PHY 210 Chapter 4
PHY 210 Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4:
Fluid Mechanics
1
Lecture Outline
1. Density and specific gravity
2. Pressure in fluid, atmospheric pressure and gauge
pressure
3. Measurement of pressure
4. Pascal Principle and Application
5. Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle
6. Fluid in Motion
7. Continuity Equation
8. Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
9. Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law 2
FLUID
• Refers to gases and liquids.
• Formed of atoms/ molecules that are freely
move.
• Unlike solids, atoms in fluid are able to flow.
liquid gas
solid fluid 3
Introduction of fluids:
i) Density
mass m
Density or
volume v
ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 6
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE
The specific gravity of cast iron is 7.2. Find the density and the mass of 60 cm3 of it.
iron
S .G
water
iron S .G water
7.2 1000 kg / m 3
7200 kg / m 3
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PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE
5 liters of liquid A with relative density, 0.8 is mixed with 4 liters of water. If the mixture
volume is 9 liter, calculate the relative density of the mixture. (1 liter =1000 cm3)
V A 5 L 5 10 3 m 3 A S .G w
Vw 4 L 4 10 3 m 3 0.8 1000
V A w 9 L 9 10 3 m 3 800 kg / m 3
SG A 0.8
m A A VA mw w Vw
800 5 10 3
1000 4 10 3
4 kg 4 kg
m A mw m ix
m ix S .G
VA Vw w
4 kg 4 kg 888 .89 kg / m 3
9 10 3 m 3 1000 kg / m 3
888 .89 kg / m 3 0.9
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PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE
An alloy is made of 2 types of metal:
1) Cuprum, specific density of Cu = 8.9
2) Aluminum, specific gravity of Al = 2.7
the ratio of the two metals are 2:5 in terms of the volume of alloy. Calculate the density
of alloy. (Ans: 4471.43 kg/m3)
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Hydrostatic Pressure
• Air, as a gas, is composed of
molecules that you can imagine
as round elastic balls.
• Molecules move in straight lines
until they collide with
neighboring molecules or the
container wall.
• Molecules of gas hitting the wall
impose a force on the wall.
Figure: A closed container • The amount of this impact force
with air inside per area of the container inner
walls is called pressure.
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ii) Pressure
• Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.
Force
Pressure
Area
or
F
P
A
Problems
Problem 1
A flat bottom boat is in the water. Its weight is 600
N and bottom area is 1.5 m2 , What is the water's
pressure under the boat?
The pressure P = F / A
= 600 N / 1.5m2 A=1.5m2
= 400 Pa F=600N
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Hydrostatic Pressure
15
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
• Atmospheric pressure changes with altitude/ height.
• Eg:
This plastic bottle was crushed by the increase in atmospheric pressure
—at 9,000 feet (2,700 m) and 1,000 feet (300 m)— as it was brought
down towards sea leve
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Pressure at a Given Depth, h
All these containers are the same height. Therefore, the pressure at the
bottom of each is the same. The shape matters not !
Note: We’re talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not the pressures exerted
by the containers on the table, which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of
the same height & base. 12
Pressure at a Given Depth, h
Problem
Problem 2
A tank is filled with water to a depth of 1.5 m.
What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank due
to water alone?
P gh
1.5 m
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Atmospheric Pressure PA .
• At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about ;
1 atm 1.013 105 Nm 2
Absolute Pressure, P.
• The absolute pressure P, of the system is equal to the sum of
the gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure, PA .
Atmospheric Pressure and Pressure Gauge
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρ𝑔ℎ
Problem
1. Salimah spots buried treasure while scuba diving on her
Tioman vacation. If she must descend to a depth of 40
meters to examine the pressure,
a) What gauge pressure will she read on her scuba equipment? The
density of sea water is 1025 kg/m3.
402x103 Pa
24
Example :
P PA hg
2. What is the pressure at 25.0 m below the sea level that has a
density of 1.03 x 103 kgm-3? (Patm = 1.015 x 105).
(Ans : 3.54 x 105 Pa)
Measurement of Pressure
How do we measure pressure?
We can use,
a) Manometer
i. U tube manometer
ii. Open tube manometer
iii. Close tube manometer
b) Mercury barometer
c) Aneroid gauge
d) Tire pressure gauge 27
i) U- tube manometer
PT at point A PT at point B
𝝆 𝑨 𝒈𝒉 𝑨 = 𝝆 𝑩 𝒈𝒉 𝑩
1
ii) Open tube manometer
A container of gas is connected to one
end of the U-tube, The other end is
opened to atmosphere
Pc Patm
Pgas Patm gh
iii) Close tube manometer
Pgas PC gh gh
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
Example
The manometer tube containing oil of
density 800 kg m-3. The difference level
between the two sides of the tube is 0.1
m. What is the pressure at point C?
From ∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
C
= 800 × 9.81 × 0.1
= 784.8 𝑃𝑎
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EXAMPLE: PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
Hg 13.6 10 3 kg / m 3
h 760 mm , g 9.8ms 2
P gh = 760 mm
= 1 atm
13.6 10 kgm
3 3
9.8ms 0.760mm
2
2
A B
1.013 10 Nm5
1 atm
Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
Example
How high is the level of a mercury barometer on a day
when atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa? (density of
mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3)
From ∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
∆𝑝 98.6 × 10 3
∆ℎ = =
𝜌𝑔 13.6 × 103 × 9.81
= 𝟕𝟑. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎
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PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE:
the U tube device is connected to the tank in the Figure which is called manometer.
The mercury in the tube stands higher in one side than the other. What is the pressure
in the tank if atmospheric pressure is 76 cm of mercury? The density of mercury is
13.6 g/cm3.
5 cm
A1 A2
Pressure at A1 Pressure at A2
( P in tank ) ( P dueto 5 cm Hg ) ( P atm)
P (0.05 m)(13600 kgm 3 ) (9.8 ms 2 ) (0.76 m)(13600 kgm 3 )(9.8 ms 2 )
P 95 kPa
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Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude
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Do you ever wonder…..
How can the old
barber lift his
customer by
using just one
foot???
37
Pascal Principle
States that:
“Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of the
fluid and the walls of its container.”
If an external
pressure is applied
to a confined
fluid, the pressure
at every point
within the fluid
increases by that
amount.
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Pascal Principle
Hydraulic lifts
39
Pascal Principle
Hydraulic brakes
40
Pascal Principle
Problem
1. In a hydraulic lift as in figure, the larger piston has cross
sectional area, A1 = 200 cm2 and the small piston has cross
sectional area A2 = 5.0 cm2. If a force of 250 N is applied to
the small piston, find the force on the large piston.
By Pascal’s Principle,
Pressure under large piston =
Pressure under small piston
FL FS
AL AS
FS (200)(250)
FL AL 10kN
AS 5
41
Pascal Principle
Problem
2. In figure below, the cylinder L has a mass of 700 kg and cross-
sectional area of 1000cm2. Piston S has cross-sectional area
of 50 cm2 and negligible its weight. If the system is filled with
oil of density 0.750 g cm-3, calculate the force, F required to
maintain the initial position.
(Given g=9.81 ms-1) (Answer: F=159.41 N) F
Problem
3. A barber raises his customer’s chair by applying a force of 150N to a
hydraulic piston of area 0.01 m2. If the chair is attached to a piston of
area 0.1 m2, how massive a customer can the chair raise? Assume the
chair itself has a mass of 5 kg.
Answer:
The force applied to the larger piston,
The diagram below shows a hydraulic jack that used to lift a car
which has a mass of 1500 kg. A and B are two pistons with
round surfaces. If the surface area of B is 130 cm2 and the force,
F supplied to lift the car is 60 N, determine the radius of A
surface.
F
Input Output
Piston A Piston B
Archimedes Principle
States that:
“The buoyant force on an object immersed in a
fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
that object.”
48
Buoyant Force, FB
•Buoyant force is the force acting perpendicularly upward on
a body when part or the whole body immersed in a fluid.
Wapp W FB
In air In water 39
METHOD 2: APPLYING ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
• If the object submerged in a fluid. There is a net force on the object
because the pressures at the top and bottom of it are different.
mF gV
V
mF g
FB WF (weight of the fluid displaced by object)
Case 1: Totally Submerged Object
Case 2: Floating Object (ρobj < ρf)
FB
•When a floating object is in
equilibrium, only part of it is
submerged.
55
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Problem Problem
A metal ball weighs 0.096 N. When suspended in water it
has apparent weight of 0.071 N. Find the density of the
metal.
When the ball suspended in water,
Wapp W FB
FB W Wapp
FB (0.096 0.071)N 0.025 N
From the Archimedes Principle,
FB m f g f gVB
mB f
FB f gVB f g WB
B B
WB 0.096
B f (1000kg / m 3 ) 3840 kg / m 3
FB 0.025 40
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Example:
A solid cube is 0.75 cm on each side. It floats in oil of
density 800 kg/m with one third of the block out of the
oil. What is the buoyant force on the cube?
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙
2 2
𝑉𝑑 𝑖 𝑠 𝑝 = 𝑉𝑜 = 0.0075 × 0.0075 × 0.0075 = 2.813 × 10−7𝑚3
𝑙
3 3
𝐹𝐵 = 800 9.81 2.813 × 10−7 = 2.21 × 10−3𝑁
57
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Example:
An object has a weight of 8.80 N in air. It is suspended from a scale, which
reads 7.40 N when it is submerged in hydraulic oil of density 950 kg m-3.
1) Determine the buoyant force on the object.
2) What is the volume of the displaced oil
We know, 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑊 − 𝐹𝐵
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝
𝐹𝐵 = 8.80 − 7.40 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝑵
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓𝑔𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙
= (950)(9.81)𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙
1.40
𝑉𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑝 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒𝒎𝟑
𝑙
(950)(9.81)
58
Exercise :
1. An object has a volume of 3m3 and weight 35000 N. What is the weight in
water? (Ans: 5600N)
60
Fluid in Motion
61
Fluid in Motion
Laminar Flow
• Has steady flow
• The fluid particles that pass any point follow
the same path at the same speed.
• There is no friction between the layers of the
moving fluid – the fluid are not viscous.
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Equation of Continuity
A1l1 A2l2
• Since,
l vt
• Over a certain time interval
A1 v1t A2 v2 t
that is
A1v1 A2 v2 constant
The mass flow rate is the mass that passes a given point
per unit time.
Mass Flow Rate = the mass that passes a given point per unit time.
fluid' s density
m A crosssectional area
=
t l length
m V Al v fluid' s velocity
= Av V fluid' s volume
t t t
66
Continuity Equation
67
Continuity Equation
68
Continuity Equation
Problem
1. Water runs through a water main of cross-sectional
area 0.4 m2 with a velocity of 6 m/s. Calculate the
velocity of the water in the pipe when the pipe tapers
down to a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2.
69
Continuity Equation
Problem
2. Water enters a typical garden hose of diameter 1.6 cm with a
velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate the exit velocity of water from the
garden hose when a nozzle of diameter 0.5 cm is attached to the
end of the hose.
Answer:
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Continuity Equation
Problem
3. A water hose 2.0 cm in diameter is used to fill a 20 litre
bucket. If it takes 1.0 minutes to fill the bucket, what is then
speed at which the water leaves the hose? (l litre = 103 cm3)
71
Exercise 8.6 :
1. Explain why water shoots out farther from a hose if you put
your finger over the tip of the hose.
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE:
“Where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure
is low and where the velocity is low, the pressure
is high”.
2) are related by
74
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
Fluids at Rest.
For many situations, the fluid remains at rest so that v1 and v2 are zero. In
such cases we have:
75
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
P1 P2 ½ v ½ v
2
2
2
1 h1 = h2
Horizontal Pipe : P gh ½ v 22 ½ v 12
76
Problem
Water flowing at 4 m/s passes through a Venturi tube as shown. If
h = 12 cm, what is the velocity of the water in the constriction?
v2 = 4.28 m/s
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Bernoulli’s application
Application 1
The Lift of aWing
The curved top of a wing creates a longer distance from front to back than the
straight bottom. This causes the air on top to travel farther, and thus faster, to
reach the back than the air underneath, creating a difference in pressure
between the two surfaces.
78
Bernoulli’s application
Application 2
Perfume bottle
In a perfume bottle, the air inside the bottle moves slowly. So the pressure
inside the bottle is high and applies a strong force in the downward direction
of the perfume. An atomizer contains a long narrow tube which runs from the
bottom of the bottle to the top of the bottle.
A nozzle tube, which is connected to the narrow tube at right angles acts as a
squeeze pump to make the air flow through it quickly. So, there is a decrease in
pressure at the top of the bottle and the perfume flows in the upward
direction towards the nozzle along the narrow tube and sprays the perfume
outside with great speed.This is due to Bernoulli’s Principle.
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Application 3
Bunsen Burner
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Application 4
Windows explosion
81
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
5.Baseball Curve
A ball’s path will curve due to its spin, which results in the air speeds on
the two sides of the ball not being equal.
82
Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
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Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
6. Venturi Tube
A venturi meter can be used to measure fluid flow by measuring
pressure differences, including blood velocity in arteries.
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Bernoulli’s Equation and Application
85
?
What’s the difference between these two liquids
Viscosity
86
Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law
Viscosity
Real fluids have some internal friction, called viscosity.
The viscosity can be measured; it is found from the relation
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PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
VISCOSITY
The resistance to flow of a fluid and the resistance to the movement of an
object through a fluid are usually stated in terms of the viscosity of the fluid.
Viscosity exist in both liquid and gasses.
Different fluid given different viscosity, syrup is more viscous than water,
grease is more viscous than engine oil. It can be expressed quantitatively
by a coefficient of viscosity, (eta)
Av
Fviscosity
y
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PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
Figure A shows a viscous fluid between two parallel plates. The top plate is free to
move while the bottom one is stationary.
If the top plate is move with velocity v relative to the bottom plate, a force F is
required.
For highly viscous liquid, like thick honey, a large force is needed.
For a less viscous fluid like water, a smaller force is needed.
In the figure B, the fluid to be composed of many thin horizontal layer. When the
top plate moves, the fluid layers slide over each other. The velocity of each layer is
different, changing uniformly from v at the top plate to zero at the bottom plate.
The flow is called laminar flow.
The amount of force required is depends on area A, ( F A ) , speed v ( F v )
and distance y between the top and bottom plates ( F 1/y ).
Figure A Figure B
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PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
area
F
Viscous
fluid
a) A force F is applied to the top plate, which is
Stationary plate
(a) contact with a viscous fluid.
v
b) because of the force F, the top plate and adjacent
layer of fluid move with a constant velocity, v.
v=0
(b) 90
PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
POISEUILLE’S LAW
A fluid whose viscosity is , flowing through a pipe of radius r
and length L have a volume flow rate, Q given by :
V r 4 P2 P1
Q Av
t 8 L
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PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
r 4 P2 P1
Q
8 L
P2 P1 8 LQ
r4
8 2 10 1 N .s / m 2 5.5 10 2 m 9.3 10 8 m 3 / s
3.14 0.9 10 m
3 4
4 10 3 N / m 2
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EXAMPLE: PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
A 1.3 m length of horizontal pipe has a radius of 6.4 x 10-3 m. Water flows with a volume
flow rate of 9 x 10-3 m3/s out of the right end of the pipe and into the air. What is the
pressure on the flowing water at the left end of the pipe if the water behaves as:
a) an ideal fluid (find the velocity) given L 1.3 m
b) A viscous fluid ( = 1 x 10-3 Pa.s) r 6.4 10 3 m
ANSWER Q 9 10 3 m3 / s
1 1 r 4 P2 P1
P1 gy1 v12 P2 gy2 v22 , y1 y2 0 Q
2 2 8 L
6.4 10 3 P2 P1
1 1 4
P1 v12 P2 v22
Q
8 110 3 1.3
2 2
from Q A1v1 9 10 3
P2 P1 17.757 103
9 10 3
v1 69.94 m / s P2 17.757 10 3 1.0110 5
6.4 10 3
2
1.19 10 5 Pa
1 1
from P1 v12 P2 v22 , v1 v2
2 2
P1 P2 1 atm 1.01 10 5 Pa
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Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law
EXAMPLE:
What must be the pressure difference between
the two ends of a 1.9-km section of pipe, 29 cm
in diameter, if it is to transport oil (950 kg/m3,
η=0.20 Pa.s) at a rate of 650 cm3/s)
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Viscosity, Poiseuille’s Law and Stoke’s Law
Stoke’s Law
Resisting force,
𝐹 = 6𝜋rηv
Velocity of sphere
Coefficient of viscosity
F
Radius of sphere 74
DRAG FORCE PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
If a sphere moving through a fluid, the drag force on the sphere depend on
the;
i) Velocity of the sphere, v
ii) Radius of the sphere, r
iii) Viscosity of the fluid,
The magnitude of the drag force, F on the sphere is;
The relationship between Drag Force and Velocity is known as Stoke’s Law
v
vo = terminal velocity
vo
Drag force , FD 6 r vo
t
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PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
FD FBF W
FD W FBF
6 r vo ms g m f g
V g , 4 3
s s f Vf Vs s V f r
3
r s f g
4 3
6 r vo
3
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PHY 210_ROSYAINI_UiTM PERLIS
PHY 210_CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLE:
A sphere with a radius 2 mm is FD FBF W
dropped in a tube containing oil with FD W FBF
density of 940 kgm-3. if the viscosity of oil
6 r vo ms g m f g
at 20oC is 2.42 Pa.s and density of the
sphere is 7800 kgm-3, calculate the s Vs f V f g ,
terminal velocity of the sphere.
4
Vs s V f r 3
ANSWER 3
r s f g
4 3
given r 2 10 3 m 2.42 Pa.s
3
oil 940 kgm 3 sphere 7800 kgm 3
r s f g
4 3
vo 3
6 r
Drag FBF 2 r 2 s f g
force, FD 9
2 2 10 7800 940 9.8
3 2
W = mg 9 2.42
0.025 m / s
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THAT’S ALL FOR THIS CHAPTER
Do All exercises given
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