INTRODUCTION TO NC MACHINE

➢ Those automatic machine in which all the operation

which is performed by operator in conventional machine
are controlled by alpha numeric codes are called NC
machine.

➢ If all the operations are translated into alpha numeric

codes & is feed & stored in a control unit it is known as
numeric control & the machine which is having numeric
control is called NC machine
➢ BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NC MACHINE:-

NC TAPE PUNCHED TAPE M.C.U

PROGRAM PUNCH TAPE RECORDER

PROCESSOR
➢ NC PROGRAM:-

➢ It is also known as part program.

➢ A/TO drawing of finished product what operation is to be performed ,with parameter

& with what sequence is decided is known as instruction.

➢ Now these instruction are translated into alpha code or alpha numeric form known as
part program or NC program.

➢ Through NC program machine is instructed what do to(operation) ,when to

do(sequence) & how to do(parameter).
➢ TAPE PUNCH:-

➢ Once the programming is prepared & checked a

punching machine known as flexo writer is used to
punch the program on a tape.

➢ PUNCHED TAPE:-

➢ It is generally a paper tape of 1 inch width.

➢ These are made up of special material known as mylor

material.

➢ In this part program is punched in form of hole.

➢ TAPE RECORDER:-

➢ It reads the part program punched in form of hole on the tape &
transfer this information to machine control unit.

➢ MACHINE CONTROL UNIT:-

➢ It is the brain of computer in which all alpha numeric code with

their operation are stored.

➢ A/TO information receives from tape recorder it generates signal &

direct it to the processor.
➢ PROCESSOR:-

➢ A/TO signal from M.C.U the processor generates electric

power to the corresponding element of the machine such
as tool ,spindle to perform the desired operation.
 C.N.C

❖ It stands for computerized numeric control machine. Entire part programming ie all
numeric control function is directly feed to C.P.U of computer.
➢ It simply eliminates tape punch, punch tape, tape recorder, N.C.U as used in N.C
machine.

Features

1) The part programming feed in computer is through keyboard.

2) The preprogramming once prepared & entered can be edited and used again and
again as it is a software based system.
3) CNC machine has simulation facility where the part programming can be checked
for its accuracy without running the machine.
4) Some common operation like turning, threading, knurling, drilling e.t.c to be
performed on w/p for these operation subprogram is created and stored.
 Comparison

N.C C.N.C

1) In N.C machine all the numeric 1) In C.N.C machine the numeric

control function are feed to M.C.U control function are feed to
through tape punch, punched tape, computer through keyboard.
tape recorder. 2) It is the software based system once
2) It is the hardware based system once the program is prepared it can be
the program is prepared it can’t be edited.
edited. 3) In C.N.C M/C program can be used
3) In N.C M/C during some course of again & again.
time the tape become distorted & it 4) Simulation facility available.
can’t be used again & again. 5) More accurate, High productivity.
4) In this M/C no simulation facility.
5) Less accurate, low productivity.
 CNC – Milling

❖ The word CNC means computerized numeric control machine.

❖ Therefore CNC milling are those milling machine in which various milling operations
are obtained by computerized numeric control.

❖ On the basis of milling machine tool spindle axis position there are two type of CMC
milling machine

a) Vertical CNC milling machine centre

b) Horizontal CNC milling machine centre

 Vertical Milling M/C Center
❖ In this Axis of Spindle is Vertical.
❖ Tool post is mounted on column with help of
swiveling plate.
❖ Tool post has to be swivelled at any angle
hence it should be small and light in weight.
❖ Less no of tool can be hold in tool
post.
❖ M.R.R is low

❖ Vibration produced during machining is low

hence rigidity in structure is not much
required.
 Vertical Milling M/C Center

❖ In this Axis of Arbor is Horizontal.

❖ Tool post is directly mounted on column.
❖ Tool post need not be swivelled hence it is
heavy and large.
❖ More no of tool can be hold in tool
post.
❖ M.R.R is high.
❖ Vibration produced in machining is high hence
structure should be rigid.
 Axis Identification

❖ According to axis identification in CNC M/C three types of

axis are defined (a) Linear Axis (b) Parallel Axis (c)
Rotational-Axis.

➢ Linear Axis :- It is defined for three principle-axis in which the

motion of either w/p or milling cutter are linear. It is of three
types x-axis, z-axis where z-axis is the axis of spindle.

➢ The axis identification for cnc machine follows a simple rule of

right hand thumb rule in which The middle finger is the Z axis,
the thumb the X axis, and index finger the Y axis. The fingers
point towards the Plus directions.
 For HMC

+z – Away column
+z -z – Towards column
+x – Rightward
+y -x – Leftward
+y – Upward
-y – Downwards

+x
 For VMC +z
+z – Upward
-z – Downward
+x – rightward
-x – leftward
+y
+y – towards column
-y – away column
+x

➢ Parallel Axis :- There are three parallel – axis which are parallel to principle – axis.

1) U-axis :- Those axis which are parallel to x-axis.

2) V-axis :- Those axis which are parallel to y-axis.
3) W-axis :- Those axis which are parallel to z-axis
➢ Rotational Axis :-

1) A - axis :- Rotation in clockwise direction about x-axis.

2) B - axis :- Rotation in clockwise direction about y-axis.
3) C - axis :- Rotation in clockwise direction about z-axis.
 Control System Used In CNC Milling M/C

❖ There are two types of control system used in CNC – milling

a) Open loop control system
b) Closed loop control system

Open loop control system

Input
MCU Processor
Output

➢ In this system there is no feedback of output from given input.

➢ The accuracy of machine depends upon response of processor.
➢ The loop is open between output and input.
➢ Due to absence of feedback element it has less electronic component hence less
expensive.
 Closed loop control system

MCU Processor

Feedback

➢ In this system here is a feedback system which sense the deviation of output from its
accurate value and ∴ by changing the input parameter desired o/p can be obtained.
➢ The loop between o/p and i/p is closed.
➢ It has feedback elements has expensive.
➢ It is more accurate.
 Automatic Tool Exchanger

❖ Automatic tool exchanger used in CNC M/C to

improve the rate of production and tool
carrying capacity of M/C.

❖ Automatic tool exchanger changes the tool very

quickly and reduces the production time hence
increase productivity.
❖ It gives the machine to carry large no of tool with various type.

❖ It has three main component :-

→ Arm :- Arm rotates such that its one end with the gripper attached with it reaches to
tool spindle while other end reduces to tool at tool magazine.
→ Gripper :- Gripper attached with arm grip and hold cutting tool in spindle and in
magazine and exchange them by rotating the Arm.

→ Tool Magazine :- Tool magazine carry various type of tool in larger no with the help of
conveyor required tool moves towards the arm.

❖ Conveyor is moved by rollers.

 Tool Positioning

There are two types of tool

positioning system used in CNC
machine.

a) Absolute coordinate system

b) Incremental coordinate system

a) Absolute coordinate system :-

All the position of tool are given
from fixed origin. It is also
known as fixed origin system.
b) Incremental coordinate system : - In this system coordinate of tool is not defined from
fixed origin. It is defined from its preceding origin. Since origin of tool always change
hence it is known as floating origin system.
 Important Terms Related To Part – Programming

❖ Word :- In CNC word is set of character composed of letters as well as numeric digit
that provides particular command to M/C through word CNC M/C is given command
what to perform and with what extent.

Ex F 0.2 → Feed with 0.2mm/rev

S 1200 → Spindle rpm 1200

❖ Address :- Address is the single letter character in the beginning of word address
defines what operation is to be performed. Ex F 0.2
Word
❖ Block :- Series of word defined in single instruction
Ex:- G90 G21 G40 G95i
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Absolute All Dim TNRC Feed
C.S Are in mm mm/rev
❖ Syntax :- Systematic arrangement of block in sequential manner is called syntax.
 Codes Used In Part – Programming

❖ There are two types of codes used in CNC – Part – Programming

a) G – Codes
b) M – Codes

G – Codes :- These codes are starting function codes and it is also known as preparatory
codes. As the through these codes M/C prepare itself to start machining operation.

1) G00 :- G00 code is used to run the CNC machine at full speed. By using this code
tool very quickly reaches to starting position from its home position.
❖ G00 से हम Cutting नह ीं कर सकते
Ex :- [G00 x 0.00, Y0.00, Z2.00i]
2) G01 :- G01 is used to cut the W/P in linear direction. It is also known as code for
linear interpolation.

Ex :- [G01 x___ , y____;]

❖ G02 and G03 :-

These codes are used for circular interpolation through these codes arc cutting is
done.

❖ G02 :- It is used to cut the arc in clockwise direction. In this code x and y coordinate
are used with radius od arc.
Ex :-

[G01 X___ Y____R____i]

❖ G03 :- It is used for counter clockwise interpolation ie cut the arc in anticlockwise
direction.

❖ G04 :- It is used for dwelling. It is mainly used in drilling operation. By this code we
restrict the tool to move in linear direction for some time.

[G04 Z-5.00, x 2.00] x represent time in sec.

 Codes Used In Part – Programming

❖ G25 :- This code is used to bring the tool from any where to the home position (40.00,
V0.00,W0.00). It is used in two possible cases

a) Initially the tool is in the spindle head it is first moved to home position before
reaching to starting position.
b) At the end of operation for returning the tool to the home position.
Ex [G28 U0.00, V0.00, W0.00]

❖ G21/G71 :- All the dimension are in mm.

❖ G90 :- absolute co-ordinate system setting.
❖ G91 :- Incremental co-ordinate system setting.
❖ G94 :- Feed in mm/min.
❖ G95 :- Feed in mm/rev.
 z
❖ G17 :- This code is used to move tool in x-y plane..
❖ G18 :- This code is used to move tool in x-z plane.
❖ G19 :- This code is used to move tool in y-z plane.
x

❖ G40 :- It indicates the tool nose radius compensation cancel which is given in the
previous programming by G41 and F42.

❖ G41 :- Tool nose radius compensation left इसके प्रयोग से Tool को इस प्रकार से Move
कराते है , कक Tool के पीछे बैठे observer के respect में जो Tool के center और Nose Point
के बीच में जो Radial direction है , वह left के तरफ होगा

❖ G41 :- Tool nose radius compensation right इसके प्रयोग से Tool को इस प्रकार से Move
कराते है , कक Tool के पीछे बैठे observer के respect में जो Tool और Nose Point के बीच में
जो Radial direction है , वह right के तरफ होगा
 Codes Used In Part – Programming

M – Codes :- It is known as miscellaneous codes. It is set of auxillary commands used for

miscellaneous function combine with G – Codes such as coolant on/off, tool change,
spindle rotation etc.

❖ M03 :- It is used to run the spindle in clockwise direction.

❖ M04 :- It is used to run the spindle in anticlockwise direction.
❖ M05 :- It is used to stop the spindle.
❖ M03 :- It is used to change the tool.
❖ M08 :- It is used to on the coolant.
❖ M09 :- It is used to off the coolant.
❖ M30 :- It is used to end the program and save the program.
 Part – Programming With Sub – Routine

❖ Sub – Routine are called sub – program or mini – program

❖ They are used when
a) More than single operation are to be performed on w/p
b) Repetition of operations to be done on a same w/p
❖ Sub – program are stored in M.C.U and can be called at any time of operation.
❖ This help in shortening the program length.

Main Program
N…..X…..Y…..Z…..i
N…..X…..Y…..Z…..i Sub Program

N70 M98 PI020 L1i Call Sub Program 0.1020

N….G00 X…Y…Z…. i N….X….Y….Z….
N….G28 U…V…W…i N….X….Y….Z….
N….M05 M09i N.....M99
N M30i