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Unit4 - Autoboxing, java.lang package

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Chapter 9- Autoboxing

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Autoboxing (Primitive Type to Wrapper

Object)
 In Java, primitive data types are treated differently so do there comes the
introduction of wrapper classes where two components play a role namely
Autoboxing and Unboxing.
 Autoboxing refers to the conversion of a primitive value into an object of the
corresponding wrapper class. For example, converting int to Integer class.
 The Java compiler applies autoboxing when a primitive value is: Passed as a
parameter to a method that expects an object of the corresponding wrapper class.
 Assigned to a variable of the corresponding wrapper class.

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Autoboxing (Primitive Type to Wrapper

Object)
 For example,

 Autoboxing has a great advantage

while working with Java
collections.

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Autoboxing (Primitive Type to Wrapper

Object)
 In the above example, we have created an array list of Integer type. Hence
the array list can only hold objects of Integer type.

 Here, we are passing primitive type value. However, due to autoboxing, the
primitive value is automatically converted into an Integer object and stored
in the array list.

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Java Unboxing (Wrapper Objects to Primitive

Types)
 In unboxing, the Java compiler automatically converts wrapper class
objects into their corresponding primitive types.
 For example,

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Java Unboxing (Wrapper Objects to Primitive

Types)

 Here, the get() method returns

the object at index 0. However,
due to unboxing, the object is
automatically converted into
the primitive type int and
assigned to the variable a.

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Benefits of Autoboxing / Unboxing

 Autoboxing / Unboxing lets us use primitive types and Wrapper class objects
interchangeably.
 We don't have to perform Explicit typecasting.
 It helps prevent errors, but may lead to unexpected results sometimes.
Hence must be used with care.
 Auto-unboxing also allows you to mix different types of numeric objects in an
expression. When the values are unboxed, the standard type conversions can be
applied.

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Wrapper Class
 The wrapper
classes in Java are
used to convert
primitive types
(int, char, float,
etc) into
corresponding
objects.
 Each of the 8
primitive types
has corresponding
wrapper classes.
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Wrapper Class
 Advantages of Wrapper Classes:
 In Java, sometimes we might need to use objects instead of primitive data
types. For example, while working with collections.

 In such cases, wrapper classes help us to use primitive data types as

objects.

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Wrapper Class
 We can store the null value in wrapper objects. For example,

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Wrapper Class
 Convert Primitive
Type to Wrapper
Objects.
 We can also use the
valueOf() method to
convert primitive
types into
corresponding
objects.

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Wrapper Class

 In the above example, we have used the valueOf() method to convert the
primitive types into objects.
 Here, we have used the instanceof operator to check whether the generated
objects are of Integer or Double type or not.
 However, the Java compiler can directly convert the primitive types into
corresponding objects.
 This process is known as auto-boxing.
 For example,

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Wrapper Class
 Wrapper Objects into Primitive Types
 To convert objects into the primitive types, we can use the corresponding
value methods (intValue(), doubleValue(), etc) present in each wrapper
class.
 In the below example, we have used the intValue() and doubleValue()
method to convert the Integer and Double objects into corresponding
primitive types.

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Wrapper Class

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Wrapper Class
 In the above example, we have used the intValue() and doubleValue() method
to convert the Integer and Double objects into corresponding primitive types.
 This process is known as unboxing.
 For example,

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Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions

 In general, autoboxing and unboxing take place whenever a conversion into
an object or from an object is required.
 This applies to expressions. Within an expression, a numeric object is
automatically unboxed.
 The outcome of the expression is reboxed, if necessary.
 For example, consider the following program:

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Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions

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String
 In Java, a string is a sequence of characters. For example, "hello" is a string
containing a sequence of characters 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', and 'o'.
 We use double quotes to represent a string in Java. For example,

 Here, we have created a string variable named type. The variable is initialized
with the string Java Programming.

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String
 In this example, we have created
three strings named first, second,
and third.
Here, we are directly creating
strings like primitive types.
 However, there is another way
of creating Java strings (using
the new keyword).

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String
 Java String Operations:- Java String provides various methods to perform
different operations on strings. We will look into some of the commonly
used string operations.
1. Get length of a String:- To find the length of a string, we use the length()
method of the String.
2. Join Two Java Strings:- We can join two strings in Java using the concat()
method. We can also join two strings using the + operator in Java.
3. Compare two Strings:- In Java, we can make comparisons between two
strings using the equals() method.

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String
 We can also compare two strings using the == operator in Java. However, this
approach is different than the equals() method.

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String

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String
 Escape character in Java Strings:- The escape character is used to escape
some of the characters present inside a string.
 Suppose we need to include double quotes inside a string.

 Since strings are represented by double quotes, the compiler will treat "This is
the " as the string. Hence, the above code will cause an error.

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String
 To solve this issue, we use the escape character \ in Java. For example,

 Now, escape characters tell the compiler to escape double quotes and read
the whole text.

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String
 Java Strings are Immutable:- In Java, strings are immutable. This means,
once we create a string, we cannot change that string.
 To understand it more deeply, consider an example:

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String
 Here, we have created a string variable named example. The variable holds the
string "Hello! ".
 Now suppose we want to change the string.

 Here, we are using the concat() method to add another string World to the
previous string.
 It looks like we are able to change the value of the previous string. However,
this is not true.

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String
 Let's see what has happened here,
1. JVM takes the first string "Hello! “
2. creates a new string by adding "World" to the first string
3. assign the new string "Hello! World" to the example variable
4. the first string "Hello! " remains unchanged

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String
 Creating strings using the new keyword
 So far we have created strings like primitive types in Java.
 Since strings in Java are objects, we can create strings using the new
keyword as well. For example,

 In the above example, we have created a string name using the new
keyword.
 Here, when we create a string object, the String() constructor is invoked.

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Methods of Java String

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Methods of Java String

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Methods of Java String

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String Buffer
 StringBuffer is a peer class of String that provides much of the functionality
of strings.
 The string represents fixed-length, immutable character sequences while
StringBuffer represents growable and writable character sequences.
 Java StringBuffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable) String objects.
 The StringBuffer class in Java is the same as String class except it is mutable
i.e. it can be changed.

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String Buffer
 Constructors of StringBuffer class
1. StringBuffer(): It reserves room for 16 characters without reallocation.

2. StringBuffer(int size): It accepts an integer argument that explicitly sets the

size of the buffer.

3. StringBuffer(String str): It accepts a string argument that sets the initial

contents of the StringBuffer object and reserves room for 16 more characters
without reallocation.

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String Buffer Methods

1. append() method:- The append() method concatenates the given argument
with this string.

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String Buffer Methods

2. insert() method:- The insert() method inserts the given string with this
string at the given position.

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String Buffer Methods

3. replace() method:- The replace() method replaces the given string from the
specified beginIndex and endIndex-1.

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String Buffer Methods

4. delete() method:- The delete() method of StringBuffer class deletes the string
from the specified beginIndex to endIndex-1.

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String Buffer Methods

5. reverse() method:- The reverse() method of StringBuilder class reverses the
current string.

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String Buffer Methods

6. capacity() method:- The capacity() method of StringBuffer class returns the
current capacity of the buffer.
 The default capacity of the buffer is 16.
 If the number of character increases from its current capacity, it increases the
capacity by (oldcapacity*2)+2.
 For example if your current capacity is 16, it will be (16*2)+2=34.

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String Buffer

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String Buffer
 Auxiliary methods of String buffer are as follows:
 ensureCapacity(): It is used to increase the capacity of a StringBuffer
object. The new capacity will be set to either the value we specify or twice the
current capacity plus two (i.e. capacity+2), whichever is larger. Here, capacity
specifies the size of the buffer.
 Syntax:

 appendCodePoint(int codePoint): This method appends the string

representation of the codePoint argument to this sequence.
 Syntax:

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String Buffer
 charAt(int index): This method returns the char value in this sequence at the
specified index.
 Syntax:

 int codePointAt(int index): This method returns the character (Unicode code
point) at the specified index.
 Syntax:

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String Buffer
 int codePointBefore(int index): This method returns the character (Unicode
code point) before the specified index.
 Syntax:

 int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex): This method returns the

number of Unicode code points in the specified text range of this sequence.
 Syntax:

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String Buffer
 int indexOf(String str): This method returns the index within this string of
the first occurrence of the specified substring.
 Syntax:

 int lastIndexOf(String str): This method returns the index within this string
of the last occurrence of the specified substring.
 Syntax:

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Difference between String vs. String Buffer

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Comparable interface
 As the name itself suggests, Comparable is an interface which defines a way
to compare an object with other objects of the same type.
 It helps to sort the objects that have self-tendency to sort themselves, i.e., the
objects must know how to order themselves. Eg: Roll number, age, salary.
 This interface is found in java.lang package and it contains only one method,
i.e., compareTo().
 Comparable is not capable of sorting the objects on its own, but the interface
defines a method int compareTo() which is responsible for sorting.

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Comparable interface
 public int compareTo(Object obj): It is used to compare the current object
with the specified object.
 int compareTo(String str): Here, str is the String being compared with the
invoking String. The result of the comparison is returned and is
interpreted, as shown here:

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Comparable interface
 Using Comparable Interface
 In this method, we are going to implement the Comparable interface from
java.lang Package in the Pair class.
 The Comparable interface contains the method compareTo to decide the
order of the elements.
 Override the compareTo method in the Pair class.
 Create an array of Pairs and populate the array.
 Use the Arrays.sort() function to sort the array.

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Comparable interface

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Comparable interface

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Chapter 10- The Collection Framework

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The collection Framework

 The Java collections framework provides a set of interfaces and classes to
implement various data structures and algorithms.
 For example, the LinkedList class of the collections framework provides the
implementation of the doubly-linked list data structure.
 Interfaces of Collections FrameWork
 The Java collection framework provides various interfaces.
 These interfaces include several methods to perform different operations on
collections.

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The collection Framework

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The collection Interface

 Java Collection Interface:- The Collection interface is the root interface of the
Java collections framework.
 There is no direct implementation of this interface. However, it is
implemented through its subinterfaces like List, Set, and Queue.
 For example, the ArrayList class implements the List interface which is a
subinterface of the Collection Interface.

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The collection Interface

 Subinterfaces of Collection:- As mentioned above, the Collection interface

includes subinterfaces that are implemented by various classes in Java.

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The collection Interface

1. List Interface:- In Java, the List interface is an ordered collection that allows
us to store and access elements sequentially.
 It extends the Collection interface.
 Classes that Implement List:- Since List is an interface, we cannot create
objects from it.
 In order to use functionalities of the List interface, we can use these classes:
 ArrayList
 LinkedList
 Vector
 Stack

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The collection Interface

 How to use List?
 In Java, we must import java.util.List package in order to use List.

 Here, we have created objects list1 and list2 of classes ArrayList and
LinkedList. These objects can use the functionalities of the List interface.

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The collection Interface

 Methods of List:- The List interface includes all the methods of the
Collection interface. Its because Collection is a super interface of List.
 Some of the commonly used methods of the Collection interface that's also
available in the List interface are:
 add() - adds an element to a list
 addAll() - adds all elements of one list to another
 get() - helps to randomly access elements from lists
 iterator() - returns iterator object that can be used to sequentially access elements of lists
 set() - changes elements of lists
 remove() - removes an element from the list
 removeAll() - removes all the elements from the list
 clear() - removes all the elements from the list (more efficient than removeAll())
 size() - returns the length of lists
 toArray() - converts a list into an array
 contains() - returns true if a list contains specified element
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The collection Interface

2. Set Interface:- The Set interface of the Java Collections framework provides the
features of the mathematical set in Java.
 It extends the Collection interface.
 Unlike the List interface, sets cannot contain duplicate elements.
 Classes that implement Set:- Since Set is an interface, we cannot create
objects from it.
 In order to use functionalities of the Set interface, we can use these
classes:
 HashSet
 LinkedHashSet
 EnumSet
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The collection Interface

 These classes are defined in the Collections framework and implement the Set
interface.

 Interfaces that extend Set

 The Set interface is also extended by these subinterfaces:
 SortedSet
 NavigableSet

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The collection Interface

 How to use Set?

 In Java, we must import java.util.Set package in order to use Set.

 Here, we have created a Set called animals. We have used the HashSet class to
implement the Set interface.

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The collection Interface

 Methods of Set:- The Set interface includes all the methods of the Collection
interface. It's because Collection is a super interface of Set.
 Some of the commonly used methods of the Collection interface that's
also available in the Set interface are:
 add() - adds the specified element to the set
 addAll() - adds all the elements of the specified collection to the set
 iterator() - returns an iterator that can be used to access elements of the set
sequentially
 remove() - removes the specified element from the set
 removeAll() - removes all the elements from the set that is present in another
specified set
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The collection Interface

 retainAll() - retains all the elements in the set that are also present in another
specified set
 clear() - removes all the elements from the set
 size() - returns the length (number of elements) of the set
 toArray() - returns an array containing all the elements of the set
 contains() - returns true if the set contains the specified element
 containsAll() - returns true if the set contains all the elements of the specified
collection
 hashCode() - returns a hash code value (address of the element in the set)

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The collection Interface

 Set Operations:- The Java Set interface allows us to perform basic
mathematical set operations like union, intersection, and subset.
 Union - to get the union of two sets x and y, we can use x.addAll(y)
 Intersection - to get the intersection of two sets x and y, we can use
x.retainAll(y)
 Subset - to check if x is a subset of y, we can use y.containsAll(x)

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The collection Interface

 Java List vs. Set:- Both the List interface and the Set interface inherits the
Collection interface. However, there exists some difference between them.
 Lists can include duplicate elements. However, sets cannot have duplicate
elements.
 Elements in lists are stored in some order. However, elements in sets are
stored in groups like sets in mathematics.

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The collection Interface

 SortedSet Interface:- The SortedSet interface of the Java
Collections framework is used to store elements with some
order in a set.
 It extends the Set interface.
 Class that implements SortedSet:- In order to use the
functionalities of the SortedSet interface, we need to use the
TreeSet class that implements it.

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The collection Interface

 How to use SortedSet?
 To use SortedSet, we must import the java.util.SortedSet
package first.

 We have created a sorted set called animals using the TreeSet class.
 Here we have used no arguments to create a sorted set. Hence
the set will be sorted naturally.

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The collection Interface

 Methods of SortedSet:- The SortedSet interface includes all the methods of
the Set interface. It's because Set is a super interface of SortedSet.
 Besides methods included in the Set interface, the SortedSet interface
also includes these methods:
 comparator() - returns a comparator that can be used to order elements in the
set
 first() - returns the first element of the set
 last() - returns the last element of the set
 headSet(element) - returns all the elements of the set before the specified
element

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The collection Interface

 tailSet(element) - returns all the elements of the set after the specified
element including the specified element
 subSet(element1, element2) - returns all the elements between the
element1 and element2 including element1

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The collection Interface

3. Queue Interface:- The Queue interface of the Java collections framework
provides the functionality of the queue data structure.
 It extends the Collection interface.
 Classes that Implement Queue:- Since the Queue is an interface, we
cannot provide the direct implementation of it.
 In order to use the functionalities of Queue, we need to use classes that
implement it:
 ArrayDeque
 LinkedList
 PriorityQueue

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The collection Interface

 Interfaces that extend Queue:- The Queue interface is also extended by

various subinterfaces:
 Deque
 BlockingQueue
 BlockingDeque

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The collection Interface

 Working of Queue Data Structure:- In queues, elements are stored and

accessed in First In, First Out manner. That is, elements are added from
the behind and removed from the front.

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The collection Interface

 How to use Queue?
 In Java, we must import java.util.Queue package in order to use Queue.

 Here, we have created objects animal1, animal2 and animal3 of classes

LinkedList, ArrayDeque and PriorityQueue respectively. These objects can
use the functionalities of the Queue interface.
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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 ArrayList Class:- In Java, we use the ArrayList class to
implement the functionality of resizable-arrays.
 It implements the List interface of the collections framework.
 Java ArrayList Vs Array:- In Java, we need to declare the
size of an array before we can use it. Once the size of an
array is declared, it's hard to change it.
 To handle this issue, we can use the ArrayList class. It
allows us to create resizable arrays.
 Unlike arrays, arraylists can automatically adjust their
capacity when we add or remove elements from them.
Hence, arraylists are also known as dynamic arrays.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 Creating an ArrayList:- Before using ArrayList, we need to import the
java.util.ArrayList package first. Here is how we can create arraylists in Java:

 Here, Type indicates the type of an arraylist. For example,

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In the above program, we have used Integer not int. It is because we cannot use
primitive types while creating an arraylist. Instead, we have to use the
corresponding wrapper classes.
 Here, Integer is the corresponding wrapper class of int.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In the above example, we have created an ArrayList named languages.
 Here, we have used the add() method to add elements to the arraylist.
 Basic Operations on ArrayList:- The ArrayList class provides various
methods to perform different operations on arraylists. We will look at
some commonly used arraylist operations:
 Add elements
 Access elements
 Change elements
 Remove elements

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

1. Add Elements to an ArrayList:- To add a single element to the arraylist, we
use the add() method of the ArrayList class.
 Syntax of ArrayList add():-
 Here, arraylist is an object of ArrayList class.
 add() Parameters:- The ArrayList add() method can take two parameters:
 index (optional) - index at which the element is inserted
 element - element to be inserted
 If the index parameter is not passed, the element is appended to the end of the
arraylist.
 add() Return Value:- returns true if the element is successfully inserted

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have created

an ArrayList named
primeNumbers.
 Here, the add() method does not
have an optional index
parameter. Hence, all the
elements are inserted at the end
of the arraylist.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have used

the add() method to insert
elements to the arraylist.
 Here, the add() method has the
optional index parameter.
Hence, C++ is inserted at index
1.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

2. Access ArrayList Elements:- To access an element from the arraylist, we use
the get() method of the ArrayList class. For example,
 Syntax of the get() method is:-
 get() Parameter:- The get() method takes single parameter.
 index - position of the element to be accessed
 get() Return Value:-
 returns the element present in the specified position.
 raises IndexOutOfBoundsException, if index is out of the range.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have

created an arraylist named
languages. Here, the get()
method is used to access the
element present at index 1.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

3. Change ArrayList Elements:- The Java ArrayList set() method replaces the
element present in a specified position with the specified element in an
arraylist.
 The syntax of the set() method is:-
 Here, arraylist is an object of the ArrayList class.
 set() Parameters:- The set() method takes two parameters.
 index - position of the element to be replaced
 element - new element that is to be stored at index
 set() Return Values:-
 returns the element previously present at index
 throws IndexOutOfBoundsException, if index is out of range
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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have created

an arraylist named languages.
 Here, we have used the set()
method to replace the element at
index 1 (English) with Java.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 ArrayList set() Vs. add()
 The set() method adds a new element at the specified position by replacing
the older element at that position.
 The add() method adds a new element at the specified position by shifting
the older element towards the right position.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

4. Remove ArrayList Elements:- To remove an element from the arraylist, we
can use the remove() method of the ArrayList class.
 The remove() method removes the single element from the arraylist.
 Syntax of ArrayList remove():- The syntax of the remove() method is

 remove() Parameters:- The remove() method takes a single parameter.

 obj - element that is to be removed from the arraylist, OR
 index - position from where element is to be removed
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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 If the same element obj is present in multiple location, then the element that
appear first in the arraylist is removed.
 remove() Return Value:-
 returns true if specified element is present in the arraylist
 returns the removed element if index is passed as parameter

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have

created a arraylist named
languages. The arraylist
stores the name of
programming languages.
 Here, we have used the
remove() method to remove
the element Java from the
arraylist.
25-12-2022 Ms. Uzma
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MShekh
Patel (TMESICS) 93
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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have

created an arraylist named
languages.
 Here, the remove() returns
and removes the element
present at position 2 (i.e.
Python).

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 In this example, we have created an

arraylists named
randomNumbers. In the arraylist,
the element 13 is present in two
locations. Notice the line,

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 Here, Integer.valueOf() - Converts the int value 13 to an Integer object. It is
because the remove() method only takes objects as its arguments.
 remove() – Removes the element 13 that appeared first in the arraylist.
 The Java ArrayList removeAll() method removes all the elements from the
arraylist that are also present in the specified collection.
 he Java ArrayList clear() method removes all the elements from an
arraylist.

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 Both the removeAll() and clear() method are performing the same task.
 However, the clear() method is used more than removeAll().
 It is because clear() is faster and efficient compared to removeAll().

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The Collection Class (ArrayList Class)

 Methods of ArrayList Class

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 LinkedList Class:- The LinkedList class of the Java collections framework
provides the functionality of the linked list data structure (doubly linkedlist).
 Each element in a linked list is known as a
node. It consists of 3 fields:
 Prev - stores an address of the previous
element in the list. It is null for the
first element
 Next - stores an address of the next
element in the list. It is null for the last
element
 Data - stores the actual data
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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 Creating a Java LinkedList:-
 Here is how we can create linked lists in Java:

 Here, Type indicates the type of a linked list.

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 In this example, we have created a

LinkedList named animals.
 Here, we have used the add()
method to add elements to the
LinkedList.

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 Methods of Java LinkedList:- LinkedList provides various methods that
allow us to perform different operations in linked lists. We will look at four
commonly used LinkedList Operators.
 Add elements
 Access elements
 Change elements
 Remove elements
1. Add elements to a LinkedList:- We can use the add() method to add an
element (node) at the end of the LinkedList. For example,

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 In this example, we have created a

LinkedList named animals. Here,
we have used the add() method to
add elements to animals.
 Notice the statement,

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 Here, we have used the index number parameter.
 It is an optional parameter that specifies the position where the new element is
added.
2. Access LinkedList elements:- The get() method of the LinkedList class is
used to access an element from the LinkedList. For example,

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 In this example, we have used

the get() method with
parameter 1.
 Here, the method returns the
element at index 1.

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

3. Change Elements of a LinkedList:- The set() method of LinkedList class is
used to change elements of the LinkedList. For example,

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 In the above example, we have

created a LinkedList named
languages. Notice the line,

 Here, the set() method changes

the element at index 3 to
Kotlin.

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

4. Remove element from a LinkedList:- The remove() method of the LinkedList
class is used to remove an element from the LinkedList. For example,

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

 Here, the remove() method takes the

index number as the parameter.
 And, removes the element specified
by the index number.

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The Collection Class (LinkedList Class)

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

 HashSet Class:- The HashSet class of the Java Collections
framework provides the functionalities of the hash table data
structure.
 It implements the Set interface.
 Creating a HashSet:- In order to create a hash set, we must
import the java.util.HashSet package first.
 Once we import the package, here is how we can create hash sets
in Java.

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

 Here, we have created a hash set named numbers.
 Notice, the part new HashSet<>(8, 0.75). Here, the first parameter is capacity,
and the second parameter is loadFactor.
 capacity - The capacity of this hash set is 8. Meaning, it can store 8 elements.
 loadFactor - The load factor of this hash set is 0.75. This means, whenever
our hash set is filled by 60%, the elements are moved to a new hash table of
double the size of the original hash table.
 Default capacity and load factor
 It's possible to create a hash table without defining its capacity and load
factor. For example,

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

 By default,
 the capacity of the hash set will be 16
 the load factor will be 0.75
 Methods of HashSet:- The HashSet class provides various methods that
allow us to perform various operations on the set.
1. Insert Elements to HashSet
 add() - inserts the specified element to the set
 addAll() - inserts all the elements of the specified collection to the set

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

2. Access HashSet Elements:- To access the elements of a hash set, we can use
the iterator() method.
 In order to use this method, we must import the java.util.Iterator package.
3. Remove Elements:-
 remove() - removes the specified element from the set
 removeAll() - removes all the elements from the set

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

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The Collection Class (HashSet Class)

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

 TreeSet Class:- The TreeSet class of the Java collections
framework provides the functionality of a tree data structure.
 It extends the NavigableSet interface.
 Creating a TreeSet:- In order to create a tree set, we must import
the java.util.TreeSet package first.
 Once we import the package, here is how we can create a TreeSet
in Java.

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

 Here, we have created a TreeSet without any arguments. In this case, the
elements in TreeSet are sorted naturally (ascending order).
 However, we can customize the sorting of elements by using the Comparator
interface.
 Methods of TreeSet:- The TreeSet class provides various methods that allow
us to perform various operations on the set.
1. Insert Elements to TreeSet:-
 add() - inserts the specified element to the set
 addAll() - inserts all the elements of the specified collection to the set

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

2. Access TreeSet Elements:- To access the elements of a tree set, we can use
the iterator() method.
 In order to use this method, we must import java.util.Iterator package.
3. Remove Elements:-
 remove() - removes the specified element from the set
 removeAll() - removes all the elements from the set

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

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The Collection Class (Treeset Class)

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