DECLARATION

The HND level one students declare that this report titles The Effect of Traffic Congestion in Cameroon,
case study carifour meec has been written by us. All borrowed idea has been fully acknowledged by
means of refers

SIGNATURE……………………………

DATE ……………………….

1
 CERTIFICATION
I, the undersigned ………………………. hereby acknowledged and
certify that this research work titled EFFECT OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN
CAMEROON is the original work of HND 1 students written after a
detailed and thorough research carried out

ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR……………………………

SIGNATURE…………………….
DATE …………………….

i
 DEDICATION

This piece of work is dedicated to YIBS

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every research is a piece of work and at the same time collective, and hereby we have the honor
to thank everyone who participated directly or indirectly in the completion of this work. This
goes particularly;

Our lecturer Doctor Tassah for his sacrifice of making sure we understand and undergo any
academic challenges.

To the president of YIBS MR TAKU GODFRED for giving us the opportunity to undergo our
carrier training in their prisidous institution

To all our fellow classmate for their diverse contribution to this report

All praises to God, the merciful one for granting us the strength, wisdom and patience to
successfully complete this research.

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 ABSTRACTS

This study examines the multifaceted impacts of traffic congestion on the daily activities and
wellbeing of residents in Yaoundé, Cameroon. By combining surveys, observational studies and
secondary data analysis, the research assesses how congestion affects productivity, health and
social life. The findings highlight significant economic losses due to wasted time, increased
exposure to air pollution leading to health issues, and social relationships. The study identifies
key causes of congestion, including infrastructure limitations and inadequate public transport
system, based on these insights, it proposes strategies for reducing congestion, such as improving
public transport and implementing smart traffic management technologies. This research
contributes to the development of targeted urban planning policies aimed at enhancing the
quality of life for Yaoundé residents and promoting sustainable urban growth.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENTS

DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................1

CERTIFICATION.........................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACTS................................................................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENTS.........................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY......................................................................................1

1.1.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CAMEROON...1

2.DEFINITION..............................................................................................................................2

3.CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION.................................................................................3

3.1. High Vehicle Volume;............................................................................................................3

3.2. Road Construction and Maintenance;..................................................................................3

3.3 Accidents...................................................................................................................................3

3.4 INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE..................................................................................3

3.5 INEFFICIENT TRAFFIC SIGNAL TIMING;....................................................................3

3.6 RUSH HOURS;........................................................................................................................3

4) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.....................................................................................3

4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................4

4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.....................................................................................................4

4.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................5

4.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................6

4.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................6

4.6. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS...........................................................................................6

v
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................7

LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................7

2.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................7

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.........................................................................................7

2.2.1. THE TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY....................................................................................7

2.2.2. THE DEMAND-SUPPLY MODEL...................................................................................7

2.2.3. URBAN MOBILITY AND LAND USE THEORY..........................................................7

2.3. CONCEPTUALIZING TRAFFIC CONGESTION............................................................8

2.3.1. DEFINITION AND FORMS..............................................................................................8

2.3.2. TYPES OF CONGESTION................................................................................................8

2.4. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVE ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION...............9

2.5. AFRICAN CONTEXT...........................................................................................................9

2.6. CAMEROON SPECIFIC STUDIES....................................................................................9

2.6.1. OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................9

2.6.2. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS...........................................................................................9

2.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGSTION......................................9

2.7.1. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION...............................................9

2.7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.....................................................................................10

2.7.3. HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS...........................................................10

2.7.4. CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN URBAN AREAS ( CARREFOUR

MEEC)..........................................................................................................................................10

2.8. EFFECTS TO MOTIGATE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CAMEROON..................11

2.8.1. ROAD EXPANSION PROJECTS...................................................................................11

2.8.2. URBAN MOBILITY PLANS...........................................................................................11

2.8.3. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC OFFICERS...............................................................11

2.9. IDENTIFIED GAPS IN LITERATURE............................................................................11

2.10. SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER....................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................12
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METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY.....................................................................................12

3.1 INTRUDUCTION.................................................................................................................12

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN...........................................................................................................12

3.3. STUDY AREA......................................................................................................................13

3.4 TARGET POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE...........................................13

3.5. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES..........................................................13

3.6. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION..............................................................................13

3.6.1. PRIMARY DATA SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION.............................................14

3.6.1.1. INTERVIEW..................................................................................................................14

3.6.1.2. QUESTIONNAIRS.........................................................................................................14

3.6.1.3. OBSERVATION.............................................................................................................14

3.6.2. SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION...................................................14

3.6.2.1. INTERNET.....................................................................................................................14

3.7. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT...........................................15

3.7.1. VALIDITY OF THE INSTUMENT................................................................................15

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD.........................................................................................................15

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives,
research questions, significance of the study and scope of the study.

Yaoundé the capital city of Cameroon, faces significant challenges related to traffic congestion.
The city topography, with numerous hills and concentrated urban area, exacerbates traffic flow
issues, particularly at major intersections in the city center. Road maintenance works and
presence of formal transportation services, such as taxis and moto- taxis, further contributes to
congestion. Traffic congestion in Yaoundé not only disrupts daily activities but also poses
serious health risks due to air pollution, with road traffic accounting for nearly half of PM2.5
emissions. The economic and social impacts of traffic congestion are profound. Despites these
challenges, there is a need for comprehensive research that quantifies the effects of traffic
congestion on the daily activities and wellbeing of Yaoundé residents. This study aims to explore
how traffic congestion affects productivity, health and social life in Yaoundé, identifying key
causes and proposing strategies for mitigation. By understanding these dynamic, policymaker
and develop targeted interventions to improve the quality of life for urban residents

Historically, Cameroon’s transport system was designed to carter to a much smaller population
with limited urban sprawl. However, with rapid urbanization, a sharp increase in private vehicle
ownership, inadequate public transportation systems, and poor urban planning, congestion has
escalated. The problem is compounded by a lack of coordinated traffic management systems,
ineffective enforcement of roads regulations, and the proliferation of information transport
modes such as motorbike taxis, known locally as “benskins”.This study seeks to investigate the
causes and effects of traffic congestion in Cameroon, assess its implications for urban
development and daily living, and explore viable solutions that can be adapted to the local
context. Understanding the root causes and the extent of its consequences is crucial for
formulating strategies that can lead to more sustainable and efficient urban transport systems.

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CAMEROON

The problem of traffic congestion in Cameroon has evolved over several decades, closely tied to
the country’s patterns of urban growth, economic development, and infrastructure planning. In
the post-independence era of the 1960s and 1970s, most Cameroonian cities had limited
1
populations, and urban mobility was relatively efficient. Roads were constructed primarily to
connect administrative centers, and traffic levels were modest, dominated by bicycles, a few
private vehicles, and state-owned public transportation.

However, by the 1980s and 1990s, Cameroon began experiencing increased rural-to-urban
migration due to a combination of population growth, economic hardship in rural areas, and the
search for employment and services in urban centers. Cities like Yaounde and Daoula expanded
rapidly, outspacing the government’s capacity to develop adequate transportation infrastructure.
Public investment in roads stagnated, while vehicle imports-both new and used-began to
increased, particularly after the liberalization of the economy in the 1990s.

During this period, Cameroon’s public transportation system began to deteriorate. the
government-owned bus services became inefficient and unreliable, leading to the rise of informal
modes of transport such as minibuses (“clandos” ) and commercial motorbikes (“benskins”).
These modes filled the gap left by failing public services but introduced new challenges to traffic
flow and safety due to poor regulation and untrained drivers.

By the early 2000s, traffic congestion had become a recognizable urban issue, particularly in
Douala and Yaounde. As these cities grew into economic and administrative hubs, road networks
became increasingly overloaded. The lack of effective urban planning, poor maintenance of
existing infrastructure, and minimal investment in mass transit system contribute to gridlocks,
especially during peak hours.

Effects to address traffic congestion have included road expansion projects, construction of
flyovers ( such as in Yaounde ), creation of urban master plans, and traffic police development.
However, most of these interventions have been reactive rather than proactive, and often lack
coordination and long-term vision. Moreover, weak enforcement of traffic regulations,
corruption, and poor stakeholders engagement have hindered progress.

Today, traffic congestion in Cameroon is not just a transportation problem but a multifaceted
challenge affecting the economy, environment, public health, and general urban efficiency. Its
roots in historical underinvestment, weak governance, and unplanned urbanization continue to
influence its present-day manifestations.

2
2.DEFINITION

Traffic congestion refers to a situation where vehicles exceed its capacity, resulting slower
speed, longer travel time, and increasing in queuing. This occurs when the demand for road
space surpasses the available capacity, leading to a reduction in traffic flow. Congestion is a
common problem in urban area and can be cause by various factor, including high vehicles
volume, road construction, accident, and insufficient traffic signal timing.

3.CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

3.1. High Vehicle Volume;

As the number of vehicles on the road increases, the likelihood of congestion rises

3.2. Road Construction and Maintenance;

Road constructionn, especially on busy routes, can significantly reduce capacity and create
bottleneck.

3.3 Accidents

Even a single accident can disrupt traffic flow and cause congestion

3.4 INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE

Poorly design roads or intersection can lead to bottlenecks and congestion

3.5 INEFFICIENT TRAFFIC SIGNAL TIMING;

Poorly timed traffic signal can contribute to congestion, particularly during peak hours.

3.6 RUSH HOURS;

The peak travel period during the morning and evening commute are typically the most
congested times

4) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite efforts by government agencies to improve road infrastructure and traffic regulation,
traffic congestion remains a persistent issue. Long travel times, increased transport costs, and
stressed from commuting are daily realities for many Cameroonians. This study seeks to

3
investigate the underlying causes and implications of traffic congestion and purpose practical
solutions. The city infrastructure, characterized by narrow roads and inadequate public
transportation systems, struggles to accommodate the growing number of vehicles, leading to
frequent gridlocks. This congestion not only results in significant economic losses due to wasted
time and fuel but also poses serious health risk. The prolonged exposure to air pollutants from
idling vehicles contributes to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while the stress and
frustration associated with daily commutes negatively impact mental health and social wellbeing.

Despite the severity of these impacts, there is a lack of comprehensive research quantifying the
specific effects of traffic congestion on the productivity, health, and social life of Yaoundé
residents. Existing studies often focus on economic impacts without fully exploring the broader
wellbeing implication. Furthermore, the absence of effective traffic management strategies
exacerbates the problem, leaving residents without variable solutions to mitigate these effects

Therefore, this study seeks to address the following problem; How does traffic congestion in
Yaoundé affect daily activities and wellbeing of its residents, and what strategies can be
implemented to reduce these negative impacts?

4.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To identify the main causes of traffic congestion in major Cameroonian cities.

 To assess the impact of congestion on economic activities, health, and the environment.
 To evaluates existing measures aimed at reducing congestion.
 To recommend effective strategies for managing urban traffic
 To investigate the health consequences of prolonged exposure to traffic related pollution in
Yaoundé

4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 How does traffic congestion in Yaoundé affect the daily routines and productivity of it
resents?

 This question aims to quantify the time lost due to traffic and its impacts on work and
personal activities.
 What are the health consequences of prolonged exposure to traffic related pollution in
Yaoundé?
 This question explores the link between traffic congestion and health issues such as
respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases.

4
 How does traffic congestion influence the mental health and social well-being of residents in
Yaoundé?
 This question assesses the psychological impacts of traffic stress and its effects on social
relationships and overall quality of life.

What are the primary causes of traffic congestion in Yaoundé, and how do they vary across
different parts of the city?
This question identifies key factors contributing to congestion, such as infrastructure limitation,
traffic management practices, and population density.

What strategies can be implemented to reduce traffic congestion and improve the wellbeing of
residents in Yaoundé?
 This seeks to propose practical solutions based on the findings, such as improved public
transport system, urban planning adjustments, or traffic management technologies
 How does traffic congestion affects individual and businesses?
 What policies or system are currently in place to manage traffic flow?

4.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

This study provides insights to policymaker, urban planners, and transport authority on how to
better manage road usage in urban areas. It also benefits commuters by advocating for better
transport policies. The study on ‘’ The Effect of Traffic Congestion on the Public’’ on the overall
activities and wellbeing of Cameroonians is crucial for several reasons, particularly in the
context of Yaoundé

 Understanding the socioeconomic impact: traffic congestion in Yaoundé disrupts daily

activities, reduces productivity and increases transportation costs. By quantifying these
impacts, this research can provide insights into how congestion affects economic growth and
urban efficiency
 Health and environmental concerns: prolonged exposure to traffic related air pollution is a
significant health risk, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This study will
high light these health implications, emphasizing the need for public health intervention.

 Mental health and wellbeing; The stress cause by long commute and traffic delays negatively
impacts mental health and social wellbeing. This research will shed light on this
psychological effect, which are often over looked in urban planning discussions
5
 . Policy development and urban planning; Yaoundé faces unique challenges due to its
topography, infrastructure limitation, and informal public transport system. This study will
provide data-driven recommendation for policy makers to design effective traffic
management strategies tailored to the cities need.

 Sustainable urban growth; with rapid urbanization in Cameroon, understanding the causes
and effect of traffic congestion is essential for sustainable development. The findings can
guide investments in infrastructure, public transport system, and land-use planning to reduce
congestion in the long term.
 Contribution to academic knowledge; The study will fill gap in existing literature by
focusing on Yaoundé specific context, contributing to broader research on traffic congestion
in sub -Saharan Africa.

4.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on major urban cities in Cameroon where traffic congestion is most prevalent.
Particular attention is giving to Yaoundé due to their population density and economic activities.
The scope includes both private and public transport system, road infrastructure, and traffic
management policies. The studies uses both qualitative and quantitative data to analyzed traffic
pattern and their implications.

4.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

capture all the variation in congestion across different regions and cities due to Like any
research, this study faces some limitation.

 The availability of liable data on traffic flow and congestion rate is limited.
 They maybe biases in responses from survey participant due to subjectivity and recall issues.
 The study may not logistical constraint.

Despite these limitations, very effort has been made to ensure the validity and reliability of the
findings.

4.6. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

 Traffic congestion; a condition on road networks that occurs when vehicles use is high,
resulting in slower speed, longer trip time, and increase vehicular queuing.
 Urbanization; the increase in the population of people living in urban areas, often leading to
infrastructure strain.

6
 Public transport; transportation services for the general public, including buses, taxis, and
motor cycle taxis (commonly called “benskins” in Cameroon)
 Sustainable transport; modes of transport that are environmentally friendly and resources-
efficient, such has mass transit system and non- motorized.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review involves a critical examination and analysis of existing literature (published
articles, books) to the topic or subject of a project.the study seeks to explain the impact of traffic
congestion on the economy of Cameroon. This chapter reviews existing literature so as to
formulate a theiretical framework which consist review of theories, review of concepts and
review by objectives and research activities.

2.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviews existing literature on traffic congestion to provide theoretical and empirical
context for the study. It examines scholarly work, reports, and policy papers related to the
causes, effects, and management of traffic congestion. The review begins with theoretical
frameworks, followed by global, regional, and local perspectives, and includes with identified
gaps in the literature.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework provides a foundation for analyzing traffic congestion and its
complexities. This study employs several transport and urban planning theories to explain the
dynamic behind congestion in urban areas.

2.2.1. THE TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY

Author(s) : Greenshield (1935), Lighthill $ Whitham (1955)

This theory model the relationship between traffic density, speed, and flow on road networks. It
suggests that as the number of vehivles increases beyond a critical point, traffic flow becomes
unstable and eventually leads to congestion. In the context of cameroon,the lack of traffic flow
management and poor road designs exacerbate congestion, especially during peak hours.

7
2.2.2. THE DEMAND-SUPPLY MODEL

The demand-supply model of urban transport suggest that congestion arises when the demand for
road space (number of vehicles) exceeds the available supply (road capacity). In Cameroon,
rapid urbanization and rising car ownership have overwhelmed existing road infrastructure,
leading to excessive demand and limited supply.

2.2.3. URBAN MOBILITY AND LAND USE THEORY

This theory postulates that transportation systems and Land use are closely linked. Poorly zoning
laws and unregulated urban expansion in Cameroon have led to uncoordinated developments that
intensify congestion. The proximity of residential areas to markets, schools, and workplaces
often determine traffic density.

2.3. CONCEPTUALIZING TRAFFIC CONGESTION

The phenomenon of traffic congestion is a complex issue that affects urban centers worldwide,
including yaounde, the capital city of cameroon. Understanding its impacts requires a
comprehensive review of existing literature adn a conceptual framework that integrates various
dimensions of traffic congestion. This section provides an overview of the theoretical
underpinning and empirical evidence related to traffic congestion, focusing on its economic,
health, and social impacts.

The literature review will explore how traffic congestion affects productivity by examining
studies on time lost due to commuting and its economic implications. It will also delve into the
health consequences of prolonged exposure to traffic-related pollution, including respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases.additionally, the view will discuss the psychological impacts of traffic
stress on mental health and social wellbeing.

The conceptual framework will outline the relationship between traffic congestion, its causes
(e.g infrastructural limitations, population growth), and its effects on residents’ daily activities
and wellbeing. This framework will guide the analysis of data collection from yaounde, ensuring
that the study addresses the multifaceted nature of traffic congestion and its implications for
urban planning and policy development.

By synthesizing existing knowledge and developing a rabust conceptual framework, this study
aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of traffic congestion in yaunde and uniform
strategies for mitigating its negative impacts

8
2.3.1. DEFINITION AND FORMS

Traffic congestion is defined as a situation where road demand exceeds supply, resulting in
slower speeds, increased travel time, and vehicle queues. It can be recurrent (daily peak-hour
congestion) or non-current (due to accidents or roadwork). Both forms are common in Cameroon
cities.

2.3.2. TYPES OF CONGESTION

 Bottleneck congestion: Caused by narrow roads, bridges, or junctions.

 Gridlock: A total breakdown of traffic flow, often in central business districts.
 Moving bottlenecks: Caused by slow-moving vehicles like trucks or poorly maintain taxis.

2.4. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVE ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION

In developed countries, congestion is mitigated through efficient mass transit systems,

congestion pricing, and smart traffic technologies. Cities like London and Singapore use
advanced transport policies to manage urban mobility.

2.5. AFRICAN CONTEXT

Many African cities suffer from underfunded transport infrastructure, poor planning, and weak
enforcement of traffic regulations. Studies in Lagos, Nairobi, and Accra highlight similar
congestion challenges as Cameroon.

2.6. CAMEROON SPECIFIC STUDIES

2.6.1. OVERVIEW

Cameroonian cities, especially Douala and Yaounde, face daily traffic congestion. These cities
host administrative and commercial functions that attract high vehicular movements.

2.6.2. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

 Poor infrastructure: Narrow roads, potholes, and lack of flyovers.

 Unregulated public transport: Taxis and motorcycle taxis (“benskins”) operate chaotically.
 Illegal parking and street hawking: Reduced road capacity.
 Urban planning failures: Lack of proper zoning and spatial planning.
 Weak enforcement: Corruption an understaffed traffic police units.

Existing literature on Cameroon identifies key issues such as poor urban planning, rapid vehicle
growth, inadequate public transportation, and weak institutional response to traffic challenges.

2.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGSTION

Traffic congestion has wide-ranging impacts on the economy, health, and the environment.
9
2.7.1. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Traffic congestion has profound economic implications, primarily through the loss of productive
time and increased transportation costs. Studies have shown that in urban areas, commuters
spend significant amount of time stuck in traffic, which translate into lost productivity and
economic inefficiencies (Downs, 1962 ; Vickrey, 1969). In the contex of yaounde where
infrastructure is limited and public transport system are underdeveloped, these economic impacts
are exacerbated for instance, a study by Mbara and Mvogo (2015) highlight how traffic
congestion in yaounde results in substantial economic losses due to wasted time and fuel
consumption. The points above are elaburated below ;

 Wasted man-hours due to delays.

 Increased fuel consumption.
 Higher cost of goods due to delays in transportation.

2.7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The health traffic congestion are multifaceted, primarily due to increased exposure to air
pollutions. Research indicates that prolong exposure to particular mateer and other pollutants
from vehicle emissions can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Pope $ Dockery,
2006 ; Brook et al., 2010). In yaounde, where traffic congestion is common residents are at
higher risk of these health issues due to inadequate air quality monitoring and control measures.
A study by Njomo and Mvogo (2018) found that residents in congested areas of yaounde
reported higher rates of respiratory problems compared to those in less conested areas. The
following are the enviromental impacts of traffic congestion ;

 Increased air pollution from vehicle emissions.

 Noise pollution
 Contribution to climate changes through greenhouse gases.

2.7.3. HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Traffic congestion also has significant social psychological impacts. The stress and frustration
associated with prolonged commutes can negatively affects mental health, leading to increased
level of anxiety and depression (Koslowski, 2004 ; Schaeffer et al., 2013).

Furthermore, traffic congestion disrupts social life by reducing the time available for family and
leisure activities, which can lead to feelings of isolation and decreased social wellbeing (Lucas et
al.,2016). In yaounde, where social relationships are highly valued, these impacts can be
particularly detrimental to community cohesion and averall quality of life. The psychological
effects are pointed out below.
10
 Stress and fatique
 Increased risk of respiratory problems
 Road rage and accidents.

2.7.4. CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN URBAN AREAS

( CARREFOUR MEEC)

The causes of traffic congestion are varied and often context-specific. In urban areas like
Yaounde, case study carrefour meec factors such as inadequate infrastructure, rapid urbanization,
and inefficient traffic management systems contribute significantly to congestion (Mbara $
Mvogo, 2015). Additionally, the lack of efficient public transport systems forces residents to rely
heavily on private vehicles, further exacerbating comgestion (Njomo $ Mvogo, 2018).

2.8. EFFECTS TO MOTIGATE TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN CAMEROON

Cameroon has taken several steps to address traffic congestion, through most are limited in
scope.

2.8.1. ROAD EXPANSION PROJECTS

Initiatives like the yaounde-douala high way and douala urban ring roads are intended to divert
traffic and reduced inner-city congestion.

2.8.2. URBAN MOBILITY PLANS

The urban mobility plan for yaounde aims to improve traffic flow, but implementation is low due
to funding constraints.

2.8.3. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC OFFICERS

Local councils and police often assign offers to busy junctions, though coordination and training
are often lacking.

2.9. IDENTIFIED GAPS IN LITERATURE

While several studies address traffic congestion in Cameroon, many are outdated or limited in
geographical scope. There is also a lack of real-time data on traffic flow, road usage, and vehicle
ownership. additionally, little has been done to evaluate the success of past interventions.

2.10. SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

This chapter has provided a comprehensive review of traffic congestion literature. It has
established a foundation for understanding the complexities of the problem in Cameroon and
informed the methodology used in the next chapter.

11
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY

3.1 INTRUDUCTION

The methodology chapter presents the framework within which the research was carried out. It
elaborates on the research design, population and sampling techniques, methods of data
collection, the sources of data used, and the methods applied in the treatment and analysis of the
collected data. This chapter ensures that the research findings are grounded in valid and reliable

12
procedures. Considering the significance of the problem of traffic congestion in Cameroon, a
mixed-methods approach was adopted to gather both numerical data and in-depth qualitative
insights. The aim is to provide a holistic view of how traffic congestion affects economic
activities, health, productivity, and the general well-being of the population.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study adopted a descriptive and exploratory research design, allowing the researcher to both
describe the current state of traffic congestion and investigate underlying factors contributing to
it. Descriptive design was appropriate for summarizing facts, patterns, and trends related to
traffic issues, while exploratory techniques allowed for deeper insights into causes, effects, and
possible solutions.

A mixed-methods approach combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques was

employed. This integration provides a more comprehensive perspective, as statistical data alone
might not fully capture human experiences and institutional dynamics surrounding traffic
congestion.

3.3. STUDY AREA

The study was conducted in carrefour meec. It was selected because:

 It experience high traffic volume especially in the morning and evenings.

 Its in the capital city of Cameroon which has a high percentage of Cameroon’s population
and economic activities.
 Government and private interventions to manage traffic are more visible in these areas,
allowing for better evaluation.

3.4 TARGET POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The targete population included road users (drivers, motorbike riders, commuters).transportation
authorities, urban planners, traffic enforcement officers, and residents of highly congested urban
areas like yaounde.
The target population included:

 Daily commuters (both private and public transport users).

 Commercial vehicle drivers (taxi and motorcycle taxi drivers).
 Roadside vendors and business owners.
 Traffic wardens and police officers.
 Urban planners and municipal authorities.

13
3.5. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A sample size of 50 respondents was selected using primary and secondary source of data. the
population was stratified based on occupation (drivers, passengers, business owners,
authorities), and random samples were taken from each stratum.

3.6. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

The study made use of both primary and secondary sources.

3.6.1. PRIMARY DATA SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION.

Data was collected through the use of observation, questionnaires and interview from the people
in carrefou meec. These instruments provided firsthand information on the nature, causes, and
effects of traffic congestion, as well as potential solutions suggested by the respondents.

3.6.1.1. INTERVIEW.

Interview serve as a valuable method of gathering information, insights, perspectives, and

experiences directly from the individuals of carrefou meec. Interviews alows researchers to delve
into a topic and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter through dialogue and
interaction with participants.

3.6.1.2. QUESTIONNAIRS.

With reference to the oxford dictionary (2010), a questionnaire is a set of questions being ask to
an organization or the general public in order to acquire information about what people think or
do concerning a subject under discussion. The questionnaire was design to provide information
to the effects of traffic congestion in Cameroon. It was also designed to answer the following
questions.

 What effect has character on traffic congestion?

 What effect has capacity on traffic congestion

3.6.1.3. OBSERVATION.

Observation is a method of data collection in which the situation of traffic if watch and relevant
facts, actions and behaviors recorded.in this case, active and passive observations were
conducted by the researchers. observation occurred passively when there is less interaction
between the researcher and the object of study. The researchers observed the movement of
vehicles, motorcycles, and people in carrefour meec and participated by asking questions.

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3.6.2. SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION.

The main secondary source of data collection used in the study is the internet which has reliable
information about the traffic congestion at carrefour meec.

3.6.2.1. INTERNET

The internet is a global network connecting all other networks with information which could be
relevant or irrelevant.

3.7. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.

3.7.1. VALIDITY OF THE INSTUMENT.

Validity could be defined as, the tendency of an instrument to measure what is intended to be
measured (by Cillins and Julie Wren 2005). It could be defined as, the truthfulness of our
research instrument. This explains how correct our instrument have been conducted.
 Face validity.
Face validity is a physical presentation of the researcher instruments and ensure that, the
construction of the questionnaires was done by the researchers and handed to the professional
supervisor who checked and verify if the correspond to the objectives earlier sited and make
necessary corrections.
 Content validity.
Content validity explain if the questions posed to the respondent have a link to the objective of
the study. As such, the questionnaires were examined by the supervisor in relation to the
objective of the study. This thorough examination of each item makes the questionnaires valid.
3.8. method of data analysis

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD.

The descriptive method of data collection was use by Ms. Excel. The data collected from the
questionnaires were the respondents opinion and will be express in frequency/percentage and
tables.

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 CHAPTER FOUR: Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents and analyzes the data collected during the study. It highlights the major

findings, discusses observed patterns, and interprets the implications of the results in relation to

the research objectives.

4.2 Presentation of Data

4.2.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Respondents were categorized by age, gender, occupation, and commuting habits. This helped in

understanding the diversity and representativeness of the sample.

4.2.2 Respondents' Perception of Traffic Congestion

Major causes identified included poor road infrastructure, high vehicle population, and

ineffective traffic control systems. Respondents reported significant delays, especially during

peak hours.

4.2.3 Impact of Traffic Congestion

Impacts included loss of time, reduced productivity, increased fuel consumption, stress, and

environmental pollution.

4.3 Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to identify trends. Qualitative data were categorized into themes

such as causes, effects, and proposed solutions.

4.4 Interpretation of Findings

Traffic congestion is primarily caused by systemic and infrastructural issues. Its effects are

widespread, impacting economic productivity and quality of life.

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4.5 Summary of the Chapter
The chapter presented the analyzed data and interpreted the findings in light of the research

objectives. The next chapter discusses the implications and provides recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion of Findings, Conclusion and

Recommendations

5.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the findings presented in Chapter Four, interprets them in light of the

research objectives, and provides recommendations.

5.2 Discussion of Findings

5.2.1 Causes of Traffic Congestion

Findings revealed the key causes as poor road infrastructure, high number of vehicles,

inadequate enforcement, and poor city planning.

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5.2.2 Effects of Traffic Congestion
Effects include reduced productivity, higher transport costs, environmental pollution, and health

concerns such as stress and fatigue.

5.2.3 Existing Strategies

Government efforts include road expansion and new traffic laws, though many are underfunded

or inconsistently enforced.

5.3 Conclusion
Traffic congestion in Cameroon is a major urban problem affecting economic and social life.
Solutions require both short- and long-term strategies involving all stakeholders.
5.4 Recommendations
- Enforce traffic laws strictly

- Invest in public transport

- Maintain and expand road networks

- Develop alternative transport systems (rail, water)

- Implement congestion charges in high-traffic zones

5.5 Suggestions for Further Research

Future research should explore the economic cost of traffic congestion and evaluate the

effectiveness of current mitigation measures.

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