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PHY 210 Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of PHY 210 covers fluid mechanics, focusing on concepts such as density, specific gravity, pressure in fluids, and buoyancy. It includes principles like Pascal's Principle, Bernoulli's Equation, and the measurement of pressure using various instruments. The chapter also provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 views99 pages

PHY 210 Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of PHY 210 covers fluid mechanics, focusing on concepts such as density, specific gravity, pressure in fluids, and buoyancy. It includes principles like Pascal's Principle, Bernoulli's Equation, and the measurement of pressure using various instruments. The chapter also provides examples and problems to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

jcvsdgcbwr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY 210

CHAPTER 4:
Fluid Mechanics

1
Lecture Outline
1. Density and specific gravity
2. Pressure in fluid, atmospheric pressure and gauge
pressure
3. Measurement of pressure
4. Pascal Principle and Application
5. Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle
6. Fluid in Motion
7. Continuity Equation
8. Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
9. Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law 2
FLUID
• Refers to gases and liquids.
• Formed of atoms/ molecules that are freely
move.
• Unlike solids, atoms in fluid are able to flow.

liquid gas

solid fluid 3
Introduction of fluids:

i) Density

• Density is mass per unit volume.


• Written as :

mass m
Density  or  
volume v

• Unit for density is Kgm-3


Specific Gravity

• The specific gravity is the ratio betweenthe


density of an object, and a reference
substance.
• The specific gravity can tell us, based on its
value, if the object will sink or float in our
reference substance.
• Usually our reference substance is water.
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 5
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦= =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡


𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑊 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡


𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

If specific gravity > 1, the object sinks


If specific gravity < 1, the object float

If specific gravity = 1, the object neither float nor sink


(it will hover in the liquid)

ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 6
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

EXAMPLE
The specific gravity of cast iron is 7.2. Find the density and the mass of 60 cm3 of it.

 iron
S .G 
 water
 iron  S .G  water 

 7.2 1000 kg / m 3 
 7200 kg / m 3

miron   iron Viron


 
 7200 kg / m 3 60 10 6 m 3 
 0.432 kg

7
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

EXAMPLE
5 liters of liquid A with relative density, 0.8 is mixed with 4 liters of water. If the mixture
volume is 9 liter, calculate the relative density of the mixture. (1 liter =1000 cm3)
V A  5 L  5  10 3 m 3  A  S .G  w 
Vw  4 L  4  10 3 m 3  0.8 1000 
V A  w  9 L  9  10 3 m 3  800 kg / m 3
SG A  0.8
 m A   A VA mw   w Vw

 800 5  10 3  
 1000 4  10 3 
 4 kg  4 kg

m A  mw  m ix
 m ix   S .G 
VA  Vw w
4 kg  4 kg 888 .89 kg / m 3
 
9  10 3 m 3 1000 kg / m 3
 888 .89 kg / m 3  0.9
8
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

EXAMPLE
An alloy is made of 2 types of metal:
1) Cuprum, specific density of Cu = 8.9
2) Aluminum, specific gravity of Al = 2.7
the ratio of the two metals are 2:5 in terms of the volume of alloy. Calculate the density
of alloy. (Ans: 4471.43 kg/m3)

9
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
Hydrostatic Pressure
• Air, as a gas, is composed of
molecules that you can imagine
as round elastic balls.
• Molecules move in straight lines
until they collide with
neighboring molecules or the
container wall.
• Molecules of gas hitting the wall
impose a force on the wall.
Figure: A closed container • The amount of this impact force
with air inside per area of the container inner
walls is called pressure.
10
ii) Pressure
• Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.

Force
Pressure 
Area
or
F
P
A

• At any point on the surface of a submerged


object, the force exerted by the fluid is
perpendicular (┴) to the surface of the object.
•Unit for pressure is N m-2 or Pa (Pascal)
*1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Hydrostatic Pressure

Problems
Problem 1
A flat bottom boat is in the water. Its weight is 600
N and bottom area is 1.5 m2 , What is the water's
pressure under the boat?

The pressure P = F / A
= 600 N / 1.5m2 A=1.5m2

= 400 Pa F=600N

12
Hydrostatic Pressure

The force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object at any point is


perpendicular to the surface of the object as shown in figure below.

Pressure is the same in every direction in a fluid at


a given depth; if it were not, the fluid would flow.
13
Pressure in fluids
Pressure at a Given Depth, h

15
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
• Atmospheric pressure changes with altitude/ height.

• Eg:
This plastic bottle was crushed by the increase in atmospheric pressure
—at 9,000 feet (2,700 m) and 1,000 feet (300 m)— as it was brought
down towards sea leve

4,300 m 2,700 m 300 m

• At low elevations, the pressure is greater, since the molecules


of air are compressed from the weight of the air above them.
16
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

17
Pressure at a Given Depth, h

All these containers are the same height. Therefore, the pressure at the
bottom of each is the same. The shape matters not !

Note: We’re talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not the pressures exerted
by the containers on the table, which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of
the same height & base. 12
Pressure at a Given Depth, h

Problem
Problem 2
A tank is filled with water to a depth of 1.5 m.
What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank due
to water alone?

P  gh
1.5 m

P  (1103 kg / m 3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(1.5m)


P = 1.5 ×104 Nm-2

19
Atmospheric Pressure PA .
• At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about ;
1 atm  1.013  105 Nm 2

• Another unit of pressure is the bar:


1 bar  1.00  105 Nm 2
Gauge Pressure, Pg .
• Pressure measured by the instrument called pressure gauge.

Absolute Pressure, P.
• The absolute pressure P, of the system is equal to the sum of
the gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure, PA .
Atmospheric Pressure and Pressure Gauge

• The pressure at a given depth in a static liquid is a


result the weight of the liquid acting on a unit area at
that depth plus any pressure acting on the surface of
the liquid.

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρ𝑔ℎ

• The pressure due to the liquid alone (i.e. the gauge


pressure) at a given depth depends only upon the
density of the liquid ρ and the distance below the
surface of the liquid h.
𝑃 = ρ𝑔ℎ
21
Atmospheric Pressure and Pressure Gauge

Problem
1. Salimah spots buried treasure while scuba diving on her
Tioman vacation. If she must descend to a depth of 40
meters to examine the pressure,
a) What gauge pressure will she read on her scuba equipment? The
density of sea water is 1025 kg/m3.

402x103 Pa

b) What is the absolute pressure exerted on Salimah by the water


and atmosphere?

101x103 402x103 503 kPa


23
Problem
2. A diver’s pressure gauge reads 250,000
Pascals in fresh water (ρ=1000 kg/m3). How
deep is the diver?

24
Example :

Find the pressure of a point 100 m


below the surface of water.
Atmospheric pressure
PA = 1.013 x 105 Pa
Solution: 100 m

P  PA  hg

P = 1.013 x 105 + (1000)100(9.81)


= 1.082 x 106 Pa
Exercise :

1. Calculate the pressure at a depth of 110 m from the surface of


a lake. (atmosphere pressure = 1.015 x 105 Pa, density of
water = 1000 kgm-3). (Ans : 1.18 x 10 6 Pa)

2. What is the pressure at 25.0 m below the sea level that has a
density of 1.03 x 103 kgm-3? (Patm = 1.015 x 105).
(Ans : 3.54 x 105 Pa)

3. a) Calculate the absolute pressure at an ocean of 1000 m.


Assume the density of seawater is 1024 kg m-3 and the air
exerts a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
b) Calculate the gauge pressure at the ocean at 500 m depth.
(Ans:(a)1.015x107 Pa, (b)5.023x106 Pa)
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Measurement of Pressure
How do we measure pressure?

We can use,

a) Manometer
i. U tube manometer
ii. Open tube manometer
iii. Close tube manometer
b) Mercury barometer
c) Aneroid gauge
d) Tire pressure gauge 27
i) U- tube manometer

A manometer is a U-shaped tube


that is partially filled with liquid.

Both ends of the tube are open to


the atmosphere.

PT at point A  PT at point B

𝝆 𝑨 𝒈𝒉 𝑨 = 𝝆 𝑩 𝒈𝒉 𝑩

1
ii) Open tube manometer
A container of gas is connected to one
end of the U-tube, The other end is
opened to atmosphere

The pressure at point B is the


pressure of the gas.

Pc  Patm

Pgas  PB  PB'  PC  gh

Pgas  Patm   gh
iii) Close tube manometer

A container of gas is connected to one


end of the U-tube, The other end is
closed to atmosphere.

Pgas  PB PB'


Pc  0Pa
The pressure at point B is the
pressure of the gas.

Pgas  PC  gh   gh
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Example
The manometer tube containing oil of
density 800 kg m-3. The difference level
between the two sides of the tube is 0.1
m. What is the pressure at point C?

From ∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
C
= 800 × 9.81 × 0.1
= 784.8 𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 784.8𝑃𝑎 + 101𝑘𝑃𝑎


= 101784Pa

31
EXAMPLE: PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

As shown in the figure, a column of water 40 cm high supports a 31 cm column of an


unknown fluid. What is the density of the unknown fluid.
Pw  Pf
1 gh1   2 gh2
40 cm
h 31 cm
 2  1 1
h2
 1290 kg m 3 A
EXAMPLE:
Two liquids which do not react chemically are placed in a bent tube. Assume the two liquids
in the U-shape tube are water and oil. Compute the density of the oil if the water stands 19 cm
above the interface and the oil stands 24 cm above the interface.
Po   a  Pw   a , since both tubes are open to the atmosphere,
 o gho   w ghw
h 
 o  w
hw  o
hw
 oil  w 24cm
hoil
19cm

0.19
1000 
0.24
 792 kg m 3 32
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
b) Mercury Barometer
• To measure the atmosphere pressure
• The glass tube is filled with mercury and then inverted into the bowl of
mercury. If the tube is long enough, the level of mercury will drop, leaving a
vacuum at the top of the tube.
• Atmospheric pressure can support a column of mercury only about 760 mm
high and exerts the same pressure as the atmosphere.
with,

 Hg  13.6  10 3 kg / m 3
h  760 mm , g  9.8ms  2

P  gh = 760 mm
= 1 atm

 13.6  10 kgm
3 3
9.8ms 0.760mm
2

2
A B
 1.013  10 Nm5

 1 atm
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Example
How high is the level of a mercury barometer on a day
when atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa? (density of
mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3)

From ∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
∆𝑝 98.6 × 10 3
∆ℎ = =
𝜌𝑔 13.6 × 103 × 9.81
= 𝟕𝟑. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎

34
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE:
the U tube device is connected to the tank in the Figure which is called manometer.
The mercury in the tube stands higher in one side than the other. What is the pressure
in the tank if atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of mercury? The density of mercury is
13.6 g/cm3.

5 cm
A1 A2

Pressure at A1  Pressure at A2
( P in tank )  ( P dueto 5 cm Hg )  ( P atm)
P  (0.05 m)(13600 kgm 3 ) (9.8 ms  2 )  (0.76 m)(13600 kgm 3 )(9.8 ms  2 )
P  95 kPa

35
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Here are two more devices for measuring pressure:


the aneroid gauge and the tire pressure gauge.

36
Do you ever wonder…..
How can the old
barber lift his
customer by
using just one
foot???

37
Pascal Principle
States that:
“Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of the
fluid and the walls of its container.”

If an external
pressure is applied
to a confined
fluid, the pressure
at every point
within the fluid
increases by that
amount.

38
Pascal Principle

 This principle is made used of in the hydraulic jacks


and lifts, hydraulic brakes, dentist chairs, and etc.

Hydraulic lifts

 A small input force is used to exert a large output


force by making the area of the output piston larger
than the area of the input piston.

39
Pascal Principle

Hydraulic brakes

When the driver


presses the brake pedal,
the pressure in the master
cylinder increases.

This pressure increase


occurs throughout the
brake fluid, thus pushing
the brakes pads against
the disk attached to the
car’s wheel.

40
Pascal Principle

Problem
1. In a hydraulic lift as in figure, the larger piston has cross
sectional area, A1 = 200 cm2 and the small piston has cross
sectional area A2 = 5.0 cm2. If a force of 250 N is applied to
the small piston, find the force on the large piston.

By Pascal’s Principle,
Pressure under large piston =
Pressure under small piston
FL FS

AL AS
FS (200)(250)
FL  AL   10kN
AS 5
41
Pascal Principle

Problem
2. In figure below, the cylinder L has a mass of 700 kg and cross-
sectional area of 1000cm2. Piston S has cross-sectional area
of 50 cm2 and negligible its weight. If the system is filled with
oil of density 0.750 g cm-3, calculate the force, F required to
maintain the initial position.
(Given g=9.81 ms-1) (Answer: F=159.41 N) F

According to Pascal’s Principle, S


𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 5m
700kg L
𝑃𝑆 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝐿
𝐹𝑆 𝐹𝐿
+ 𝜌𝑔ℎ =
𝐴𝑆 𝐴𝐿
𝐹𝑆 (700 × 9.81)
−4
+ 750 × 9.81 × 5 =
50 × 10 1000 × 10−4
𝐹𝑆 = 159.41 𝑁
42
Pascal Principle

Problem
3. A barber raises his customer’s chair by applying a force of 150N to a
hydraulic piston of area 0.01 m2. If the chair is attached to a piston of
area 0.1 m2, how massive a customer can the chair raise? Assume the
chair itself has a mass of 5 kg.

Answer:
The force applied to the larger piston,

If the chair has a mass of 5 kilograms,


Thus, the maximum mass of a customer in the chair must be
153 𝑘𝑔 − 5 𝑘𝑔
= 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐠 43
Exercise :

The diagram below shows a hydraulic jack that used to lift a car
which has a mass of 1500 kg. A and B are two pistons with
round surfaces. If the surface area of B is 130 cm2 and the force,
F supplied to lift the car is 60 N, determine the radius of A
surface.
F

Input Output
Piston A Piston B

(Ans: (a)5.31x10-5 m2, (b)4.109x10-3 m)


Exercise :

1.The output piston of a hydraulic press has a cross sectional


area of 0.2m3.
(a) how much pressure on the input piston is required for
the press to generate a force of 1.5x106N?
(b) what force is applied to the input piston if it has a
diameter of 5 cm?
(Ans: (a)7.5 x 106 Pa, (b)1.5 x 104 N)
2. A hydraulic lift in a garage has two pistons: a small one of
cross-sectional area 4 cm2 and a large one of cross-sectional
area 250cm2. If this lift is designed to raise a 3000 kg car. What
minimum force must be applied to the small piston? If the force
is applied through compressed air, what must be the minimum
air pressure applied to the small piston?

(Ans: 1.2 x 106 Pa)


I know….

What keeps the boat float?


Buoyancy
47
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

Archimedes Principle
States that:
“The buoyant force on an object immersed in a
fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
that object.”

 Volume of fluid displaced equal to the volume of the


submerged object.
EXAMPLE: if the object is placed in a glass initially filled to
the brim with water, the water that flows over the top
represents the water displaced by the object.

48
Buoyant Force, FB
•Buoyant force is the force acting perpendicularly upward on
a body when part or the whole body immersed in a fluid.

•The physical cause of the buoyant force is the pressure


difference between the top and the bottom of the object.

•The magnitude of the buoyant force is always equals to the


weight of the displaced fluid.
•The object will be:
- Float if FB > mg
- Equilibrium if FB = mg
- Sink if FB < mg

Two methods to find buoyant force:


–Newton’s Spring Scale
–Archimedes' Principle.
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

METHOD 1: NEWTON SPRING SCALE


The net force on the object is the difference between the buoyant force
and the gravitational force.
Actual weight, W Apparent weight, Wapp

Wapp  W  FB

In air In water 39
METHOD 2: APPLYING ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
• If the object submerged in a fluid. There is a net force on the object
because the pressures at the top and bottom of it are different.

The net force due to the fluid pressure, FB:


FB  F2  F1
 P2 A  P1 A
 (  F gh2 ) A  (  F gh1 ) A
 (  F g ) A(h2  h1 )
FB   F gV

mF gV

V
 mF g
FB  WF (weight of the fluid displaced by object)
Case 1: Totally Submerged Object
Case 2: Floating Object (ρobj < ρf)
FB
•When a floating object is in
equilibrium, only part of it is
submerged.

wo •In this case “the buoyant


force equals the weight of the
FB  Wo
object”
 F gVdisp  mo g
 F gVdisp  oVo g where :  F  fluid' s density
 o  object' s density
• partially immersed, 𝑉𝑓=1/2 𝑉𝑜
Vdisp  volume submerged
Vdispo @ volume of fluid displaced
 
Vo F Vo  full volume of the object
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

Density of air is so small, the effect


for ordinary solids is slight.
BUT, there are objects that float in
air.
This principle also works in the air;
this is why hot-air and helium balloons
rise BECAUSE density of helium is
less than the density of air.

55
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

Problem Problem
A metal ball weighs 0.096 N. When suspended in water it
has apparent weight of 0.071 N. Find the density of the
metal.
When the ball suspended in water,
Wapp  W  FB
FB  W Wapp
FB  (0.096  0.071)N  0.025 N
From the Archimedes Principle,
FB  m f g   f gVB
mB f
FB   f gVB   f g  WB
B B
WB 0.096
B  f  (1000kg / m 3 )  3840 kg / m 3
FB 0.025 40
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

 Example:
A solid cube is 0.75 cm on each side. It floats in oil of
density 800 kg/m with one third of the block out of the
oil. What is the buoyant force on the cube?

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙

2 2
𝑉𝑑 𝑖 𝑠 𝑝 = 𝑉𝑜 = 0.0075 × 0.0075 × 0.0075 = 2.813 × 10−7𝑚3
𝑙
3 3
𝐹𝐵 = 800 9.81 2.813 × 10−7 = 2.21 × 10−3𝑁

57
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

 Example:
An object has a weight of 8.80 N in air. It is suspended from a scale, which
reads 7.40 N when it is submerged in hydraulic oil of density 950 kg m-3.
1) Determine the buoyant force on the object.
2) What is the volume of the displaced oil

𝑊 = 8.80𝑁, 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 7.40𝑁, 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 950 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3

We know, 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑊 − 𝐹𝐵
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝
𝐹𝐵 = 8.80 − 7.40 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝑵

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙
= (950)(9.81)𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙
1.40
𝑉𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑝 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒𝒎𝟑
𝑙
(950)(9.81)

58
Exercise :

1. An object has a volume of 3m3 and weight 35000 N. What is the weight in
water? (Ans: 5600N)

2. A piece of aluminium is suspended from a spring balance which reads 2.6 N.


when the aluminium is immersed in water, the balance reads 1.6 N. Find:
a) The volume of the aluminium
b) The density of the aluminium (Ans: 1.02 x 10-4 m3,2.6 x 103 kgm-3 )

3. A block of dimensions 5 m x 2 m x 20 m floats in water with half its volume


immersed in water. If density of water is 1000 kgm-3 , calculate the buoyant
force acting on the block? (Ans: 9.8 x105 N)
Fluid in Motion
• If the flow of a fluid is smooth, it is called streamline or
laminar flow

• Above a certain speed, the flow becomes turbulent

60
Fluid in Motion

61
Fluid in Motion

We will deal with laminar flow


62
Fluid in Motion

Laminar Flow
• Has steady flow
• The fluid particles that pass any point follow
the same path at the same speed.
• There is no friction between the layers of the
moving fluid – the fluid are not viscous.

63
Equation of Continuity

• Consider a fluid through a tube with different cross-sectional


area
Volume through A1 = volume through A2

A1l1  A2l2
• Since,
l  vt
• Over a certain time interval
A1 v1t   A2 v2 t 
that is

A1v1  A2 v2  constant

• Is called the equation of continuity for fluids


Av  constant
• If A increase v will decrease or vice versa

 Equation of continuity apply to actual tubes.


 Also called tube flow.
 An imaginary tube were boundary consist of streamline.
 -i.e; all fluid must flow within its boundary
Fluid in Motion – Laminar Flow

 The mass flow rate is the mass that passes a given point
per unit time.

Mass Flow Rate = the mass that passes a given point per unit time.
  fluid' s density
m A  crosssectional area
=
t l  length
m V Al v  fluid' s velocity
=    Av V  fluid' s volume
t t t

66
Continuity Equation

 The Av represent the volume rate of flow (volume of


fluid passing a given point per second).
𝑄 𝑄
 Also, volume rate of flow, = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑡
𝑡
With 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

67
Continuity Equation

Where the cross-sectional area is large, the velocity is


small.
When the area is small, the velocity is large.
Where the pipe is larger, the flow is slower.

68
Continuity Equation

Problem
1. Water runs through a water main of cross-sectional
area 0.4 m2 with a velocity of 6 m/s. Calculate the
velocity of the water in the pipe when the pipe tapers
down to a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2.

69
Continuity Equation

Problem
2. Water enters a typical garden hose of diameter 1.6 cm with a
velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate the exit velocity of water from the
garden hose when a nozzle of diameter 0.5 cm is attached to the
end of the hose.

Answer:

70
Continuity Equation

Problem
3. A water hose 2.0 cm in diameter is used to fill a 20 litre
bucket. If it takes 1.0 minutes to fill the bucket, what is then
speed at which the water leaves the hose? (l litre = 103 cm3)

71
Exercise 8.6 :

1. Explain why water shoots out farther from a hose if you put
your finger over the tip of the hose.

2. An ideal fluid is moving at 3 m/s in a section of a pipe of


radius 0.2 m. if the radius in another section is 0.35 m. what
is the flow speed there?
(Ans:0.98 m/s).

3. Water enters a pipe of diameter 3 cm with a velocity of 3 m/s.


the water encounters a constriction where its velocity is 12
m/s.
(a) Find the volume flow rate of the water.
(b)What is the diameter of the constricted portion of
the pipe?
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE:
“Where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure
is low and where the velocity is low, the pressure
is high”.

This is true for a nonviscous fluid flowing at a constant height. It


follows directly from the Bernoulli equation:

P + ½  v 2 +  g y = constant. If y is a constant, then


P + ½  v 2 = constant. This shows that if pressure increases, then v
decreases, and versa vise.
73
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

In the steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid of density r, the


pressure P, the fluid speed v, and the elevation y at any two points (1 and

2) are related by

74
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

Fluids at Rest.
For many situations, the fluid remains at rest so that v1 and v2 are zero. In
such cases we have:

P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v 22

P1 - P2 = ρgh2 - ρgh1 ∆P = ρg(h2 - h1)

75
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

Fluids in horizontal pipe.


P1   gh1  ½  v12  P2   gh2  ½  v 22

Horizontal Pipe (h1 = h2) v1 v2


P1  P2  ½ v  ½ v
2
2
2
1 h1 = h2

Now, since the difference in pressure ∆P = ρgh,

Horizontal Pipe : P   gh  ½  v 22  ½  v 12

76
Problem
Water flowing at 4 m/s passes through a Venturi tube as shown. If
h = 12 cm, what is the velocity of the water in the constriction?

Bernoulli’s Equation (h1 = h2)


h v2

P   gh  ½ v 22  ½  v12
v1 = 4 m/s h = 612cm
cm
Cancel ρ, then clear fractions: 2gh = v22 - v12
v  2gh  v2  2(9.8 m/s2 )(0.12 m) (4 m/s)2
2 1

v2 = 4.28 m/s
77
Bernoulli’s application
Application 1
The Lift of aWing

The curved top of a wing creates a longer distance from front to back than the
straight bottom. This causes the air on top to travel farther, and thus faster, to
reach the back than the air underneath, creating a difference in pressure
between the two surfaces.

78
Bernoulli’s application
Application 2
Perfume bottle

In a perfume bottle, the air inside the bottle moves slowly. So the pressure
inside the bottle is high and applies a strong force in the downward direction
of the perfume. An atomizer contains a long narrow tube which runs from the
bottom of the bottle to the top of the bottle.

A nozzle tube, which is connected to the narrow tube at right angles acts as a
squeeze pump to make the air flow through it quickly. So, there is a decrease in
pressure at the top of the bottle and the perfume flows in the upward
direction towards the nozzle along the narrow tube and sprays the perfume
outside with great speed.This is due to Bernoulli’s Principle.

79
Application 3
Bunsen Burner

Bunsen Burner is another example of Bernoulli’s principle. When the Burner is


linked to a gas supply, the gas passes with higher speed through the narrow
path of the Burner. This generates a low pressure region outside the Burner.
When the external air at atmospheric pressure combines with the gas, the
mixture eases the gas to burn to produce fire.

80
Application 4
Windows explosion

Another example of Bernoulli’s Principle is the explosion of windows in the


hurricanes. When the air reaches the window at a high speed, the air pressure
outside the window is less than the air pressure inside the window, where the
air is still. This difference in air pressure pushes the windows in an outward
direction, and hence the window explodes.

81
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

5.Baseball Curve
A ball’s path will curve due to its spin, which results in the air speeds on
the two sides of the ball not being equal.

82
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

5. Lack of blood to the brain - TIA


A person with constricted arteries will find that they may experience a
temporary lack of blood to the brain (transient ischemic attack, TIA) as
blood speeds up to get past the constriction, thereby reducing the
pressure.

83
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

6. Venturi Tube
A venturi meter can be used to measure fluid flow by measuring
pressure differences, including blood velocity in arteries.

84
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application

7. Air Flow Underground Burrows


Air flow over multiple openings can provide the needed circulation in
underground burrows.

85
?
What’s the difference between these two liquids

Viscosity
86
Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law
Viscosity
 Real fluids have some internal friction, called viscosity.
 The viscosity can be measured; it is found from the relation

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

where η is the coefficient of viscosity.

70
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

VISCOSITY
The resistance to flow of a fluid and the resistance to the movement of an
object through a fluid are usually stated in terms of the viscosity of the fluid.
Viscosity exist in both liquid and gasses.
Different fluid given different viscosity, syrup is more viscous than water,
grease is more viscous than engine oil. It can be expressed quantitatively
by a coefficient of viscosity,  (eta)

 Av
Fviscosity 
y

88
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
Figure A shows a viscous fluid between two parallel plates. The top plate is free to
move while the bottom one is stationary.
If the top plate is move with velocity v relative to the bottom plate, a force F is
required.
For highly viscous liquid, like thick honey, a large force is needed.
For a less viscous fluid like water, a smaller force is needed.
In the figure B, the fluid to be composed of many thin horizontal layer. When the
top plate moves, the fluid layers slide over each other. The velocity of each layer is
different, changing uniformly from v at the top plate to zero at the bottom plate.
The flow is called laminar flow.
The amount of force required is depends on area A, ( F  A ) , speed v ( F  v )
and distance y between the top and bottom plates ( F  1/y ).

Figure A Figure B
89
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

FORCE NEEDED TO MOVE A LAYER OF VISCOUS FLUID WITH A CONSTANT FLUID


The magnitude of the tangential force F is required to move a fluid layer at a constant speed
v, when the layer has an area A and it is located at a perpendicular distance y from an
immobile surface, is given by;  Av
F 
y
 is the coefficient of viscosity
SI Unit of viscosity : Pa . S
common unit of viscosity : poise (P)

area
F
Viscous
fluid
a) A force F is applied to the top plate, which is
Stationary plate
(a) contact with a viscous fluid.
v
b) because of the force F, the top plate and adjacent
layer of fluid move with a constant velocity, v.
v=0
(b) 90
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

POISEUILLE’S EQUATION : FLOW IN TUBES


Discovered by French physician Jean Poiseuille (1799-1869)

POISEUILLE’S LAW
A fluid whose viscosity is  , flowing through a pipe of radius r
and length L have a volume flow rate, Q given by :

V  r 4 P2  P1 
Q   Av 
t 8 L

r = inside radius of the tube


Q = volume of flow rate
P2 –P1 = pressure at the ends of tube
L = length of tube

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PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

EXAMPLE: pressure in car engine oil tube


Engine oil passes through a fine 1.8 mm diameter tube in a prototype engine.
The tube is 5.5 cm long. What pressure difference is needed to maintain a flow
rate of 5.6 mL/min?
ANSWER
Given Q = 9.3 x 10-8 m3/s

 r 4 P2  P1 
Q
8 L

P2  P1   8 LQ
 r4


  
8 2 10 1 N .s / m 2 5.5 10  2 m 9.3 10 8 m 3 / s 
3.14 0.9 10 m 
3 4

 4 10 3 N / m 2

92
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
EXAMPLE: PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

A 1.3 m length of horizontal pipe has a radius of 6.4 x 10-3 m. Water flows with a volume
flow rate of 9 x 10-3 m3/s out of the right end of the pipe and into the air. What is the
pressure on the flowing water at the left end of the pipe if the water behaves as:
a) an ideal fluid (find the velocity) given L  1.3 m
b) A viscous fluid (  = 1 x 10-3 Pa.s) r  6.4 10 3 m

ANSWER Q  9 10 3 m3 / s

a) An ideal fluid : Bernoulli’s equation b) A viscous fluid: Poiseuille’s equation

1 1  r 4 P2  P1 
P1   gy1   v12  P2   gy2   v22 , y1  y2  0 Q 
2 2 8 L
 6.4  10 3  P2  P1 
1 1 4
 P1   v12  P2   v22
Q
8 110 3 1.3
2 2
from Q  A1v1  9 10 3
P2  P1   17.757 103
9 10 3
 v1   69.94 m / s P2  17.757 10 3  1.0110 5
 6.4 10 3 
2

 1.19 10 5 Pa
1 1
from P1   v12  P2   v22 , v1  v2
2 2
 P1  P2  1 atm  1.01  10 5 Pa
93
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law

EXAMPLE:
What must be the pressure difference between
the two ends of a 1.9-km section of pipe, 29 cm
in diameter, if it is to transport oil (950 kg/m3,
η=0.20 Pa.s) at a rate of 650 cm3/s)

94
Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law

Stoke’s Law

• When a body moves through a fluid it


experiences a drag force because of
the presence of the fluid.
• Stokes’ law describes the motion
of a small spherical object in a
viscous fluid.
• Stoke’s Equation:

Resisting force,
𝐹 = 6𝜋rηv
Velocity of sphere
Coefficient of viscosity
F
Radius of sphere 74
DRAG FORCE PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

If a sphere moving through a fluid, the drag force on the sphere depend on
the;
i) Velocity of the sphere, v
ii) Radius of the sphere, r
iii) Viscosity of the fluid, 
 The magnitude of the drag force, F on the sphere is;

The relationship between Drag Force and Velocity is known as Stoke’s Law
v
vo = terminal velocity
vo

Drag force , FD  6   r vo

t
96
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

FD  FBF  W
FD  W  FBF
6   r vo  ms g  m f g

  V g , 4 3
s s   f Vf Vs   s V f   r
3
 r  s   f g
4 3
6   r vo 
3
97
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4

EXAMPLE:
A sphere with a radius 2 mm is FD  FBF  W
dropped in a tube containing oil with FD  W  FBF
density of 940 kgm-3. if the viscosity of oil
6   r vo  ms g  m f g
at 20oC is 2.42 Pa.s and density of the
sphere is 7800 kgm-3, calculate the   s Vs   f V f g ,
terminal velocity of the sphere.
4
Vs   s V f   r 3
ANSWER 3
 r  s   f g
4 3
given r  2 10 3 m   2.42 Pa.s 
3
 oil  940 kgm 3  sphere  7800 kgm 3
 r  s   f g
4 3
vo  3
6  r
Drag FBF 2 r 2  s   f g

force, FD 9



2 2 10  7800  940 9.8
3 2

W = mg 9 2.42 
 0.025 m / s
98
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
THAT’S ALL FOR THIS CHAPTER
Do All exercises given

99

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