www.acharya.ac.

in

18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
FACULTY INCHARGE:
Ar. Kusumanjali S
Assistant Professor
ANRVSA
 Module 2 | Chapter 4

Pioneers in planning theories

Ebenezer Howard (Garden City), Soria Y.Mata (The Linear City), Patrick Geddes (Outlook Tower, Valley
Click to Edit
Section, Folk-Work-Place, Civic Survey), Le Corbusier (Ville Contemporaine), Frank Lloyd Wright (Broadacre
City), Ludwig Hilberseimer (Decentralized City), Constantinos A Doxiadis (Ekistics), Clarence Arthur Perry
(Neighbourhood Unit); Clarence Stein (American Garden Cities).
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD:

• 29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928

• He was an English urban planner and founder of the garden city movement
• He aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, and hence
advocated garden cities.
• He is known for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898)
• He was influenced by utopian visions of Edward Bellamy and his publication looking
Backward (1888)

THE PROBLEM:
MODULE 2 • London and other cities in 19th century were in the throws of industrialization, and the cities were
Click to Edit
exerting massive forces of the labour markets
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Massive immigration from the countryside to cities was taking place
THEORIES • Need to understand the context

THE SOLUTION?
• To understand and represent the attraction of the city, each city was compared to magnets.
• “Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together”
• Town and country must be united- bring new life. New civilization
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

“Garden cities allowed a genuine celebration and renewal of nature, even within
an essentially urban industrial economy.”

• Garden cities were used as the model for many suburbs.

• Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature.
• The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the
citizens.

• Garden cities have been the richest source of planning over the last century.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Within the principles of garden cities many key principles of planning practice in the 20th
THEORIES century can be found:
i. Land use segregation
ii. Master planning
iii. Residential site planning
iv. Neighborhood units
v. Road hierarchies

• The Garden Cities Vision:

i. Regionalism
ii. Physical Form
iii. Economic
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
3 MAGNETS- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
• The diagram summarizes the political, economic, and social context underlying Howard’s
utopian vision for the future of British settlement via three illustrated magnets.
• The three magnets makes three points:
Magnet 1: Advantages and disadvantages of town life
Magnet 2: Positives and negatives of country life.
Magnet 3: Communicates Howard’s proposal of a Town-Country.
• In the center are “The People” who, having previously been stuck with a difficult choice between
town and country lifestyle, will now be attracted to Howard’s proposal.
1) Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for
work and high wages, social opportunities, amusements and
well – lit streets.
It was closing out of nature, offered isolation of crowds and
distance from work. But it came at a cost of foul air, costly
MODULE 2 drainage, murky sky and slums.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING 2) Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air,
THEORIES meadow but had low wages and lack of drainage.
Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of
amusements and general decay.

SOURCE:
https://textureofarchitecture.blogsp
3) Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and
ot.com/2019/05/social-reformer-
ebenezer-howards-three.html
countryside with aim of providing benefits of both and offered
beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields of easy access, low
rent, high wages and field of enterprise.
Thus, the solution was found in a combination of the advantages
of Town and Country – the ‘Town – Country Magnet’
The Three Magnets from Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 1902 Ebenezer Howard
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
• Howard’s garden city movement was one of the first inspirations for modern day urban planning.
• Garden city is a place where people live, work and play.
• The distinct characteristics of Garden City are its green spaces and public amenities.

FEATURES OF GARDEN CITY

• Compact town of 6000 acres, 5000 of which is
permanently reserved for agriculture.

• It accommodates a maximum population of 32,000.

• The roads are wide, ranging from 120 to 420 feet for
the Grand Avenue, and are radial rather than linear.

• Within the town, functional zoning is basic.

MODULE 2 Commercial, industrial, residential, and public uses are
Click to Edit
clearly differentiated from each other spatially.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Local community also participated in the decision
making regarding development.

• Central park containing public buildings is surrounded

by shopping streets which are further surrounded by
dwelling units in all directions.

• The outer circle contains factories and industries.

Rail road’s bypass the town, meeting the town at a
tangent.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

• Central circular space contains abouts five and half acres, laid as a beautiful and well
watered garden.
• Surrounding this garden are the larger public buildings- town hall, concert and lecture
hall, theatre, library, museum, picture gallery and hospital.
• The rest of the large space encircled by the crystal palace is a public park containing 145
acres which includes ample recreation grounds within very easy access of all the people.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT- SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

HOUSING:
• 12 houses per acre.
• Block system of land division was rejected.
Blocks were irregular
• Houses were oriented to catch the sun and
view
• Grouping and density of individual houses in
relation to the street system created
picturesque character of the garden city.

THE REVENUE OF GARDEN CITY ?

MODULE 2 Entire revenue is derived from rents
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

What happens when the city reaches its targeted population?

“New interconnected nodes can be developed”

• Cities grow by establishing another city some little distance beyond its own zone of ‘country’ so that the
new town may have a zone of its own.
• There will be a cluster of cities so grouped around a Central City.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING MAIN COMPONENTS OF GARDEN CITY CONCEPT

1. Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of
sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations, and level of culture needed by a balanced
cross – section of modern society.

2. Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live
near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also near open country.

3. Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit houses with private gardens,
adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways.

4. Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area around it
reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market
MODULE 2
Click to Edit and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES 5. Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme, and
functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and design, but
allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design.

6. Neighborhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and
social entity.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: LETCHWORTH

Location: Hertfordshire, England Area: 3826 acres, more land was purchased & increased to 4710 acres

Context: The town lies 32 miles (51 km) north of London, on the railway linking London to Cambridge, and it
also adjoins the A1 road, making it relatively popular with commuters.

Population: Designed to sustain a population between 30000 to 35000 people

Current population: 33249 (2011 census)

• It is noted for being the world’s first garden city.

• It remained a small rural village until the start of the twentieth century.

• The development of the modern town began in 1903

MODULE 2 • Letchworth today retains large business areas providing jobs in a variety of sectors, and the landlord's
Click to Edit profits are reinvested for the benefit of the community by the Letchworth Garden City Heritage
PIONEERS IN PLANNING Foundation.
THEORIES

SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchw
orth

Location map Aerial view

 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: LETCHWORTH
• The town's initial
layout was designed
by Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker.

• Arts and Crafts

architects (Parker &
Unwin) heavily
modified from
Howard’s outline to
better fit the area.

• There is a central
town, agricultural
belt, shops, factories,
MODULE 2 residences, civic
Click to Edit centres and open
PIONEERS IN PLANNING spaces. (zoning- division of land)
THEORIES

• Most of the pre-existing trees and hedgerows were preserved in the layout.
SOURCE:

• Unwin took the alignment of the town's main avenue (Broadway) from three old oak trees which stood on
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchwor
th
Garden cities of to-morrow by
Ebebezer Howard the central plateau of the estate and were incorporated into the central square (Broadway Gardens)

• A temporary railway halt was built in 1903 on the Great Northern Railway's Hitchin, Royston and Cambridge
branch line, which crosses the middle of the garden city estate.

https://vimeo.com/218618982
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: LETCHWORTH

• Street layout is in an axial layout with roads radiating out from a central square, based on Sir
Christopher Wren’s (never-built) plan for London, following the Great Fire of 1666.

• Planned green spaces throughout and is surrounded by a rural belt.

• The first Garden City attracted both middle class utopian idealists, enthused by the idea, and also
factories, relocating from towns and cities and bringing along their workforce.

• The city, despite its leafy suburban reputation today, has always been a working town.

• Letchworth Garden City today retains the landscaping and green spaces that bring the countryside
into the town, and also Howard’s original model that means rents from the town’s farms, shops,
industries and offices are reinvested locally for the benefit of its citizens.

MODULE 2 ADDITIONAL READING

Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES Weston Williamson+Partners

Extension to the first garden city in Letchworth re-

imagines the concept for the 21st century while
retaining ‘the best of town and country’ spirit of the
original.

https://www.westonwilliamson.com/projects/letchworth-garden-city
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: WELWYN

Location: Hertfordshire, England

• It was the second garden city in

England (founded 1920) and one of the
MODULE 2 first new towns (designated under New
Click to Edit Towns Act 1946 1948).
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • It is unique in being both a garden city
and a new town and exemplifies the
physical, social and cultural planning ideals
of the periods in which it was built.
SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn
_Garden_City
Area: 2378 acres

Population: designed for maximum 40000

In 15 years- developed with 10000 population,
with 50 shops, industries.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: WELWYN

• The town is laid out along tree-lined boulevards with a

neo-Georgian town centre.

• The spine of the town is parkway, or central mall.

View along the Parkway • The view along Parkway to the south was once described as one
of the world's finest urban vistas

• Older houses are on the west side of Parkway

• Newer houses on the east side

• Streets are designed so as to give the concept of a

MODULE 2 Neighborhood unit.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Separation of the pedestrian walkways from the main roads
Aerial View
THEORIES gives a sense of natural beauty.
• Open and green spaces are given on a large scale

SOURCE: • Personalization of Homes in Welwyn with varying roofline,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn
_Garden_City texture and composition for each house.

Houses
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING AMERICAN GARDEN CITY - CLARENCE STEIN

• Clarence Stein was an American architect and planner.

• Clarence Stein's work expanded the idea of a Garden City.

• He was able to take the boring and stale urban subdivision, and
make it inventive and exciting.

• He believed in molding urban construction into nature.

• He brought these two aspects together to make a modern yet
comfortable environment.

MODULE 2 • He cofounded the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) to

Click to Edit
address large-scale planning issues such as affordable housing, Sunnyside Gardens
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES the impact of sprawl, and wilderness preservation.
• The Regional Planning Association to promote solutions to urban
overcrowding and applied Ebenezer Howard's Garden City ideas to two
SOURCE: important developments:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claren
ce_Stein
i. Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, NYC (from 1924)
ii. Radburn, NJ (from 1926), both with Henry Wright (1878–1936).

• He also authored Toward New Towns for America.

Radburn
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: RADBURN, NEW JERSEY
• Radburn was founded in 1929 as "a town for the motor age".
• Planners: Clarence Stein and Henry Wright Landscape architect: Marjorie Sewell Cautley
• It is America’s first garden community, an example of blending private space and open area.
• It provided a prototype for new towns to meet the requirement for contemporary living.

• Radburn introduced the largely residential "superblock"

and is credited with incorporating some of the earliest culs-
de-sac in the United States.

• It is designed to separate traffic by mode with a pedestrian

path system that does not cross any major roads at grade.

• It houses around 25000 residents in one square mile (640

acres) of land, but the development was limited to 149 acres
MODULE 2 by great depression limited.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • It includes 430 single family homes, 90 row houses, 54 semi-
THEORIES attached houses and a 93 apartment unit, as well as a
shopping center, parks and amenities

SOURCE:
https://www.townandcountryplanning
info.com/2020/08/radburn-
concept.html

https://archi-monarch.com/radburn-
theory/
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: RADBURN, NEW JERSEY

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE:
https://www.townandcountryplanningi
nfo.com/2020/08/radburn-
concept.html

https://archi-monarch.com/radburn-
theory/
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: RADBURN, NEW JERSEY

Elements of Radburn City/ Radburn’s Planning criteria

• Super Block
• Specialized Highway system
• Complete separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
• Park as backbone of the neighborhood
• Turned around houses

Components of Radburn City

Decentralized, self-contained settlements, organized to
promote environmental considerations by conserving
open space, harnessing and promoting community life.
MODULE 2 The main components include:
Click to Edit
• Hierarchical transportation systems
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Cul-de-sacs
THEORIES • Footpath systems
• Underpasses
• Shopping center
• Ideal size of 30,000 people
SOURCE:
https://www.townandcountryplannin
• Homogeneity
ginfo.com/2020/08/radburn- • Large-scale development
concept.html
• Clustered superblock
https://archi-monarch.com/radburn-
theory/ • Mixed-use
• Interior park
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE-GARDEN CITY: RADBURN, NEW JERSEY
Radburn’s Super Block
• The basic layout of the community introduced the
“super- block” concept, cul-de-sac (cluster)
grouping, interior parklands and separation of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic to promote safety.

• Every home was planned with access to park walks.

• Extensive recreation programs planned for the entire
community.

Failure of Radburn Planning

• The design believed that people would actively
MODULE 2 use the front of the houses facing the greenways.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • In reality, people come and "leave" from the back
THEORIES of the houses and the vehicles, not pedestrian
access.

• More people and children were walking and

playing in the little driveways and cul-desacs than
SOURCE:
https://www.townandcountryplanningin on the actual greenways.
fo.com/2020/08/radburn-concept.html

https://archi-monarch.com/radburn-
theory/
• The market has repeatedly shown that
homeowners prefer more personal land around
their homes to living on tiny lots and sharing a large
green space in common.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING URBAN FORM

• Urban form refers to the physical layout and design of the city.

• Urban form is the physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, including the shape, size,
density and configuration of settlements.

• Spatial imprint of an urban transport system adjacent to physical infrastructures.

• Urban form or city form defined as “the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time”

• It can be considered at different scales: from regional, to urban, neighborhood, ‘block’ and street.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE URBAN FORM:

• Geography
• Period of development
MODULE 2
Click to Edit • Impact of natural environment
• Trade practiced
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
• Social, political & economic forces
THEORIES

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN FORM:

SOURCE:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov
.uk/government/uploads/system/upl
oads/attachment_data/file/324161/1
4-808-urban-form-and-
infrastructure-1.pdf

https://geoffboeing.com/2019/11/big
-data-urban-morphology/
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LINEAR CITY CONCEPT- SORIA Y MATA

• In 1882, Madrid, a Spanish urban planner- Arturo Soria y Mata, pondered the
problems the city faced, namely: transport, overpopulation, and sanitary
conditions.
• The solution he came up with was the concept of a Linear City.

• The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban formation.

• Housing and industry grows along the highway between existing cities and contained by the
continuous open spaces of the rural countryside.

• He replaced the traditional idea of the city as a center and a periphery with the idea of constructing
linear sections of infrastructure along an optimal line, and then attaching the other components of
MODULE 2 the city along the length of the line.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE:
https://www.architerrax.com/post/line
ar-city-concept
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
LINEAR CITY CONCEPT- SORIA Y MATA

• The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors.

• Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow from the
residential areas to the industrial strip.

• All other functions were arranged along that axis with defined width and indefinite length, intersected at
certain intervals by secondary perpendicular streets.

• The layout consisted of large blocks with residential buildings surrounded by vegetation with commercial
and public structures situated at intersections.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
Watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YD0DytCLXc

Additional:
The Line: Neom City, Saudi Arabia
SOURCE:
https://www.architerrax.com/post/line
ar-city-concept
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtSMz-_h_cw
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LINEAR CITY CONCEPT- SORIA Y MATA

SECTORS OF A LINEAR CITY:

• Segregated zone for railway lines

• Zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational
institutions

• Green belt or buffer zone with major highway

• park zone

• Residential zone, including a band of social institutions, band of residential buildings and a Children’s
band
MODULE 2
Click to Edit • Agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE: What Happens When City Expands?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line
ar_city

Additional sectors would be added to the end of each band,

so the city would become longer but not wider.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE- LINEAR CITY: MADRID CITY

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Ciudad Lineal- district in Madrid, Spain

• Linear city proposal was made by Arturio Soria at the end of the 19th century to turn Madrid into a more
human city, a city closer to nature.
SOURCE:
https://www.architerrax.com/post/line
ar-city-concept • Aim was to solve some of the problems that Madrid had at that time: transport, overpopulation and
sanitary.

• The streets were 200 meters long and 20 meters wide, and the center line of the street connected with
the different blocks of houses, each of which were square, rectangular or trapezoid in shape.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE- LINEAR CITY: MADRID CITY

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • The city grew parallel to the main street,

• For the integration of nature, several rows of trees were planted along the street.
SOURCE:
https://www.architerrax.com/post/lin
• The houses would also have a garden and an orchard.
ear-city-concept

• There was also a vegetable garden or a space for working the land.

• Arturo Soria left the architects free to build different models of houses in order to avoid monotony.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
LINEAR CITY CONCEPT- SORIA Y MATA

There were two different theories to solve the problems caused by the industrial revolution:

a) Naturistic theories
The objective was to integrate nature into the city.
Proposals: The houses would have a garden and an orchard.
To plant several rows of trees along the street.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

b) Hygienist theories
SOURCE: Their objective was to improve the sanitary conditions
https://www.slideserve.com/kenny/the
-linear-city-a-model-of-a-sustainable- of the city.
city

Proposals: to build wider streets

to build detached or semidetached houses.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LINEAR CITY CONCEPT- SORIA Y MATA

OBJECTIVES OF LINEAR CITY:

• To create less populated suburbs

• To preserve individualism

• To make nature, part of the city

• To solve the problems of transport- make the trips between country and city lesser

• Parcelling out around a linear centre line of the main street.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
SERVICES IN A NEW CITY:
• The new city had a tram

• It also had space for vegetable gardens and for groceries

• Leisure, cultural and sports activities like casino sport facilities, theatre, school.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE- LINEAR CITY IN INDIA: NAVI MUMBAI

• Navi Mumbai is a planned township of Mumbai off the west

coast of Maharashtra.

• The city is divided into two parts (North & South Navi Mumbai) for
the individual development of Panvel Mega city.

• Population: 1,119,477

• Growth of the city is constrained by sea at south, east and

west.

• Navi Mumbai’s design concept for linear city was idealistic.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit • The city offers opportunities and is the world’s largest
PIONEERS IN PLANNING planned metro city.
THEORIES
• The township planning of Navi Mumbai was overviewed by CIDCO
to achieve a self-contained modern metropolis.
SOURCE:
https://www.nmmc.gov.in/developm
• The fundamentals of the planning were:
ent-plan - Compact High-Density Development

- Incremental Growth in City Plan

- Disaggregated plan of autonomous townships with ample

amount of open spaces in between.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING EXAMPLE- LINEAR CITY IN INDIA: NAVI MUMBAI

• The linear city of Navi Mumbai is an urban plan for an

elongated urban formation.

• It is built up of a series of function oriented

parallel sectors.

• The built form revolves around a center of Business

Development accommodating all the innovative and
recreational spaces for commercial, political, and social
activities.

• The CBD opens a corridor for the transition zone for

MODULE 2 factories and warehouses.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • The nodal planning is segregated based on the
THEORIES income groups starting from lower-income to
progressing towards higher groups.

SOURCE: https://www.re-
thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-
architecture/5070-navi-mumbai-
largest-planned-city-in-the-world/
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING
POLYCENTRIC LINEAR CITY- PROTOTYPE

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
• Polycentric linear city is a prototype for
a polycentric corridor growth strategy
developed strictly around a transit-
SOURCE: based intermodal transportation
network.
https://www.linearcity.org/rufo/pts-
01.htm
• Highly interconnected within urban
spaces, station areas provide such high
levels of accessibility that the need for
auto use and ownership in area around
its nodes would largely be eliminated
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING

SIR PATRICK GEDDES

• Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, Comtean positivist,

geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner.

• Patrick Geddes is also known as “Father of Modern Town Planning”

• He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and
sociology.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
• He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
the term "conurbation".
THEORIES
• He was the founder of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College) in 1924.

SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick
_Geddes
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES

PRINCIPLES (For Town Planning):Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915

His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the relationship between social processes
and spatial form, and the intimate and causal connections between the social development of the individual
and the cultural and physical environment.

• Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial beautification.

• Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.

• Purchasing land suitable for building.

• Promoting trade and commerce.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
• Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.

• Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than focusing on roads and parks available
only to the rich.
SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_
Geddes
• Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- OUTLOOK TOWER

• It was originally built in 1892

near the Castle end of the Royal
Mile in the Old Town.

• Its opening was a milestone in

the history of urban design.

• The Outlook Tower features a

real time regional observation
experience, deploying an
optical device called the
“camera obscura”.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • It also contains an exhibition of the city region that publicizes the latest survey results and
research findings as well as presentations of city improvement proposals, and there are venues used for
citizen participation events.

SOURCE:
• Once citizens have seen Edinburgh through the “lens” of the Outlook Tower, they are able to understand
the value and beauty of their ancient city.
https://www.ovalpartnership.com/en/
article/item/The-Living-City-The-
Rise-and-Fall-and-Rise-Again-of-
Sir-Patrick-Geddes

• With that, there comes the realization that improving the city incrementally is far better than
wholesale demolition and redevelopment of city districts, which destroys valuable social assets and
relationships.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- OUTLOOK TOWER

• “The Outlook Tower”, the building became a permanent

exhibition space.

• It is conceived on a vertical sequence of spatial experiences of

contrasting nature which the visitor would go through; from steep
helicoidal stairs, to a roof-top terrace, a darkened room and the
Meditation Cell, a confined, windowless room.

• The visiting sequence started from the higher level of the tower
with the observation of the actual outside reality of the Edinbourg
landscape, from the terrace, it would then continue with the
projected reality visible in real-time through the Camera
Obscura.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
Edinburgh room: reminders of festival exhibition through
PIONEERS IN PLANNING photographs & engravings on the walls.
THEORIES
Scotland: True to scale map of the country painted on the floor.

Language & Europe: Boxes of paper and books on the shelves.

SOURCE:
https://placesjournal.org/assets/legac
y/pdfs/sorting-in-patrick-geddes- • Outlook tower is a six & seven story World: various views- Stone canyon, castlehill, ramsay lane, parade
outlook-tower.pdf
building. ground, castle etc.,
https://socks-
studio.com/2020/12/27/from-vision-to- • First four floors- 17th century
knowledge-patrick-geddes-outlook-
tower-1892/
• The upper floors- mid 19th century
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- GEDDESIAN TRIAD

• French theorist Frederic Le Play- theory- society could be explained by the interactions among three
units of society:
- Place ( Environment)
- Work (function)
- Family
• Geddes adapted these theories- changing the last unit from “family” to “folk”

• Geddes perspective- purpose of his theory- WORK- PLACE- FOLK

Sense
- To understand relationships among the units of society
- To find equilibrium among people and the environment to
improve conditions

Experience • He emphasized that sound planning decisions have to be based on a

MODULE 2 detailed regional survey, which established an inventory of a
Click to Edit region’s hydrology, geology, flora, fauna, climate and natural
PIONEERS IN PLANNING Feeling topography, as well as its social and economic opportunities
THEORIES and challenges

• It is with our senses we come to know our environment, perceiving

and observing it.
SOURCE:
https://www.townandcountryplanningi
Our feelings are obviously developed from our folk (in earliest infancy by our
nfo.com/2020/09/patrick-geddes-
mothers' love and care)
town-planning-concept.html And our experiences are primarily from our activities
http://ds.cc.yamaguchi-
u.ac.jp/~okutsu/GeddesHomepage/E
papers/THE%20MAPPING%20OF%2
0LIFE_04.5.files/THE%20MAPPING
%20OF%20LIFE_04-body.htm
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- GEDDESIAN TRIAD

• Geddes likens a city region to a living

organism where every part is related to the
other parts.

• The unbroken lineage of cultural

developments and building constructions
from the past, leads us to successful future
developments.

• Understanding the relationships between

the city and its region, the past, present and
future, the rich and intricate relationships
between culture and the built environment,
MODULE 2 is the prerequisite for undertaking any
Click to Edit urban project.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Geddes calls this Synoptic Vision, and is
contrary to the prevailing tendency to break
down the study of cities into isolated
subjects, such as transport, economics,
infrastructure and housing.
SOURCE:
https://www.ovalpartnership.com/en/
article/item/The-Living-City-The-
Rise-and-Fall-and-Rise-Again-of-Sir-
Patrick-Geddes Geddes' Synoptic Vision outlines the inseparable link between
cultural tradition, ecological concerns, and city development
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- VALLEY SECTION

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • This model expresses an innovative conception of planning according to which, it is by considering the
THEORIES city and its surrounding territory as a whole that it is possible to solve the urban,
environmental and social problems linked to economic progress. and technological

• Valley Section concept made the compelling case for expanding our notion of cities to way
beyond their official city boundaries.
SOURCE:
https://www.ovalpartnership.com/en/
article/item/The-Living-City-The-
Rise-and-Fall-and-Rise-Again-of-Sir-

• The city and its region are in a symbiotic, mutually dependent relationship.
Patrick-Geddes

https://thereaderwiki.com/en/Patrick_
Geddes

http://mappemonde-
archive.mgm.fr/num36/articles/art124
• One cannot know the city without firstly understanding its relationship with its city region.
05.html
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- VALLEY SECTION
• The valley section illustrated the application of Geddes’s trilogy of folk/work/place to analysis of the region.

• The valley section is a complex model, which combines physical condition- geology and geomorphology and their
biological associations- with so called natural or basic occupations such as miner, hunter, shepherd or fisher and
with the human settlements that arise from them.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE:https://www.researchgate
.net/publication/352697322_Urban_
Design_and_Rivers_A_Critical_Re
view_of_Theories_Devising_Planni
ng_and_Design_Concepts_to_Defi
ne_Riverside_Urbanity/figures?lo=
1 • Access to water is essential to human settlement and therefore river valleys have often been favored to establish
settlements. Geddes’s river valley diagram, later reinterpreted by the CIAM (Congress International d’Architecture
Moderne), illustrates the interrelationship between cities, rivers and the valley
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- THE DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY- CIVIC SURVEY

• Geddes advocated the civic survey as indispensable to urban planning.

His motto was "diagnosis before treatment".

• Such a survey should include, at a minimum, the geology, the geography, the climate, the economic
life, and the social institutions of the city and region.
(His early work surveying the city of Edinburgh became a model for later surveys.)

• He was particularly critical of that form of planning which relied overmuch on design and effect, neglecting to
consider "the surrounding quarter and constructed without reference to local needs or potentialities".

• He encouraged instead exploration and consideration of the "whole set of existing conditions“ studying the
MODULE 2 "place as it stands, seeking out how it has grown to be what it is, and recognizing alike its advantages, its difficulties
Click to Edit and its defects"
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • "This school strives to adapt itself to meet the wants and needs, the ideas and ideals of the place and persons
concerned. It seeks to undo as little as possible, while planning to increase the well-being of the people at all levels,
from the humblest to the highest."

SOURCE: • In this sense he can be viewed as prefiguring the work of seminal urban thinkers such as Jane Jacobs, and region-
https://thereaderwiki.com/en/Patric
k_Geddes specific planning movements such as New Urbanism, encouraging the planner to consider the situation, inherent
virtue and potential in a given site, rather than "an abstract ideal that could be imposed by authority or force from the
outside".
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- TEL AVIV (ISRAEL)

• The Geddes plan for Tel Aviv was the proposal of Patrick Geddes
presented in 1925.

• It was the first master plan for the city of Tel Aviv.

• The Geddes Plan was an extension to the north of the first

neighborhoods of the city (now in the southern part adjacent to
the Jaffa) reaching to the Yarkon River.

• The plan refers to the area known today as the "Old North.
• Patrick Geddes envisioned public gardens surrounded by
residential blocks and small streets, with main roads crossing the
MODULE 2 city from east to west and south to north.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Geddes’s vision for Tel Aviv was to "realize a conurbation as an
THEORIES example of contemporary planning based on the valley section
and integrated villages, towns and large cities - both old and
new.“

SOURCE: • He identified Tel Aviv as "a transitional place and a link

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedde
s_Plan_for_Tel_Aviv
between the over-crowded cities of Europe and the renewal of
Agricultural Palestine"
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- TEL AVIV (ISRAEL)

• A key feature of the plan is how it handled the circulation of traffic.

• It provided four main roads, which Geddes called "main ways", roughly
aligned north south, parallel to the coast.

• These are the main commercial frontages.

• There were also some east-west connecting roads which funnel the
onshore sea breezes to this hot Mediterranean city.

• Most of the east-west roads are much more narrow and short.

• The narrowness and shortness is a means of traffic calming, designed

and implemented long before the term became invented or there was mass
MODULE 2 ownership of cars.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • The setbacks and tree planting provides a pedestrian-friendly environment.
THEORIES
• Trees were to line the main ways, providing shade from the hot sun.

SOURCE:
http://www.cliffhague.com/index.php?
option=com_k2&view=item&id=172:te
l-aviv-a-town-planned-by-patrick-
geddes&Itemid=161

2. Rothschild Boulevard 3. Habima Square

 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- TEL AVIV (ISRAEL)
• Each block would also have intimate community
gardens at its heart.

• The shared and cared for public spaces would bring people
together and retain their link to the natural world.

• Fruit trees and flowering shrubs would line the parks.

• The main developments were to be medium-density,

largely 3 storey buildings, though higher along the main
routes.

• He did not believe in separating the commercial center from

the residential areas that prevents from becoming ghost
MODULE 2 town during non working hours.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Residential buildings were to be low rise, airy, aesthetically
THEORIES pleasing and inexpensive.

SOURCE:
http://www.cliffhague.com/index.php?
option=com_k2&view=item&id=172:t
el-aviv-a-town-planned-by-patrick-
geddes&Itemid=161

Residential Buildings along the High-rise along the

Boulevards Boulevards
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- CONURBATION

Conurbation: A term coined by Patrick

Geddes in 1915 to describe large-scale city
regions such as Greater London, New
York/Boston, or the Ruhr.

• It is a region comprising a number of cities,

large towns and other urban areas that
through population growth and physical
expansion have merged to form one
continuous urban and industrially
developed area.
• In most cases, a conurbation is a
MODULE 2 polycentric urban agglomeration, in
Click to Edit which transportation has developed to
PIONEERS IN PLANNING link areas to create a single urban labour
THEORIES market or travel to work area.

• A conurbation is made up of many side by

SOURCE: side metropolitan regions those are
https://planningtank.com/settlement-
geography/geddesian-triad linked with each other by urbanization.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- CONURBATION CHARACTERISTICS

• A conurbation is a continuously built-up area but it does not include ribbon development. It also does not
necessarily exclude a built-up area separated by a narrow rural land from the main built-up area to which it is well-
attached.

• A conurbation shows high population density; its population is much greater than that of the nearby towns.
• A conurbation has various miscellaneous industries operating in it which rely on the reserves of labour, excellent
transport, etc. in the conurbation.

• Owing to the cheap and excellent transport facilities, a conurbation serves as a shopping center for the
hinterland surrounding it.

• Conurbations have financial individuality that varies in degree.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING Example: New York
THEORIES
• The expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-State Region)
centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread between New York
State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population
SOURCE:
of 21,961,994 in 2007.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/ur
banisation/conurbations-
development-characteristics-and- • Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York
problems-associated-with-
conurbations/42420 City area.

• This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have
merged.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING SIR PATRICK GEDDES- CONSTELLATION THEORY

• CONSTELLATION THEORY- coined by Sir Patrick Geddes.

• Four or more cities which are not economically, politically, socially equal come together in developing a
whole region.
• This theory is mostly used for administration purpose
• It is most prominently used because planning cities in a particular shape pattern is not possible in today’s
times.

• Example: Maharashtra
Mumbai- Economic and capital city
Nasik- Religious city
Aurangabad- Administrative city
Nagpur- Political city
Pune- Educational city
MODULE 2
Click to Edit • Since, all the five factors necessary for development of a region
PIONEERS IN PLANNING are divided with five different place , the administration of that
THEORIES region has a gradual progressing path, because a certain region
doesn’t have the holistic requirement.

• Maharashtra state has gained prime importance for the country in the last few decade in spite of being
formed in early 60’s, contributing 15% to country’s industrial output and 13.3% GDP.
SOURCE: Contribution of Patrick
Geddes by Anannya Talukder
(2015) • Production, Manufacturing, automobile, Thermal Electricity projects have been an active part in the
growth of the state.

• The distance between the cities in Maharashtra, ranges mostly in 100km-300km making transportation,
connectivity, inter-dependency prosper within the state.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING

CONURBATION: Waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and then
the wave of backflow – the whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste, and unnecessary obsolescence.

URBAN AGGLOMERATION: Urban agglomeration is a highly developed spatial form of integrated cities. It occurs
when the relationships among cities shift from mainly competition to both competition and cooperation

MODULE 2
Click to Edit URBAN BLIGHT/ URBAN DECAY: The decay and deterioration of an urban area due to neglect or age
PIONEERS IN PLANNING The district is an enclave of high unemployment, urban decay and crime.
THEORIES
It may feature deindustrialization, depopulation or deurbanization, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings or
infrastructure, high local unemployment, increased poverty, fragmented families, low overall living standards or
quality of life, political disenfranchisement, crime, elevated levels of pollution, and a desolate cityscape known as
greyfield land or urban prairie.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LE CORBUSIER- VILLE CONTEMPORAINE

• LE CORBUSIER- founding father of the modernist movement

• He was a French-Swiss architect
• Ville comtemporaine was designed in 1922.

• The Ville contemporaine was an unrealized utopian planned community intended to house
three million inhabitants

MODULE 2
Click to Edit BACKGROUND OF VILLE CONTEMPORAINE: PHILOSOPHY OF LE CORBUSIER:
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • No matter how open & green, cities should be frankly urban, urban surroundings are to be
THEORIES definitely contrasting with rural surroundings.

• Densities are in themselves not a problem. Congestion and slum conditions in the cities are due to
excessive coverage, persistence of old street patterns and unrestricted land speculation

• Slums exist because of the failure to provide the proper surrounding for high density living.

• He protests against strict functionalism: “human creations that survive are those which produce
emotions, and those which are only useful.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LE CORBUSIER- VILLE CONTEMPORAINE

City for 3 million people was based on four

principles:
- Decongestion of the centre of the cities
- Augmentation of the density
- Enlargement of the means of circulation
- Increase in the number of parks and
open spaces.

Three zones:
1) Central city
2) Protected green belt
3) Factories & satellite towns

MODULE 2 • Rectangle containing two cross axial

Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
highways
THEORIES
• At the center of the planned city was a transportation hub ( six level transport interchange) which
housed depots for buses and trains (underground main line railways and at the top, an airport.)

• A group of 24 cruciform skyscrapers of sixty-story built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of
glass. (density: 1200 ppa, covers 5% of the ground)

• These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces.

• Surrounding the skyscrapers was apartment district: 8 storey buildings arranged in zigzag rows with
broad open spaces.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LE CORBUSIER- VILLE CONTEMPORAINE

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr/corbuweb/morpheus.aspx?sysId=13&IrisObjectId=6426&sysLanguage=en-en&itemPos=24&itemCount=215&sysParentId=65&sysParentName=
THEORIES

• The buildings in the central area were raised on stilts (pilotis) to leave panoramas of unbroken greenery
at ground level.
SOURCE:
http://www.mediaarchitecture.at/arch • Le Corbusier segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways, and glorified the use of
itekturtheorie/le_corbusier/2011_cor
busier_links_en.shtml the automobile as a means of transportation.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT- BROADACRE CITY

• Broadacre city was also called “Usonian”

or “Ideal City”
• Broadacre City was an urban or suburban
development concept proposed by Frank
Lloyd Wright.

• He presented the idea in his book The

Disappearing City in 1932.

• The central issue was that the cities

lacked essentials elements such as
MODULE 2 space, air, light and silence.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
• A few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve-by-twelve-foot (3.7 × 3.7 m) scale model representing a
hypothetical four-square-mile (10 km2 ) community.

• Broadacre isn’t a city, it was reimagining the city as open space and landscape rather than
skyscraper and skyline

• Decentralized in organization it is self sufficient in supply, republican in constitution and populated by

auto mobile citizens.

• It was exact opposite of transit-oriented development.

 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT- BROADACRE CITY
• It was the antithesis of a city and apotheosis of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright’s particular vision.

• It was both a planning statement and a socio-political scheme, inspired by Henry George, by which each U.S.
family would be given a one-acre plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived
community would be built anew from this.

• All important transport is done by automobile and pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of
one acre

• There is a train station and a few

office and apartment buildings, but
the apartment dwellers are
expected to be a small
MODULE 2
Click to Edit minority.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Because of technological
advancements, Wright believed that
the large centralized city
would soon become obsolete
and people would return to their
rural roots.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT- BROADACRE CITY

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0VX8SExNps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6blNPs3RkfA
18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT- BROADACRE CITY

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

Factors Wright wanted to have integrated in his design:

• INDIVIDUALITY: Every man’s right to be his own capitalist.
1 acre land was allocated so that they can have their own gardens, farms

• DECENTRALIZATION: All institutions, municipal buildings, offices, factories

• are decentralized

• GRID: Broadacre city follows a strict Grid distributing acres of 40x50meters across 4 sq mile equaling
to a total of 2560 acres.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER- DECENTRALIZED CITY
• A German architect and urban planner
• Ludwig Hilberseimer wrote a book called City Plan, 1927 elaborating on Street hierarchy.
• He elaborated on the rise and decline of the cities and also about the art of city planning.
in his book called, New City Principles of Planning Chicago, 1944.
• The main subjects that interested Hilberseimer were the construction of "siedlungen"
(settlements) and urban centers

• Hilberseimer's Decentralized City was published for the first time in The New City magazine in 1944.

• It proposed an alternative model for the city and suburbs.

• Decentralized city was a response to the problems caused by industrial age.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
• It addressed the pollution, insalubrities, crime, traffic in the city centre.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
• Second stage of industrialization:
- Directed towards decentralization and diversification
- Closer relation between city and country.
- Alternative of garden cities and sub urbanization based just on housing.
SOURCE: http://www.a-u-r-
a.eu/upload/research_radicalurba
nism_100dpi_2.pdf
• He considered the block or gridiron system as archaic, the new unit should replace it.

• The structure of such unit should be such as to permit a general solution allowing unlimited
urban growth.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER- DECENTRALIZED CITY

SETTLEMENT UNIT:
• The settlement is the basic social unit of decentralized city. It
was the basic unit of production, agricultural and industrial.

• Settlement unit varied in size and character according to specific

case. It shouldn’t be larger (in order to provide walking distance for
people living inside.)

• In settlement unit model, he creates a system for low density with

separate mix use units and non hierarchical.

• The diagram for settlement unit was proposed as abstract

MODULE 2 operational model and not a solved design project. It was organized
Click to Edit through three elements:
PIONEERS IN PLANNING - The traffic arteries
THEORIES - The settlement buildings
- The nature

• Each of the elements worked separately without conflict

SOURCE: http://www.a-u-r- by its own logic.
a.eu/upload/research_radicalurba
nism_100dpi_2.pdf
• Eg: The streets led to buildings but do not determine their location.
Buildings and streets have special function to fulfil which may, but
need not coincide.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER- DECENTRALIZED CITY

TRAFFIC ARTERIES:
• The treatment of the traffic arteries was an
important shift in regard to the treatment of the
infrastructure.
• Infrastructure was not organised by the open structure
of the grid of the high rise.

• It appears as a combined system of open

highway and closed structures (the fish spine)

• Intersections and corners disappeared and was

MODULE 2
Click to Edit replaced by an efficient and secure loop. (cul de sac
PIONEERS IN PLANNING structure)
THEORIES
• The buildings were connected to this
fishbone structure.
SOURCE: http://www.a-u-r-
a.eu/upload/research_radicalurbani
sm_100dpi_2.pdf
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER- DECENTRALIZED CITY

BUILDINGS:
• Freestanding buildings in the settlement unit were
connected to the fish spine structure.

• Living, working, commerce, parking, administration buildings and

recreation areas were in the settlement separated by a
clear zone.

• On one side you will find industrial buildings, along the highway in
a green belt, we find the administrative and commercial
buildings for visitors, and behind them are different types of
housing.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
• From the house, the park can be directly accessed
PIONEERS IN PLANNING without crossing any roads.
THEORIES
• Other programs such as schools would be located in the long
green areas. In this city you could see some L-shaped houses
described above.
SOURCE: http://www.a-u-r-
a.eu/upload/research_radicalurbani
sm_100dpi_2.pdf • Different housing typologies were studied within the settlement
units such as low
houses for families and apartment
blocks for single people and couples.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER- DECENTRALIZED CITY

NATURE AND LANDSCAPE:

• Settlement unit is an abstract system that should adapt to the
specificity of each place, understanding the landscape,
natural and artificial: the land, geography, topography
and resources of the region.

• In settlement unit everything is surrounded by nature.

• Low housing was hidden by trees and shrubs resulting in

natural camouflage.

MODULE 2
• Higher apartment buildings raised above the green in
Click to Edit order to offer a variety of options and views.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES • Vegetable gardens next to the settlements would be used for
both recreational agricultural production “production park
system” decreasing recreational areas maintenance.
SOURCE: http://www.a-u-r-
a.eu/upload/research_radicalurbani • It is a simulator of spaciousness and privacy.
sm_100dpi_2.pdf

• This implied a shift in the way society and individual were

considered in this project.
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

• Constantinos A. Doxiadis (14 May 1913 – 28 June 1975),was a Greek architect

and town planner.
• He was known as the lead architect of Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan in
the 1960s.
• Later was known as the father of ekistics,(the term was coined by Doxiadis in
1942)

• EKISTICS is the science of human settlements, including regional, city, community planning and
dwelling design. Its major incentive was the emergence of increasingly large and complex conurbations,
tending even to a worldwide city.

• The study involves every kind of human settlement, with particular attention to geography, ecology,
human psychology, anthropology, culture, politics, and occasionally aesthetics.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekistics

https://www.archdictionary.com/ekisti
cs
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Large City- a city with large population & many services having less than 1 million but over
3 lakhs people.
City- a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a large city ,having over 1 lakh upto
3 lakhs people
Large Town- Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh.
Town- population of 1,000 to 20,000.
Village- population of 100 to 1000
MODULE 2
Click to Edit Hamlet- tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, & few buildings
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES Isolated dwellings- 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible services, if any.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

a. By Ekistics Units
b. By Ekistics Elements
c. By Ekistics Functions
d. By Evolutionary Phases
e. By Factors & Disciplines
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URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

BY EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC GROUPS

a. Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house;

b. Micro-settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used,
do & still do achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup, small neighbourhood)

c. Meso-settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute
daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis); and

d. Macro-settlements- whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis

• Physical and Social Units

Man (as individual)- smallest unit
MODULE 2 Space- second unit either personally owned or shared with others
Click to Edit
Family Home- third unit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • Social Unit
THEORIES Group of Homes

BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES
• Macro scale- nomadic, agricultural, urban, urban industrial;

• Micro scale- specific area at a limited period of time

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URBAN PLANNING
CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• Based on Sizes:
Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in agriculture)
Large and closely spaces (urban settlements specializing in secondary and tertiary activities)

• Based on Location of Settlements- plains, mountains, coastal, etc.

• Based on Physical Forms-form as the expression of content, function, and structure

• Based on Five Elements of Human Settlements

MODULE 2 • Based on Functions- which are important to an understanding of the meaning and role of
Click to Edit settlements:
PIONEERS IN PLANNING Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements
THEORIES Based on activity (economic, social), their performance, or special role (as dormitories,
retirement villages, etc.)

• Based on Time Dimension- age of settlements, their place in continuum (past, present, future),
their relative static of dynamic character, the whole process of their growth.

• Based on Degree of society’s conscious involvement in settlements creation natural and planned
settlements

• Based on Institutions, Legislations and Administrations which society has created for settlements.
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URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

• As a scientific mode of study, ekistics currently relies on statistics and description, organized in
FIVE EKISTICS ELEMENTS or PRINCIPLES:
- Nature: natural elements related to physical appearance of the earth, availability and ability of
the environment
- Anthropos: human element examined is related to the conditions, numbers, and relationships
between individuals.
- Society: examines the elements of society through sub-variables (such as livelihoods, income,
education level, economic conditions and cultural characteristics)
- Shells: is divided into several categories, namely education, health, administration, security,
industry, storage etc.,)
- Networks: the transportation network that contributes to the access of occupancy to centers of
activities and clean water networks as a means of basic human needs.
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
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URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS:

a. MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS –in a certain area, man will select the location which permits a
maximum of potential contact

b. MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS –a minimum of effort, terms of energy, time and cost Man selects the most
convenient routes

c. OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE

d. OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT

e. OPTIMIZATION OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRINCIPLES

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
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URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES
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URBAN PLANNING CONSTANTINOS A DOXIADIS (EKISTICS)

Static picture of a group of The real picture of the same Energy model for hunters who Energy model of a village.
people as given in plans. group as given by energy begin to cultivate the land. Daily per Daily per capita energy
measurements. capita consumption, 3000 calories. consumption, 8000 calories.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

Energy model of the central

settlement of a system of villages during Energy models of the central settlement of a system of villages during
the era of the automobile. the era of the automobile and of industry. Daily per capita energy
Daily per capita energy consumption, Consumption 45,000 calories; 100,000 calories.
25,000 calories
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT)

• Clarence Arthur Perry was an American urban planner, sociologist, author, and
educator.

• He worked in the New York City planning department where he became a

strong advocate of the neighborhood unit.

• Perry devised the neighborhood unit plan, a residential community scheme

disseminated through the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs in 1929
that influenced planning in US cities

MODULE 2 THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT:

Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • It explains the relationships between the residential components of a neighborhood
THEORIES and the uses that could easily be traversed to and from by foot.

• Perry utilized the 5-minute walk to define walking distances from residential to non-residential
components.
SOURCE: https://evstudio.com/the-
neighborhood-unit-how-does-
perrys-concept-apply-to-modern- • He was very concerned about the walkability to and from schools.
day-planning/

• The “Neighborhood Unit” has since laid the foundation for modern-day planning movements including
the “new urbanism” movement of the ’80s, ’90s, and today.
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URBAN PLANNING CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT)

• A graded street system was central to

Perry's plan.

• Streets would serve two different

groups:
- People passing by the
neighborhood unit
- The residents themselves.

• Perry placed arterials along which through

traffic could move rapidly at the
boundaries of the neighborhood
MODULE 2
Click to Edit
unit.
PIONEERS IN PLANNING • It would be dangerous for children to cross
THEORIES highways to get from home to school so he
opposed arterials between
residences and schools.
SOURCE:
http://www.sethspielman.org/course
s/geog3612/readings/Perry.PDF • Residential streets, designed primarily for use
by neighborhood unit residents would be in
the interior
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT)

• Perry’s neighborhood unit would be residential – mainly single-family detached

houses on separate yards

• He proposed locating a neighborhood-serving business district on the edge of the

neighborhood unit so that neighborhood residents could reach it on interior streets and through traffic
could reach it on arterials.

• In addition to the school and playground, street system, and residential areas, Perry was an advocate
of parks and open space within each neighborhood unit.

MODULE 2
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES

SOURCE:
http://www.sethspielman.org/course
s/geog3612/readings/Perry.PDF
 18ARC86
URBAN PLANNING CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT)

NEIGHBORHOOD-UNIT PRINCIPLES
Size – A residential unit development should provide housing for that population for which one elementary
school is ordinarily required, its actual area depending upon population density.

Boundaries – The unit should be bounded on all sides by arterial streets, sufficiently wide to
facilitate its by-passing by all through traffic.

Open Spaces – A system of small parks and recreation spaces, planned to meet the needs of the
particular neighborhood, should be provided.

Institution Sites – Sites for the school and other institutions having service spheres coinciding
MODULE 2 with the limits of the unit should be suitably grouped about a central point or common area.
Click to Edit
PIONEERS IN PLANNING
THEORIES Local Shops – One or more shopping districts, adequate for the population to be served, should be
laid out in the circumference of the unit, preferably at traffic junctions and adjacent to similar districts of
adjoining neighborhoods.

SOURCE:
http://www.sethspielman.org/cours
Internal Street System – The unit should be provided with a special street system, each highway
es/geog3612/readings/Perry.PDF being proportioned to its probable traffic load, and the street net as a whole being designed to facilitate
circulation within the unit and to discourage its use by through traffic.