Defining a class hierarchy

Acquiring properties from one class to another class.

Shape
FIRST HIERARCHY

2D 3D

CIRCLE SQAURE CUBE

C++ Inheritance

In C++, inheritance is a process in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of its
parent object automatically. In such way, you can reuse, extend or modify the attributes and behaviors
which are defined in other class.

In C++, the class which inherits the members of another class is called derived class and the class whose
members are inherited is called base class. The derived class is the specialized class for the base class.

Advantage of C++ Inheritance

Code reusability: Now you can reuse the members of your parent class. So, there is no need to define
the member again. So less code is required in the class.

Size of code reduced

Transitivity property.

Types Of Inheritance

C++ supports five types of inheritance:

o Single inheritance

o Multiple inheritance

o Hierarchical inheritance

o Multilevel inheritance

o Hybrid inheritance

Derived Classes
A Derived class is defined as the class derived from the base class.

The Syntax of Derived class:

1. class derived_class_name :: visibility-mode base_class_name

2. {

3. // body of the derived class.

4. }

Where,

derived_class_name: It is the name of the derived class.

visibility mode: The visibility mode specifies whether the features of the base class are publicly inherited
or privately inherited. It can be public or private.

base_class_name: It is the name of the base class.

o When the base class is privately inherited by the derived class, public members of the base class
becomes the private members of the derived class. Therefore, the public members of the base
class are not accessible by the objects of the derived class only by the member functions of the
derived class.

o When the base class is publicly inherited by the derived class, public members of the base class
also become the public members of the derived class. Therefore, the public members of the
base class are accessible by the objects of the derived class as well as by the member functions
of the base class.

Note:

o In C++, the default mode of visibility is private.

o The private members of the base class are never inherited.

C++ Single Inheritance

Single inheritance is defined as the inheritance in which a derived class is inherited from the only one
base class.
Where 'A' is the base class, and 'B' is the derived class.

C++ Single Level Inheritance Example: Inheriting Fields

1. #include <iostream>

2. using namespace std;

3. class Account {

4. public:

5. float salary = 60000;

6. };

7. class Programmer: public Account {

8. public:

9. float bonus = 5000;

10. };

11. int main(void) {

12. Programmer p1;

13. cout<<"Salary: "<<p1.salary<<endl;

14. cout<<"Bonus: "<<p1.bonus<<endl;

15. return 0;

16. }

Output:

Salary: 60000

Bonus: 5000

1. #include <iostream>

2. using namespace std;

3. class Animal {

4. public:

5. void eat() {

6. cout<<"Eating..."<<endl;
 7. }

8. };

9. class Dog: public Animal

10. {

11. public:

12. void bark(){

13. cout<<"Barking...";

14. }

15. };

16. int main(void) {

17. Dog d1;

18. d1.eat();

19. d1.bark();

20. return 0;

21. }

Output:

Eating...

Barking...

1. #include <iostream>

2. using namespace std;

3. class A

4. {

5. int a = 4;

6. int b = 5;

7. public:

8. int mul()

9. {
 10. int c = a*b;

11. return c;

12. }

13. };

14. class B : private A

15. {

16. public:

17. void display()

18. {

19. int result = mul();

20. std::cout <<"Multiplication of a and b is : "<<result<< std::endl;

21. }

22. };

23. int main()

24. {

25. B b;

26. b.display();

27. return 0;

28. }

Output:

Multiplication of a and b is : 20

How to make a Private Member Inheritable

The private member is not inheritable. If we modify the visibility mode by making it public, but this takes
away the advantage of data hiding.

C++ introduces a third visibility modifier, i.e., protected. The member which is declared as protected will
be accessible to all the member functions within the class as well as the class immediately derived from
it.

Visibility modes can be classified into three categories:

o Private: When the member is declared as private, it is accessible within the class only.

o Protected: When the member is declared as protected, it is accessible within its own class as
well as the class immediately derived from it.

Visibility of Inherited Members

Base class visibility Derived class visibility

Public Private Protected

Private Not Inherited Not Inherited Not Inherited

Protected Protected Private Protected

Public Public Private Protected

C++ Multilevel Inheritance

Multilevel inheritance is a process of deriving a class from another derived class.

When one class inherits another class which is further inherited by another class, it is known as multi
level inheritance in C++. Inheritance is transitive so the last derived class acquires all the members of all
its base classes.

Let's see the example of multi level inheritance in C++.

1. #include <iostream>

2. using namespace std;

3. class Animal {

4. public:

5. void eat() {

6. cout<<"Eating..."<<endl;

7. }

8. };

9. class Dog: public Animal

10. {

11. public:

12. void bark(){

13. cout<<"Barking..."<<endl;

14. }
 15. };

16. class BabyDog: public Dog

17. {

18. public:

19. void weep() {

20. cout<<"Weeping...";

21. }

22. };

23. int main(void) {

24. BabyDog d1;

25. d1.eat();

26. d1.bark();

27. d1.weep();

28. return 0;

29. }

Output:

Eating...

Barking...

Weeping...

C++ Multiple Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is the process of deriving a new class that inherits the attributes from two or more
classes.

Syntax of the Derived class:

2. {

3. // Body of the class;

4. }

Let's see a simple example of multiple inheritance.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

protected:

int a;

public:

void get_a(int n)

a = n;

};

class B

protected:

int b;

public:

void get_b(int n)

b = n;

};
 class C : public A,public B

public:

void display()

std::cout << "The value of a is : " <<a<< std::endl;

std::cout << "The value of b is : " <<b<< std::endl;

cout<<"Addition of a and b is : "<<a+b;

};

int main()

C c;

c.get_a(10);

c.get_b(20);

c.display();

return 0;

Output:

The value of a is : 10

The value of b is : 20

Addition of a and b is : 30

In the above example, class 'C' inherits two base classes 'A' and 'B' in a public mode.

Ambiquity Resolution in Inheritance

Ambiguity can be occurred in using the multiple inheritance when a function with the same name occurs
in more than one base class.

Let's understand this through an example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A

public:

void display()

std::cout << "Class A" << std::endl;

};

class B

public:

void display()

std::cout << "Class B" << std::endl;

};

class C : public A, public B

void view()

display();

};

int main()

C c;
 c.display();

return 0;

Output:

error: reference to 'display' is ambiguous

display();

o The above issue can be resolved by using the class resolution operator with the function. In the
above example, the derived class code can be rewritten as:

1. class C : public A, public B

2. {

3. void view()

4. {

5. A :: display(); // Calling the display() function of class A.

6. B :: display(); // Calling the display() function of class B.

7.

8. }

9. };

An ambiguity can also occur in single inheritance.

Consider the following situation:

1. class A

2. {

3. public:

4. void display()

5. {

6. cout<<?Class A?;

7. }
 8. } ;

9. class B

10. {

11. public:

12. void display()

13. {

14. cout<<?Class B?;

15. }

16. } ;

In the above case, the function of the derived class overrides the method of the base class. Therefore,
call to the display() function will simply call the function defined in the derived class. If we want to
invoke the base class function, we can use the class resolution operator.

1. int main()

2. {

3. B b;

4. b.display(); // Calling the display() function of B class.

5. b.B :: display(); // Calling the display() function defined in B class.

6. }

C++ Hybrid Inheritance

Hybrid inheritance is a combination of more than one type of inheritance.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

protected:

int a;

public:

void get_a()

std::cout << "Enter the value of 'a' : " << std::endl;

cin>>a;

};

class B : public A

protected:

int b;
 public:

void get_b()

std::cout << "Enter the value of 'b' : " << std::endl;

cin>>b;

};

class C

protected:

int c;

public:

void get_c()

std::cout << "Enter the value of c is : " << std::endl;

cin>>c;

};

class D : public B, public C

protected:

int d;

public:

void mul()

get_a();
 get_b();

get_c();

std::cout << "Multiplication of a,b,c is : " <<a*b*c<< std::endl;

};

int main()

D d;

d.mul();

return 0;

Output:

Enter the value of 'a' : 10

Enter the value of 'b' : 20

Enter the value of c is : 30

Multiplication of a,b,c is : 6000

C++ Hierarchical Inheritance

Hierarchical inheritance is defined as the process of deriving more than one class from a base class.

Syntax of Hierarchical inheritance:

// body of the class A.

class B : public A

// body of class B.

class C : public A

// body of class C.

class D : public A

// body of class D.

Let's se a simple example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Shape // Declaration of base class.

public:

int a;

int b;

void get_data(int n,int m)

{
 a= n;

b = m;

};

class Rectangle : public Shape // inheriting Shape class

public:

int rect_area()

int result = a*b;

return result;

};

class Triangle : public Shape // inheriting Shape class

public:

int triangle_area()

float result = 0.5*a*b;

return result;

};

int main()

Rectangle r;

Triangle t;

int length,breadth,base,height;
 std::cout << "Enter the length and breadth of a rectangle: " << std::endl;

cin>>length>>breadth;

r.get_data(length,breadth);

int m = r.rect_area();

std::cout << "Area of the rectangle is : " <<m<< std::endl;

std::cout << "Enter the base and height of the triangle: " << std::endl;

cin>>base>>height;

t.get_data(base,height);

float n = t.triangle_area();

std::cout <<"Area of the triangle is : " << n<<std::endl;

return 0;

Output:

Enter the length and breadth of a rectangle: 23 20

Area of the rectangle is : 460

Enter the base and height of the triangle: 2 5

Area of the triangle is : 5