 >

{ % if error_message % }
<p class = " alert alert-danger" >
<strong > {{error_message}} < /strong >
</p >
{ % endif % }

<form action = "{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method = "post" >
{ % csrf_token % }
{ % for choice in question.choice_set.all % }
<div class = " form-check" >
<input type = "radio" name = "choice" class = " form-check-input"
id = "choice{{ forloop.counter }}"
value = "{{ choice.id }}" / >
<label for = "choice{{ forloop.counter }}" >
{{choice.choice_text}} < /label >
</div >
{ % endfor % }
<input type = "submit" value = "Vote" class = " btn btn-success
btn-lg btn-block mt-4" / >
</form >
{ % endblock % }

Step-5: Open results.html file and write the code given below. This file will
display the result of total votes on a specific question whatever question
the user will select (from the index.html file) to check the result.

{ % extends 'base.html' % }
{ % block content % }
<h1 class = " mb-5 text-center" > {{question.question_text}} < /h1 >

<ul class = " list-group mb-5" >

 { % for choice in question.choice_set.all % }
<li class = " list-group-item" >
{{choice.choice_text}} < span class = " badge badge-success float-
right" > {{choice.votes}}
vote{{choice.votes | pluralize}} < /span >
</li >
{ % endfor % }
</ul >

<a class = " btn btn-secondary" href = "{% url 'polls:index' %}" >
Back To Polls < /a >
<a class = " btn btn-dark" href = "{% url 'polls:detail' question.id
%}" > Vote again?< /a >
{ % endblock % }

Step-6: Let’s create the navigation bar for our application. Create a folder
‘partials‘ inside the folder ‘templates’ and then create a file ‘_navbar.html‘
inside the ‘partial’ folder. File structure will be templates->partials-
>_navbar.html. Write the code given below in this file.

<nav class = " navbar navbar-dark bg-primary mb-4" >

<div class = " container" >
<a class = " navbar-brand" href = "/" > Pollster < /a >
</div >
</nav >

Step-7: We haven’t included the head and body tag in every single HTML
file we have created till now. We can write these codes in just one single
file base.html and we can give the layout to our page. We will also bring
our navigation bar(_navbar.html file) on this page. So open base.html file
inside the ‘template’ folder and write down the code given below.

<!DOCTYPE html >

<html lang = "en" >

<head >
<link rel = "stylesheet" href =
"https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min
.css"
integrity = "sha384-
Vkoo8x4CGsO3+Hhxv8T/Q5PaXtkKtu6ug5TOeNV6gBiFeWPGFN9MuhOf23Q9Ifjh"
crossorigin = "anonymous" >
<title > Pollster { % block title % }{ % endblock % } < /title >
</head >

<body >
<!--NavBar-->
{ % include 'partials/_navbar.html'%}
 <div class = " container" >
<div class = " row" >
<div class = ". col-md-6 m-auto" >
{ % block content % }{ % endblock%}
</div >
</div >
</div >
</body >

</html >

Create Landing Page

The URL http://127.0.0.1:8000/ should display a landing page for our web
application. So to create a landing page we will follow the step given
below.

Step-1 Switch to the top-level pollster folder and run the command given
below to create an app ‘pages‘.

python manage.py startapp pages

Below is the folder structure once the ‘pages’ app will be created.

Step-2 Open ‘views.py‘ inside ‘pages’ folder i.e. pages->views.py. Write

down the code given below to visit on landing page.
 from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.

def index(request):
return render(request, 'pages / index.html')

Step-3 Create urls.py file inside the ‘pages’ folder i.e. pages->urls.py. Write
the code given below to define the routing of pages->index.html file
(check step-1).

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
]

Step-4 Create a folder ‘pages‘ inside ‘template’ folder. Now inside ‘pages’
folder create a file index.html. Write down the code given below to display
the landing page to the users.

{% extends 'base.html' % }
{% block content % }

<div class = " card text-center" >

<div class = " card-body" >
<h1 > Welcome To Pollster!< /h1 >
<p > This is an Polling Web Application built with Django <
/p >
<a class = " btn btn-dark" href = "{% url 'polls:index' %}" >
View Available Polls < /a >
</div >
</div >
{ % endblock % }

Create routing inside the main urls.py file of the application

We have created two apps in our application ‘polls‘ and ‘pages‘. We need
to define the routing of these two apps inside the main urls.py file which is
pollster->pollster->urls.py file. So open the main urls.py file inside the
pollster folder and write down the code given below to define the routing
of these two apps(‘polls’ and ‘pages’).

from django.contrib import admin

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
path('', include('pages.urls')),
path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

Testing of the Application

Admin Frontend
Step-1 Run the server using the command python manage.py runserver
and browse the URL http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/. Now enter the
username and password to login into the system.

Step-2 Click on ‘add’ button next to the ‘Questions’.

Step-2 Now add question and choices for those questions. Also, mention
the date and time and then click on the ‘save’ button. You can add as
many questions as you want. You will see a list of questions added in the
database.

User Frontend
Step-1: Browse the URL http://127.0.0.1:8000/ and you will see the
landing page of the application. Click on the “View Available Polls”
Step-2: You will see list of questions with two options ‘Vote Now’ and
‘Results’. From here you need to select one question and click on the ‘Vote
Now’ button.

Step-3: Once this is done select any one choice and click on ‘Vote’ button.
You can also go to the previous menu using the ‘Back to Polls’ button on
the top.
You will see the total voting result for the question you have selected.

You can also check the total votes for any question using the option
‘Results’ from the ‘Poll Questions’ page.

Project Repository Link

https://github.com/anuupadhyay/pollster-django-crash

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