Machine learning - Unit 1

1.1 Overview
• Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves the
development of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers
to improve their performance in tasks through experience.
• A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some
class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as
measured by P, improves with experience E.
Machine learning Life cycle
1. Problem Definition:

Clearly define the problem you want to solve and determine whether machine
learning is the appropriate approach.
2. Data Collection:

Gather relevant data that will be used to train and test the machine learning
model. The quality and quantity of data play a crucial role in the success of the
model.
3. Data Preprocessing:

Clean and prepare the collected data. This may involve handling missing values,
dealing with outliers, normalizing or standardizing features, and other data
transformations.
4. Feature Engineering:

Select and create relevant features from the dataset that will be used as input
to the machine learning model. This step involves transforming raw data into a
format suitable for model training.
5. Model Selection:

Choose the appropriate machine learning algorithm or model architecture

based on the nature of the problem (e.g., classification, regression) and the
characteristics of the data.

6. Model Training:

Use the prepared data to train the selected model. During training, the model
learns patterns and relationships within the data to make predictions or
classifications.
7. Model Evaluation:

Assess the performance of the trained model using a separate dataset

(validation set or test set) not used during training. Common evaluation
metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and others, depending on
the problem.
8. Model Deployment:

Deploy the trained model to a production environment where it can be used to

make predictions on new, unseen data. This step involves integrating the model
into existing systems or applications.

Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

Artificial intelligence is a Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows

technology which enables a a machine to automatically learn from past data
machine to simulate human without programming explicitly.
behavior.

The goal of AI is to make a The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn

smart computer system like from data so that they can give accurate output.
humans to solve complex
problems.

AI has a very wide range of Machine learning has a limited scope.

scope.

AI can be divided into three Machine learning can also be divided into
types, which are, Weak mainly three types that are Supervised
AI, General AI, and Strong AI. learning, Unsupervised learning,
and Reinforcement learning.

AI system is concerned about Machine learning is mainly concerned about

maximizing the chances of accuracy and patterns.
success.
Features of machine learning

1. Predictive Modeling: Machine learning algorithms create models from data to

forecast future events, such as loan defaults or consumer purchases.
2. Automation: These algorithms automate pattern recognition in data, reducing
the need for human involvement and enhancing analysis precision and
efficiency.
3. Scalability: Machine learning techniques handle massive amounts of data,
allowing businesses to make informed decisions from big data insights.
4. Generalization: Machine learning algorithms can identify broad patterns in data,
enabling them to analyze new, unseen data and forecast future events
effectively.
5. Adaptiveness: These algorithms continuously learn and adapt as new data
becomes available, improving their accuracy and efficiency over time.

Need for Machine Learning

• Machine learning is important because it allows computers to learn from
data and improve their performance on specific tasks without being
explicitly programmed.
• This ability to learn from data and adapt to new situations makes
machine learning particularly useful for tasks that involve large amounts
of data, complex decision-making, and dynamic environments.

1.2 Types of Machine Learning

1. Supervised learning:
• This involves training a model on a labeled data set, where the
correct output is provided for each input.
• The algorithm uses this information to learn the relationship
between inputs and outputs and can then make predictions on
new, unseen data.
 2. Unsupervised learning:
• This involves training a model on an unlabeled data set where the
correct output is not provided.
• The algorithm must find the structure in the data on its own and is
typically used for clustering, dimensionality reduction and
anomaly detection.
3. Reinforcement learning:
• This involves training an agent to make decisions in an
environment where it receives feedback through rewards or
punishments.
• The algorithm uses this feedback to learn the best strategy for
maximizing rewards over time.

Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning

Supervised learning algorithms are Unsupervised learning algorithms are

trained using labeled data. trained using unlabeled data.

The goal of supervised learning is to train The goal of unsupervised learning is to

the model so that it can predict the find the hidden patterns and useful
output when it is given new data. insights from the unknown dataset.

In supervised learning, input data is In unsupervised learning, only input

provided to the model along with the data is provided to the model.
output.

It includes various algorithms such as It includes various algorithms such as

Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Clustering, KNN, and Apriori algorithm.
Support Vector Machine, Multi-class
Classification, Decision tree, Bayesian
Logic, etc.

Supervised learning can be categorized Unsupervised Learning can be classified

in Classification and Regression problems. in Clustering and Associations problems.
1.3 Applications of Machine learning
1. Image Recognition: Machine learning is used in image recognition to
enable computers to identify and classify objects within images. This has
applications in various fields, from facial recognition for security
purposes to automated quality control in manufacturing.

2. Speech Recognition: Machine learning algorithms can convert spoken

language into text, enabling voice assistants like Siri and Google
Assistant. It's also used in transcription services, accessibility features,
and call center automation.

3. Traffic Prediction: Machine learning in traffic prediction uses real-time

and historical data to forecast traffic conditions accurately, optimizing
travel routes and providing users with up-to-date information for
efficient navigation. This approach continuously learns from user data
to improve predictions and adapt to changing traffic dynamics in real
time.

4. Product Recommendations: E-commerce platforms like Amazon and

Netflix use machine learning to recommend products and content to
users based on their past behavior and preferences. This enhances the
user experience and drives sales.

5. Self-Driving Cars: One of the most exciting applications of machine

learning is self-driving cars. Machine learning plays a significant role in
self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company is
working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to
train the car models to detect people and objects while driving.

6. Medical Diagnosis: Machine learning in medical science helps

diagnose diseases, leading to rapid advancements in technology like
3D modeling. It predicts diseases by analyzing patient data, detects
abnormalities in medical images like X-rays, and personalizes
treatment plans for better patient outcomes.
1.4 Tools and Technology for Machine Learning
1. NumPy:
• NumPy stands for Numerical Python
• It is an open-source Python library that provides support for large,
multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.
• It also has functions for working in domain of linear algebra and
matrices.
• The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of
supporting functions that make working with ndarray very easy.
2. Pandas:
• Pandas is a powerful and open-source Python library.
• The Pandas library is used for data manipulation and analysis.
• Pandas consist of data structures and functions to perform efficient
operations on data.
• Pandas is well-suited for working with tabular data, such as
spreadsheets or SQL tables.
3. Matplotlib:
• Matplotlib is a powerful plotting library in Python used for creating static,
animated, and interactive visualizations.
• Matplotlib’s primary purpose is to provide users with the tools and
functionality to represent data graphically, making it easier to analyze and
understand.
• It supports different data formats.

4. Scikit-learn
• Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine
learning in Python.
• It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical
modeling including classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality
reduction via a consistence interface in Python.
• This library, which is largely written in Python, is built upon NumPy, SciPy
and Matplotlib.
5. PyTorch

• PyTorch is an open source machine learning (ML) framework based on the

Python programming language and the Torch library.
• Torch is an open source ML library used for creating deep neural networks and is
written in the Lua scripting language.
• It's one of the preferred platforms for deep learning research.

6.TensorFlow

• TensorFlow is a powerful open-source machine-learning framework developed

by Google, that empowers developers to construct and train ML models.
• It is used to implement machine learning and deep learning applications, for the
development and research of fascinating ideas in artificial intelligence.
• TensorFlow is designed with the Python programming language, which makes it
an easily understandable framework.