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RINGS

The document provides solutions to various group theory and abstract algebra problems, including solving congruences and determining which multiplication tables define a group. It discusses the symmetries of a rectangle and Z4, noting that while both are groups of order 4, they are not isomorphic. Additionally, it describes the symmetries of a rhombus, which form a group isomorphic to the Klein four-group V4.

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tisungeni.kenard
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10 views2 pages

RINGS

The document provides solutions to various group theory and abstract algebra problems, including solving congruences and determining which multiplication tables define a group. It discusses the symmetries of a rectangle and Z4, noting that while both are groups of order 4, they are not isomorphic. Additionally, it describes the symmetries of a rhombus, which form a group isomorphic to the Klein four-group V4.

Uploaded by

tisungeni.kenard
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solutions to Group Theory and Abstract Algebra Problems

(Continued)

3.5 Exercises
1. Solve the following congruences
(a) 3x ≡ 2 (mod 7): Multiply both sides by 3−1 ≡ 5 mod 7: x ≡ 5 · 2 = 10 ≡ 3 (mod 7).
(b) 5x + 1 ≡ 13 (mod 23) ⇒ 5x ≡ 12 (mod 23). Multiply by 5−1 ≡ 14 mod 23: x ≡ 14 · 12 = 168 ≡ 7
(mod 23).
(c) 5x + 1 ≡ 13 (mod 26) ⇒ 5x ≡ 12 (mod 26). Since gcd(5, 26) = 1, inverse of 5 mod 26 is 21. Then
x ≡ 21 · 12 = 252 ≡ 18 (mod 26).
(d) 9x ≡ 3 (mod 5) ⇒ 4x ≡ 3 (mod 5). Multiply by 4−1 ≡ 4 mod 5: x ≡ 4 · 3 = 12 ≡ 2 (mod 5).
(e) 5x ≡ 1 (mod 6). gcd(5, 6) = 1. 5−1 ≡ 5 mod 6, so x ≡ 5 · 1 = 5 (mod 6).
(f) 3x ≡ 1 (mod 6): gcd(3, 6) = 3 ̸= 1, so no solution.

2. Which of the following multiplication tables define a group?


Check for identity, inverses, closure, and associativity.
(a) Not a group: lacks identity element.
(b) Is a group: identity is a, and each row/column has all elements.
(c) Not a group: row for a is not a permutation ⇒ no inverse.
(d) Is a group: similar to (b), Latin square with identity a.

3. Cayley Tables for Rectangle and Z4


Group of symmetries of rectangle = {e, r, h, v}:
◦ e r h v
e e r h v
r r e v h
h h v e r
v v h r e
Z4 = {0, 1, 2, 3} under addition mod 4:
+ 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 2 3 0
2 2 3 0 1
3 3 0 1 2
They are both groups of order 4, but not isomorphic. Rectangle symmetries are non-abelian; Z4 is abelian.

1
4. Symmetries of a Rhombus
The group of symmetries of a rhombus consists of:
• Identity

• Reflection over horizontal and vertical diagonals


• Rotation by 180◦
It forms a group of order 4, isomorphic to the Klein four-group V4 .

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