Cement concrete roads and its construction

 Sub grade
 Sub base (optional)
 Base course(either wbm, granular road
stabilized soil)
 Concrete pavement
Subgrade preparation:
• Properly compacted by rolling
SUB BASE AND BASE COURSE
preparation:
Form work:
 Either steel or timber
 Depth =thickness of the slab
 Should be fixed rigidly
 Should be oiled and checked

 Watering:
 Should be kept wet before 12 hrs concreting
 Keep saturation both base and sub base
Placing of concrete:

 Generally adopted mix is 1:2:4 with designed water cement ratio

 Should be laid in layers of thickness not more than 50mm
 Top most layer should be laid 6 to 12 mm higher than the actual
profile for further tamping
 Fix camber and gradient on top layers and
 also provide necessary transverse and longitudinal joints
Compaction and floating of concrete:
 The compaction and consolidation of concrete is done by manual
labour or by means of hand tampers or mechanical vibrators
 The Irrgularities caused due to tamping are rectified
 The purpose of floating is to produce a uniform and even surface of
concrete of free from transverse waves or corrugations
Belting:
 The belt is 15 to 30 cm wide strip of canvas or rubber fitted with
handles
 Rarely used
Brooming , curing and edging:
 Brooming is done immediately after belting
 Perpendicular to the center line of the road

 Curing period is 14 days

Edging:
 Brick edging is constructed to
product the slab
Methods of construction
of
ceMent concrete roads
 Alternate bay method
 Continuous bay method

1.Alternate bay method:

 Concrete is placed in bays of 4m to 5m length
 Width equal to carriage way
 This method is only suitable when the carriage way
width is less than 4.5m
 Intermediate bays are filled after at least a week
 Methods of construction of
cement concrete roads

2.continuous bay method:

 Width of traffic way is more than 4.5 m
 Generaly, this system is preferred
1.joints:
 1.longitudinal joint (tie bars)…..lane divide, avoid unequal
settlement of sub grade,help to laying con..,in convenient
widths
 2.transverse joint(dowel bars)….expansion, contraction
warping
joints:
Bituminous roads and its construction

• Binding materials-
• bitumen,
• coal tar,
• Asphalt

also called
Black top roads

• NH and SH are Generally bituminous roads

 1.Surface
dressing

Types of
bituminous
roads

2.Intermediate 3.High type

type surfaces surfaces
• surface dressing:
 Surface dressing gives better stability and good surface to a WBM or GRVEL
ROAD
 A thin layer of bituminous material is applied on the prepared surface.
 After sprinkling the bitumen, coarse sand is spread over the surface and rolled
 The compacted thickness of this layer is generally varies from 2 to 3 cm
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
• Surface preparation …………(surface should be dry)
• Application of binder ………(generally 2kg per meter sq is sufficient)
• Application of chipping……(10 to 20 mm are spread in a uniform layer)
• Rolling of layers…..(rolling is started from the edges towards the
centre and overlapping not less than ½ of the width of rolling wheel)
• Finishing………(checked for its cross profiles and opened to traffic after
24 hrs)
Rolling and finishing:
Maintenance of bituminous roads:

• Patch repairs
• Surface treatments
• Re surfacing
Re paring:

• Patch repairs
 Localized depression and pot holes
 Pot holes are cut to rectangular shape
and affected material in the section is
removed until the sound material
 And materials so placed in the pot holes
is well compacted by ramming to avoid
any movement
 Kept slightly above the original level
• Resurfacing
 Totally worn out and develop very poor riding surface
 Then an overlay of adequate thickness should be designed
and constructed

• Surface treatment
 Excess of bitumen in the surface materials bleeds
and the pavement becomes slippery.
 Aggregate chips of maximum size of about 10mm or
coarse sand……and necessary rolling is done
Pavements:
pavements:
BRIDGE ENGINEERING…
BRIDGE ENGINEERING…
fouNDatIoNs
Cause ways:
Cause ways:
Cause ways:
Pipe culvert:
box culvert:
Slab culvert:
Arch culvert:
WINGWalls
1.Stright wing walls
Wingwalls
2.splayed wing walls
Wingwalls
3.curved wing walls
Wingwalls
4.Return wing walls
Deck bridge
Through bridge
Semi-Through bridge
Continous bridge
Arch bridge
Balanced cantilever bridge:
Balanced cantilever bridge:
Bow string girder type bridge:
Rigid frame bridge:
Suspension bridge:
Continuous steel bridge:
Bridge bearings
Bridge bearings
Traffic engineering:
• Improvements of traffic performance of road network
• It ensures easy and safe flow of traffic
• And it includes planning ,geometric design and application of control device
• It deals with the applications, tools, techniques and
• Finding, safe ,rapid and economic movement of people and goods
• Direction and control of vehicular and pedestrian traffic on existing roads
Traffic survey:
 Purpose:-

 To give field date to the administrative authority to judge the suitability of the
project under reference

 To provide facilities on road

 To provide Suitable geometrical design
 To get idea of the nature of traffic and to forecast its future trend
 To provide suitable parking
 Controlling measures of speed
Types of Traffic survey:
 Types:-

 Accident survey
 Origin and destination survey
 Parking survey
 Spot speed survey
 Speed and delay survey
 Traffic volume survey
info., is collecTed in The Traffic survey:
 Particulars of towns and villages with in a distance 10 to 20 km on either side of
proposed track
 Estimate of traffic in terms of passengers and good wagons
 Pilgrimage places(like temples…)
 Population, types of pepole, trade facility etc..,
 Parking
 Study of speed
 Over all traffic capacity
 Road accidents
 cannot be totally prevented but by suitable traffic engineering and
management the accident rate can be reduced to a certain extent.
For this reason systematic study of traffic accidents are required to be
carried out
•Avoiding overspeeding and following speed limits.
prevenTive mesures:
•Avoiding drunken driving.
•Use of helmets by two-wheeler drivers.
• Drive
•Use of seat in the
belts andprescribed
child restraints speed
in cars. limits on the various roads. Always remember
•Improving visibility, appropriate headlights and road lightings.
thattraffic
•Obeying “Speed rules. thrills but kills”.
• Always put on helmets, seat belts and other safety equipments before driving a
bicycle/ motor cycle/vehicle. Always remember that “Safety saves”.
• Do not drink and drive.
• Never use mobile phones or ear phones while driving.
• Always remember “A mobile call on the road may be the last call of your life”.
• Know the traffic signs, signals, lights and traffic safety rules before you hit the
road.
• Always remember that “Road safety rules are best tools to avoid accidents”.
• Do not drive for long hours in a stretch.
• Have a proper breaks after every 2 hours of continuous driving.
• Always remember that “Man is a man and not a machine”.
road juncTions:
• Two or more road meet location is called as road junction
• The traffic has merging, crossing,and diverging movements
• So, it affects the safety,speed,efficiency,cost of operation and capacity of road
system

Intersection at
TWO TYPES grade
OF ROAD
SYSTEM Grade separated
intersection
At grade intersection:
o when two or more roads intersect each other
it is called intersection
o Roads that cross each other at the same
elevation are called at grade intersection
o Note:
o minimum distance between two adjacent
intersection should be about 400m
o And ensure SD,GD,DESIGN
SPEED,SIGNS,GUARD RAILS etc.,,

o Types of at grade intersection

1. Un channelized intersection
2. Channelized intersection
Un- channelized intersection:
These are simple in design
But most complex in traffic operations
and dangerous too,
Plain- plain intersection do not have any
additional width of pavement
Flared- extra widths on either side of the
pavements
channelized intersection:
These intersection are of several
kinds like circular,
tangent,turbine,and elliptical
Purpose:
 Separate two or more traffic
lanes of flow
 Reduce the no of possible
conflicts
 Reduce the speed
 Regulate the traffic flow
 Direct the traffic into definite
travel paths at intersectios
Grade separator intersection:
o Roads that cross each other at the different
elevation are called grade separators
• It may be an over or under crossing
 Over crossing ---major imporatance
 Under crossing---lesser importance

===Interchange also called flyover===

 Interchange may be with or without ramps..,

There will not be an connection between the
two crossing roads
Interchange may be with ramps.., There will be an
connection between the crossing roads

Ex:
1.diamond interchange
2.clover leaf interchange
 Diamond Clover leaf
interchange interchange
•Used in built •High speed
up areas interchange
•Need more
space-(open
country)
Interchange with ramps:
Traffic signals :-
These signals are provided to control, warn, and guide the traffic
To achive safe,free, rapid and efficient of flow
In general a traffic signals is composed of three lences.
There are red, yellow or amber, and green
Shape is circular and having dia is 200mm
Height of installation varies from 2.4m to 3m
According to indian motor vehicles act and indian road congress
Traffic signs have been divided into three categories
There are,
1.regulatory sign
2.warning sign
3.informatory sign
regulaTory signs :-
To inform the road users of certain
laws,regulations, and prohibitions
1. Stop and give-way signs
2. Prohibitory signs
3. No parking and no stoping signs
4. Speed limit and vehicle control
signs
5. Restriction ends sign
6. Compulsory direction control
1.sTop and give way sign:
• To stop the vehicle on a roadway
• Shape- Octogonal
• Red in colour with white border
• Order

2.prohibiTory sign:
• To prohibit certain traffic movements
• White colour with white border
• Shape- circular
• No horn, no entry, one way, straight prohibited

3.no parking and no sTopping sign:

3.no parking and no sTopping
sign:
• To prohibit parking of vehicles at that
place
• Shape –circle
• blue back ground, red border and
oblique red bars 45 degree

4.speed limiT and vehicle sign

• To restrict the speed of all or certain
classes of vehicles on particular stretch
of road
• Shape- circle
• White in back ground red in border and
black numerals indicates the speed limit
5.end resTricTion sign:
• This sign is usually installed before a bridge. It
indicates the load a bridge can bear. The limit of
this sign is 4 tonnes, this indicates that only vehicles
with axle load of 4 tonnes or less can pass over this
bridge. Any restriction conveyed through sign on
road ends here.
• Shape& color- circular with a white background and a
broad diagonal black band at 45degree
6.compulsory direcTion conTrol sign:-
• Circular in shape- blue back ground and white direction arrowes
warning(cauTionary) signs :-
 Many road signs warn you to slow down or watch for
hazards or special conditions ahead.
 Most warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped
with black letters or symbols.
 Some common warning signs are shown on the next
slides.
 Shape: equilateral triangle with its apex pointing
upwards
 Colour: white background, red border and black symbols
 To be located at sufficient distance in advance of the
hazard warned against these distances are
120,90,60,and 40 meters respectively on
NH/SH,MDR,ODR, and VR
 On urban roads this distance is 50m
informaTory signs :-
 Informatory sign are meant to provide information about direction,
destination, distance etc to the driver.
 They usually help the driver in saving time and reaching to their
destination easily.
 Informatory signs are normally blue in colour
informaTory signs :-
informaTory signs :-
 The direction and place identification signs are rectangular with
white background, black border and black arrow and letters.
 The inscriptions should be in English and other langauges as
necessary
 Destination, direction, place identification etc
Express ways:
o In the road devtion elopment plan (1981-2001) a
new class of road as known as express ways.
o These have superior facilities
o The main features of expressways are:-
 Exclusion of pedestrians, animals drawn vehicles,
cycles, engine capacity less than 50cc etc.,
 Complete separation of opposite traffic(median)
 Moderate gradient and gentle curves
 Adequate sight distances permitting high speed
Express ways:
• Telephones provisions(emergency)
• Servicing and refreshment
facilities(motel,toilets)
• Police and traffic aid posts
• Elimination of all crossing at road
level
• Specially designed interchanges at
reasonably long intervals
• And elimination of all other access
• Highway maintenance depots at
convenient intervals
Road aRboRicultuRe:
Objectives of road arboriculture:
• Shade to travelers.
• Revenue to the government(like timber, fruits)
• Protect the road (like bleeding)
• Wind brakers and reduce the temperature variations
• Control air pollution and purify the air
• Define the road alignment

• Selection of trees:
 long life, Either fruit or timber, and Shade,
 withstand strong wind and stromes
 Large and dense leaves, and good appearance
 Fast growing in a short period
 Revenue to the government
 Uniform and good appearance
Location of trees:
o Generally trees are planted on both sides of the road
o Minimum distance from edge of the road on line of trees should be 2-3m
o Distance between two trees varies from 10m to 18m
o Trees should be planted in a staggerd way (both sides of the road)
Drainage system:
• HigHway dRainage, consists of removing or controlling surface water and
subsurface water away from the road surface and the subgrade supporting it.

Achieved by,
• 1.surface drainage system
• 2.sub surface drainage system

Held water :
• Cannot removed by using those two

effect of Held wateR:

• Reduction in strength, lowering stability
• Swelling and shrinkage
• Pot holes formation
Subsurface drainage
• 1.suRface dRainage system
• Removal and diversion of
surface water from road way and
adjoining land is known as surface
drainage
2. Sub surface drainage system:
 Subsurface drainage, is concerned with removing water that percolates
through or is contained in the underlying subgrade.
 Removal of excess sub soil water from the subgrade is termed as sub surface
drainage.
2. Sub surface drainage system:
 Control from water table;
impervious layer or capillary cutoff layer used(Bitumen plus soil)
 Control from near lake or bonds;
Sand column are used to collect seepage water
1.2m below the water table hence safe
1. uRban Roads
 Longitudinal drainage pipe are used
 Manholes, inlet and catch basin are used
1.uRban Roads
2. RuRal Roads
• Earth cutting are used
• Shoulder 0.5 % greater than carriageway
3. mountain Roads
• Covered Side drains are used
• Fine sand and 80- 250mm boulders are filled the side drains
Highway alignment and surveys:
1. HoRizontal cuRves in HigHways
Simple curve:
• The simple curve is an arc of a circle.
• It is the most commonly used.
• The radius of the circle determines the “sharpness” or “flatness” of the
curve.
• The larger the radius, the “flatter” the curve.

Compound curve:
• This curve normally consists of two simple curves curving in the same
direction and joined together.

Reverse curve:
• A reverse curve consists of two simple curves joined together but curving
in opposite directions.
• For safety reasons, the surveyor should not use this curve unless
absolutely necessary.