B Com VI Sem Solved Lab Programs

Subject: Cyber Security

2. Write the steps for disk partitioning and perform Operations like
shrinking, extending, deleting and formatting.

Steps for disk partitioning:

1. Open Computer Management by selecting the Start button. The
select Control Panel > System and Security > Administrative Tools, and then
double-click Computer Management.
2. In the left pane, under Storage, select Disk Management.
3. Right-click an unallocated region on your hard disk, and then select New
Simple Volume.
4. In the New Simple Volume Wizard, select Next.
5. Enter the size of the volume you want to create in megabytes (MB) or accept
the maximum default size, and then select Next.
6. Accept the default drive letter or choose a different drive letter to identify
the partition, and then select Next.
7. In the Format Partition dialog box, do one of the following:
8.
 If you don't want to format the volume right now, select Do not
format this volume, and then select Next.
 To format the volume with the default settings, select Next.
9. Review your choices, and then select Finish.

Formatting Disk:
1. Open Computer Management by selecting the Start button. The
select Control Panel > System and Security > Administrative Tools, and then
double-click Computer Management.
2. In the left pane, under Storage, select Disk Management.
3. Right-click the volume that you want to format, and then select Format.
4. To format the volume with the default settings, in the Format dialog box,
select OK, and then select OK again.
Shrink the existing volume
Shrink Volume allows you to create a new disk space from the existing disk
and it will be an unallocated region. If you discover that you need an additional
partition but do not have additional disks, you can refer to the following steps to
create it.
Note: If the existing partition contains data, to shrink the partition might destroy
the data. We recommend that you should back up data before shrinking the
partition.
1. Type and search [Computer Management] in the Windows search bar, then
click [Run as administrator].
2. In Computer Management, select [Disk Management].
3. In Disk Management, right-click the existing volume you want an additional
partition, then select [Shrink Volume].
 4. Shrink volume will automatically calculate the maximum space that you can
shrink, you also can enter the size you want to shrink, and then
select [Shrink].
5. After the shrink is completed, an unallocated region will be created in Disk
Management, and then you can use the unallocated region to create a new
partition.
Extend the existing volume
Extend Volume allows you to add space to an existing volume, extending it into
empty space on the drive, but only if the empty space doesn’t have a volume on it
and comes immediately after the volume you want to extend, with no other
volumes in-between, as shown in the following image.
1. Type and search [Computer Management] in the Windows search bar, then
click [Run as administrator].
2. In Computer Management, select [Disk Management].
3. In Disk Management, right-click the existing volume you want to extend,
then select [Extend Volume].
If there is no unallocated space, but you want to extend the existing volume,
you are able to delete a separate volume, and then it will become unallocated
space. However, only if the deleted volume comes immediately after the volume
you want to extend, with no other volumes in-between.
Note: The data on it will be deleted if you delete an existing volume, please back
up your files first.
4. In Extend Volume Wizard, select [Next].
5. Enter the size of the volume you want to extend or accept the maximum
default size, and then select [Next]. If the size of the volume you extend does
not reach the maximum default size, the remaining space will still be the
unallocated region.
6. The volume extension is completed, confirm the following settings you set
up, and then select [Finish].
7. You can find the volume that has been extended in Disk Management. If
there is the remaining space, it will still be the unallocated region, and then
the unallocated region that can be created as another partition.

Deleting Partition:
To delete a partition (or volume) with Disk Management, use these steps:
1. Open Start.
2. Search for Disk Management.
3. Select the drive with the partition you want to remove.
4. Right-click (only) the partition you want to remove and select the Delete
Volume option.
5. Click the Yes button to confirm all the data will be erased.

Once you complete the steps, the partition and its contents will no longer be
available on the drive making space available to expand another partition or
format the drive with a new scheme.

6. Write the steps to establish peer to peer network connection using two
systems in a LAN
 To setup a peer to peer connection, you must manually configure the IP and
subnet mask address on both the scope and your computer. You can then use an
ethernet cable connected directly between the scope and computer. This will
work on the Linux and Windows version of the 5 or 6 Series MSO.
On the oscilloscope:
1. Open the LAN settings by selecting Utility -> I/O
2. Change the network address setting from Auto to Manual.
3. Manually set an IP address for the instrument – try 128.181.240.130
4. Manually set the Subnet Mask – try 255.255.248.0
5. Push the Apply Changes button.
On the computer:
1. Go your Network Connections menu found in the Control Panel.
2. Right click on the ethernet device that you connected to and select
Properties.
3. Double click on Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
4. Select “Use the following IP address” and enter in the IP address and Subnet
Mask. Try 128.181.240.131 and 255.255.248.0. The upper three octets of
the IP address must match the scope setup, and the Subnet Mask must
match exactly.
5. Select “Use the following DNS server addresses”, but leave the fields blank.
Click OK.
The connection should be established and working. You can test it by pinging
the scope from your PC.

7. What is WiFi? How do you configure the WiFi on Windows Operating

System?

Wi-Fi is the wireless technology used to connect computers, tablets,

smartphones and other devices to the internet.
Wi-Fi is the radio signal sent from a wireless router to a nearby device,
which translates the signal into data you can see and use. The device transmits a
radio signal back to the router, which connects to the internet by wire or cable.

To check whether your PC has a wireless network adapter:

1. Select Start , type device manager in the search box, and then select Device
Manager.
2. Expand Network adapters.
3. Look for a network adapter that might have wireless in the name.
Configure Wifi On Your Computer:
From the Windows desktop, navigate: Start Settings icon Wi-Fi
From the Related settings section, select Network and Sharing Center
Select Set up a new connection or network
Select Manually connect to a wireless network then select Next
Enter or configure the following info then select Next
 Network name
 Security type
 Encryption type
 Security key
  Start this connection automatically. Selected when a checkmark is
present.
 Connect even if the network is not broadcasting. Selected when a
checkmark is present.
Selecting this option might risk your computer's privacy.

Select Close.

11. What do you mean by Spooling Printers? Write the steps for spooling
printer.
A print spooler primarily enables assigning multiple jobs to a printer
without affecting the application or the underlying system performance. A printer
spooler eliminates the need for an application to be kept engaged, until its printing
process is complete.
A printer spooler works when multiple print jobs are sent to a printer.
Computer printers typically take time in printing, therefore other print jobs are
stored in a buffer or print queue. When the printer is available for the next job or
document, it retrieves pending print jobs from the print queue until all documents
are printed.
The printer spooler also enables users to view current jobs within the print
queue, their status, size, time received and the ability to suspend and delete them.

Steps for Printer Spooling:

1. Open the Start menu. You can open the Start menu by pressing either the
Windows key on your keyboard, or by clicking the Start icon in the lower
left corner of your screen.
2. Type cmd. In the start menu, type cmd, which is the code for Command
Prompt. You should see the Command Prompt program listed.
3. Open the Command Prompt as an administrator. Right-click the Command
Prompt icon and select Run As Administrator from the dropdown menu.
Click yes on the pop-up warning dialog box.
The command prompt allows you to enter in text-based commands to your
computer. These commands can also be accomplished by using the
graphical interface, your keyboard, and the mouse, but you can sometimes
save time by using the command prompt
4. Type "net stop spooler". Type net stop spooler into the command prompt,
then press ↵ Enter . You will see a line saying, The Print Spooler service is
stopping. After a bit of time, and if successful, you will see The Print Spooler
service was stopped successfully.
5. Delete print jobs. In order for the printer to not just start printing out
documents once you restart spooling, you will have to cancel any
outstanding print jobs. Enter C:\Windows\system32\spool\PRINTERS into
the File Explorer address bar and press ↵ Enter . You may be asked
to Continue as an admin from a pop-up dialog box. Click Continue if
prompted.
Do not delete the PRINTERS folder, only the entries inside.
 6. Restart the spooling. In order for your system to print documents in the
future, you will have to restart the spooling service. Type net start
spooler into the command prompt and press ↵ Enter . If successful, you
will see The Print Spooler service was started successfully.
7. Close the Command Prompt. The spooling service should now be
terminated and your printer will no longer print any documents from
the queue. You can close the command prompt.

13. Write a program to check the strength of the Password

A password is said to be strong if it satisfies the following criteria:
1. It contains at least one lowercase English character.
2. It contains at least one uppercase English character.
3. It contains at least one special character. The special characters
are: !@#$%^&*()-+
4. Its length is at least 8.
5. It contains at least one digit.

Python program to check password Strength:

# Python3 program to check if a given
# password is strong or not.
def printStrongNess(input_string):
n = len(input_string)
# Checking lower alphabet in string
hasLower = False
hasUpper = False
hasDigit = False
specialChar = False
normalChars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstu"
"vwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890 "
for i in range(n):
if input_string[i].islower():
hasLower = True
if input_string[i].isupper():
hasUpper = True
if input_string[i].isdigit():
hasDigit = True
if input_string[i] not in normalChars:
specialChar = True
# Strength of password
print("Strength of password:-", end = "")
if (hasLower and hasUpper and
hasDigit and specialChar and n >= 8):
print("Strong")
elif ((hasLower or hasUpper) and
specialChar and n >= 6):
print("Moderate")
else:
print("Weak")
# Driver code
if __name__=="__main__":
input_string = "GeeksforGeeks!@12"
printStrongNess(input_string)

Output:
Strength of password: -Strong

19. Write the steps to prevent the denial of Service Attacks

DoS Attack Prevention and Protection
Organizations can take the following actions toward denial-of-service attack
protection and prevention:
 Monitor and analyze network traffic: Network traffic can be supervised
via a firewall or intrusion detection system. Administrators can set up
rules that create alerts for unusual traffic, identify traffic sources or drop
network packets that meet a certain criteria.
 Strengthen their security posture: This includes fortifying all internet-
facing devices to prevent compromise, installing and maintaining antivirus
software, establishing firewalls configured to protect against DoS attacks
and following robust security practices to monitor and manage unwanted
traffic.
 Monitor traffic: Organizations can enroll in a service that detects or
redirects the abnormal traffic flows typically associated with a DoS attack,
while allowing normal traffic to proceed on the network.
 Establish a DoS attack response plan: The key is to create and also practice
a disaster recovery plan for DoS attack that covers communication,
mitigation and recovery.

21. What is Malware? Write the steps to remove the malware from your
PC.
Malware (short for “malicious software”) is a file or code, typically delivered
over a network, that infects, explores, steals or conducts virtually any behaviour
an attacker wants. And because malware comes in so many variants, there are
numerous methods to infect computer systems. Though varied in type and
capabilities, malware usually has one of the following objectives:
 Provide remote control for an attacker to use an infected machine.
 Send spam from the infected machine to unsuspecting targets.
 Investigate the infected user’s local network.
 Steal sensitive data.

Removing Malware From PC.

1. Step 1: Disconnect your PC from the Internet. ...
2. Step 2: Enter safe mode. ...
3. Step 3: Refrain from logging into accounts. ...
4. Step 4: Delete temporary files. ...
5. Step 5: Check your activity monitor. ...
6. Step 6: Run a malware scanner. ...
 7. Step 7: Fix your web browser. ...
8. Step 8: Clear your cache.

22. What are the various types of vulnerabilities for hacking the web
applications
SQL Injection:
Injection is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to alter
backend SQL statements by manipulating the user supplied data.
Injection occurs when the user input is sent to an interpreter as part of command
or query and trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands and gives
access to unauthorized data.

Cross Site Scripting:

XSS vulnerabilities target scripts embedded in a page that are executed on
the client side i.e. user browser rather then at the server side. These flaws can
occur when the application takes untrusted data and send it to the web browser
without proper validation.

Broken Authentication and Session Management:

The websites usually create a session cookie and session ID for each valid
session, and these cookies contain sensitive data like username, password, etc.
When the session is ended either by logout or browser closed abruptly, these
cookies should be invalidated i.e. for each session there should be a new cookie.
If the cookies are not invalidated, the sensitive data will exist in the system.
For example, a user using a public computer (Cyber Cafe), the cookies of the
vulnerable site sits on the system and exposed to an attacker. An attacker uses the
same public computer after some time, the sensitive data is compromised.

Cross Site Request Forgery:

Cross Site Request Forgery is a forged request came from the cross site.
CSRF attack is an attack that occurs when a malicious website, email, or program
causes a user’s browser to perform an unwanted action on a trusted site for which
the user is currently authenticated.
A link will be sent by the attacker to the victim when the user clicks on the
URL when logged into the original website, the data will be stolen from the
website.

23. Write the steps for sharing files and printer remotely between two
systems
Share the printer on the primary PC
There are two ways to share your printer: using Settings or Control
Panel.
Share your printer using Settings

1. Select the Start button, then select Settings > Devices > Printers &
scanners.
2. Choose the printer you want to share, then select Manage.
3. Select Printer Properties, then choose the Sharing tab.
4. On the Sharing tab, select Share this printer.
 5. If you want, edit the share name of the printer. You'll use this name to
connect to the printer from a secondary PC.

Share your printer using Control Panel

1. In the search box on the taskbar, type control panel and then select Control
Panel.
2. Under Hardware and Sound, select View devices and printers.
3. Select and hold (or right-click) the printer you want to share, select Printer
properties, and then choose the Sharing tab.
4. On the Sharing tab, select Share this printer.
5. If you want, edit the share name of the printer. You'll use this name to
connect to the printer from a secondary PC.

Sharing Files:
To share files on a local network using the express settings, use these steps:

1. Open File Explorer on Windows 10.

2. Navigate to the folder you want to share.
3. Right-click the item, and select the Properties option.
4. Click on the Sharing tab.
5. Click the Share button.
6. Use the drop-down menu to select the user or group to share a file or folder.
(For this guide, select the Everyone group.)
7. Click the Add button.
8. Under the “Permission Level” section, select the sharing permissions you
want the folder to have. For instance, you can choose Read (default) if you
only want users to view and open files. If you select Read/Write, users can
view, open, modify, and delete the content on the folder you are sharing.
9. Click the Share Button
10. Confirm the folder’s network path that other users need to access the
network’s content and click the Done button.
11. Click the Close button.

38. Write an algorithm and program to implement Diffie Hellman Key.

Algorithm:
Step by Step Explanation
Alice Bob
Public Keys available = P, G Public Keys available = P, G
Private Key Selected = a Private Key Selected = b
Key generated = Key generated =

Exchange of generated keys takes place

Key received = y key received = x
Generated Secret Key = Generated Secret Key =

Algebraically, it can be shown that

Users now have a symmetric secret key to encrypt

Example:
Step 1: Alice and Bob get public numbers P = 23, G = 9
Step 2: Alice selected a private key a = 4 and
Bob selected a private key b = 3
Step 3: Alice and Bob compute public values
Alice: x =(9^4 mod 23) = (6561 mod 23) = 6
Bob: y = (9^3 mod 23) = (729 mod 23) = 16
Step 4: Alice and Bob exchange public numbers
Step 5: Alice receives public key y =16 and
Bob receives public key x = 6
Step 6: Alice and Bob compute symmetric keys
Alice: ka = y^a mod p = 65536 mod 23 = 9
Bob: kb = x^b mod p = 216 mod 23 = 9
Step 7: 9 is the shared secret.

Program using C:
/* This program calculates the Key for two persons
using the Diffie-Hellman Key exchange algorithm */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
// Power function to return value of a ^ b mod P
long int power(long int a, long int b, long int P)
{
if (b == 1)
return a;

else
return (((long int)pow(a, b)) % P);
}

//Driver program
int main()
{
long int P, G, x, a, y, b, ka, kb;

// Both the persons will be agreed upon the

// public keys G and P
P = 23; // A prime number P is taken
printf("The value of P : %lld\n", P);

G = 9; // A primitive root for P, G is taken

printf("The value of G : %lld\n\n", G);

// Alice will choose the private key a

a = 4; // a is the chosen private key
printf("The private key a for Alice : %lld\n", a);
x = power(G, a, P); // gets the generated key
// Bob will choose the private key b
b = 3; // b is the chosen private key
 printf("The private key b for Bob : %lld\n\n", b);
y = power(G, b, P); // gets the generated key
// Generating the secret key after the exchange
// of keys
ka = power(y, a, P); // Secret key for Alice
kb = power(x, b, P); // Secret key for Bob
printf("Secret key for the Alice is : %lld\n", ka);
printf("Secret Key for the Bob is : %lld\n", kb);
return 0;
}

46. Write a program to validate your Email Address

# Python program to validate an Email

# import re module
# re module provides support
# for regular expressions
import re

# Make a regular expression

# for validating an Email
regex = r'\b[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z|a-z]{2,}\b'
# Define a function for
# for validating an Email
def check(email):
# pass the regular expression
# and the string into the fullmatch() method
if(re.fullmatch(regex, email)):
print("Valid Email")
else:
print("Invalid Email")
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Enter the email
email = "[email protected]"
# calling run function
check(email)
email = "[email protected]"
check(email)
email = "ankitrai326.com"
check(email)

Output:
Valid Email
Valid Email
Invalid Email
1.What are the Roles and Responsibilities of System Administrator? Write the
steps for creating the User account, setting permissions and protecting your files
with password.

The roles and responsibilities of a System Administrator (SysAdmin) are diverse and can vary
based on the organization's size, structure, and specific requirements. Here is a general
overview:

System Configuration and Maintenance:

Install, configure, and maintain hardware and software components of computer systems.

Server Management:
Manage servers, ensuring their proper configuration, security, and performance.

Network Administration:
Administer and maintain the organization's network infrastructure, including routers, switches,
firewalls, and other networking devices.

User Account Management:

Create, modify, and deactivate user accounts. Manage user permissions and access control.

Security Management:
Implement and maintain security measures, including firewalls, antivirus software, and security
patches. Monitor system security and respond to security incidents.

Backup and Recovery:

Develop and implement backup and recovery procedures to safeguard data and ensure
business continuity.

Monitoring and Performance Tuning:

Monitor system performance, identify bottlenecks, and optimize system resources for efficiency.

Troubleshooting and Problem Resolution:

Diagnose and resolve hardware and software issues. Provide technical support to end-users.

Documentation:
Create and maintain system documentation, including configurations, procedures, and
troubleshooting guides.

Software Updates and Patch Management:

Manage and apply software updates, patches, and upgrades to ensure systems are running the
latest and most secure versions.
Collaboration with IT Teams:
Work closely with other IT teams, such as network administrators, database administrators, and
security teams, to ensure seamless system integration.

Automation:
Implement automation tools and scripts to streamline repetitive tasks and improve efficiency.

Capacity Planning:
Assess and plan for future system requirements by analyzing current usage trends and
forecasting future needs.

Vendor Management:
Interact with vendors to procure hardware and software, as well as to obtain support and
maintenance services.

Policy Development and Compliance:

Develop and enforce IT policies, ensuring compliance with industry regulations and
organizational standards.

Disaster Recovery Planning:

Develop and maintain disaster recovery plans to minimize downtime in case of system failures
or disasters.
SysAdmins play a critical role in maintaining the stability, security, and efficiency of an
organization's IT infrastructure. Their responsibilities are broad, encompassing various aspects
of systems and network administration.

The steps for creating a user account depend on the operating system you are using. I'll provide
instructions for creating a user account on a Windows system:

Creating a User Account on Windows:

Open the Control Panel:

Click on the "Start" button and select "Control Panel" from the menu.

Navigate to User Accounts:

In the Control Panel, find and click on the "User Accounts" or "User Accounts and Family
Safety" option.

Manage Another Account:

Look for the option that says "Manage another account" and click on it.

Create a New Account:

You will see a list of existing accounts. To create a new one, click on "Add a new user in PC
settings" or a similar option.

Add a User:
Choose the option to "Add someone else to this PC."

Microsoft Account or Local Account:

Decide whether you want to create a Microsoft account or a local account.
Microsoft Account: Requires an email address and offers additional features such as syncing
settings across devices.
Local Account: Limited to the local machine.

Enter Account Information:

Provide the necessary information for the new user, including the username and, if applicable,
the email address for a Microsoft account.

Set Password and Security Questions:

If creating a local account, set a password for the account. For a Microsoft account, you may be
prompted to set up security questions or verify your identity.

Complete the Setup:

Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the setup of the new user account.

Switch User or Log In:

After creating the account, you can either switch user accounts or log in using the new
credentials.

These steps are specific to Windows, and the process may differ on other operating systems
such as macOS or Linux.

3. Ransomware Attack on XYZ Corporation: A Case Study.

Introduction:
XYZ Corporation, a multinational company with a strong online presence and critical business
operations, became the victim of a sophisticated ransomware attack that had severe
consequences for its operations, data security, and reputation. This case study aims to provide
insights into the incident, the response, and the lessons learned.

Background:
In early 2022, XYZ Corporation experienced a significant uptick in suspicious network activities.
Employees reported unusual system behavior, and certain files became inaccessible.
Investigation revealed that the organization fell victim to a ransomware attack, with attackers
encrypting critical files and demanding a substantial ransom in cryptocurrency for their release.
Attack Vector:
The initial point of entry was identified as a spear-phishing email that targeted employees with
seemingly legitimate attachments. Once opened, the attachment executed malicious code that
exploited vulnerabilities in the company's systems, allowing the ransomware to propagate.

Impact:
The ransomware quickly spread throughout the organization, encrypting sensitive files and
disrupting business operations. Key consequences included:

Data Loss: Some data, particularly customer information and intellectual property, was
permanently lost due to the encryption.
Downtime: Critical systems were taken offline to prevent further spread, causing a significant
disruption in day-to-day operations.
Financial Loss: The organization incurred financial losses not only from the ransom payment but
also due to the downtime, recovery efforts, and reputational damage.
Response and Mitigation:
XYZ Corporation initiated a swift and coordinated response to mitigate the impact of the
ransomware attack:

Isolation: Affected systems were isolated from the network to prevent further spread of the
ransomware.
Incident Response Team: An incident response team was formed to investigate the extent of the
breach, identify the ransomware variant, and plan the recovery process.
Backup Restoration: Backups of critical data were restored to minimize data loss and resume
normal business operations.
Communication: Clear and transparent communication was established with employees,
customers, and stakeholders to provide updates on the situation, assure them of the measures
taken, and manage expectations.

Lessons Learned:
Employee Training: Regular and comprehensive training on cybersecurity awareness, especially
regarding phishing attacks, was identified as a crucial preventive measure.
Patch Management: Strengthening the organization's patch management process to promptly
address and apply security updates could have potentially thwarted the initial attack vector.
Data Backups: Regular and secure backups of critical data are essential to facilitate quick
recovery without succumbing to ransom demands.
Incident Response Plan: The importance of a well-defined incident response plan and the need
for regular drills became evident in enhancing the organization's resilience against cyber
threats.

Conclusion:
The ransomware attack on XYZ Corporation underscored the evolving and persistent nature of
cyber threats. By learning from this incident, organizations can better prepare themselves
against future attacks, strengthen their cybersecurity measures, and minimize the potential
impact on their operations and reputation.

4. Write the steps for installation of software from Open source Mode and Paid
subscription mode.

The steps for installing software can vary based on the operating system and the distribution
model (open source or paid subscription). Below, I'll provide a general overview of the steps for
both scenarios:

Open Source Software Installation:

1. Identify the Software:

Choose the open-source software you want to install. Make sure it is available in a format
compatible with your operating system.
2. Download the Software:

Visit the official website or a trusted source for the open-source project and download the
software package. The website usually provides clear instructions on where to find the
download.
3. Extract the Files (if necessary):

If the software is distributed as a compressed archive (e.g., ZIP or TAR), extract the files to a
location on your computer.
4. Read Documentation:

Check for any documentation or installation guides provided by the software project. This
information can be crucial for successful installation.
5. Installation Process:

Open a terminal or command prompt and navigate to the directory where you extracted the files.
Follow the instructions in the README or installation documentation.
Use specific commands or scripts provided to configure and install the software.
6. Verify Installation:

After the installation is complete, verify that the software is working as expected.
Paid Subscription Software Installation:
1. Purchase or Subscribe:

Obtain a license or subscription for the software from the official website or an authorized
reseller.
2. Receive Installation Instructions:
Upon purchase, you will likely receive an email or documentation containing installation
instructions and license details.
3. Download Installer:

Visit the official website and download the installer for the software. Often, there will be a
dedicated section for subscribers or licensed users.
4. Run the Installer:

Execute the downloaded installer. Follow the on-screen instructions to install the software.
5. Enter License Information:

During the installation process or upon first launch, you may be prompted to enter the license
key or subscription details. Provide the required information.
6. Configuration (if necessary):

Depending on the software, you may need to configure settings during or after the installation.
7. Activation:

Some paid software requires online activation. Ensure that your computer has internet access
and follow any additional activation steps.
8. Verify Installation:

After installation and activation, verify that the software is functioning correctly.
Remember to always follow the specific instructions provided by the software vendor, as the
installation steps can vary. Additionally, pay attention to licensing terms and ensure compliance
with any terms and conditions associated

5. Write the steps to make Microsoft Chrome as a default browser, Add Active X
Controls and Add–on to the Bowser.

It seems there might be a bit of confusion in your request. There is no browser called "Microsoft
Chrome." Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft, and Google Chrome is a
separate browser developed by Google. I'll provide you with steps for making Microsoft Edge
your default browser and adding ActiveX controls and add-ons to it. If you meant Google
Chrome, please clarify, and I'll provide instructions accordingly.

Make Microsoft Edge the Default Browser:

Open Settings:

Click on the Start button, then select "Settings" (gear icon).

Go to Apps:

In the Settings window, click on "Apps."

Default Apps:

In the left sidebar, select "Default apps."

Web Browser:
Under "Web browser," click on the current default browser and choose "Microsoft Edge" from
the list.
Adding ActiveX Controls and Add-ons to Microsoft Edge:
Microsoft Edge primarily uses Extensions instead of traditional ActiveX controls.

Here's how to manage extensions:

Open Microsoft Edge:

Launch Microsoft Edge.

Go to Extensions:
Click on the three dots in the top-right corner to open the menu, then select "Extensions."

Get Extensions:
Click on "Get extensions from Microsoft Store" to explore and add extensions from the Microsoft
Edge Add-ons website.

Find and Install:

Browse or search for the desired extensions. Click on an extension to view details, and if you
want to add it, click "Get" or "Install."

Manage Extensions:
After installation, you can manage your extensions by clicking on "Manage extensions" in the
Extensions menu. Here, you can enable, disable, or remove extensions.
Please note that Microsoft Edge does not support ActiveX controls, as they are an Internet
Explorer technology. If you have a specific requirement for ActiveX controls, you might need to
use Internet Explorer instead.

If you meant Google Chrome or if you have additional requirements, please provide more
details, and I'll be happy to assist you further.

8. Write the steps to Install and configure Network Components like switches,
Hub and Modem and how do you connect to Dial-Up networking.

Installing and configuring network components like switches, hubs, modems, and connecting to
dial-up networking involve several steps. Below are general instructions for each component:

Install and Configure Network Components:

1. Switch:
Installation:

Place the switch in a central location within your network.

Connect power to the switch.
Configuration:

Many switches operate as plug-and-play devices. However, managed switches may require
additional configuration.
Connect to the switch using a console cable and configure settings such as VLANs, port
security, etc.

2. Hub:
Installation:

Connect the hub to a power source.

Connect network devices (computers, printers) to the hub using Ethernet cables.
Configuration:

Hubs are basic networking devices and usually do not require configuration.

3. Modem:
Installation:

Connect the modem to a power source.

Connect the modem to your internet service provider (ISP) using the provided cable (DSL,
coaxial, etc.).
Configuration:

Some modems may require initial setup, often done through a web-based interface. Consult the
modem's documentation for details.
Connect to Dial-Up Networking:
1. Install Modem Drivers:
Ensure that the modem drivers are installed on your computer. Most modern operating systems
automatically detect and install drivers for common modems.
2. Connect Modem to Computer:
Physically connect the modem to your computer using the appropriate cable (usually a USB or
serial cable).
3. Configure Dial-Up Connection:
Windows:

Open the "Control Panel" and navigate to "Network and Sharing Center."
Click on "Set up a new connection or network."
Choose "Dial-up" and follow the wizard to set up the connection.
Enter the ISP's phone number, username, and password.
macOS:

Open "System Preferences" and go to "Network."

Click on the "+" button to add a new connection.
Choose "PPPoE" or "Dial-up" as the connection type and fill in the required information.
4. Connect to Dial-Up:
Open the dial-up connection you created.
Enter your username and password.
Click "Connect" to establish the dial-up connection.
5. Disconnecting:
To disconnect, either close the dial-up connection window or use the disconnect option in the
network settings.
Note: Dial-up networking is an older technology, and most users today connect to the internet
using broadband technologies like DSL, cable, or fiber-optic. If possible, consider upgrading to a
more modern and faster internet connection.

Always refer to the specific documentation for each device and operating system, as steps may
vary based on the equipment and software versions you are using.

9. What are the features of firewall? Write the steps in providing network security
and to set Firewall Security in windows.

Features of a Firewall:

Packet Filtering: Examines data packets and allows or denies them based on predefined rules.

Stateful Inspection: Keeps track of the state of active connections and makes decisions based
on the context of the traffic.

Proxy Services: Acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other
servers, enhancing security and anonymity.

Network Address Translation (NAT): Modifies network address information in packet headers to
protect internal network structure.

Logging and Monitoring: Records events, accesses, and violations for analysis and auditing
purposes.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) Support: Facilitates secure remote access or interconnectivity
between networks over the internet.

Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) Integration: Monitors and analyzes network
or system activities for potential threats.
User Authentication: Ensures that only authorized users or systems gain access to the network.

Application Layer Filtering: Allows or blocks traffic based on specific applications or protocols.

Bandwidth Management: Controls and allocates network bandwidth to prevent abuse or ensure
fair usage.

Steps to Set Firewall Security in Windows:

For Windows 10:

Open Settings:

Click on the Start button and select "Settings" (gear icon).

Go to Update & Security:

In the Settings window, click on "Update & Security."

Select Windows Security:

Choose "Windows Security" from the left sidebar.

Open Firewall & Network Protection:

Click on "Firewall & network protection."

Configure Firewall Settings:

Under "Firewall & network protection," you will see options for domain, private, and public
network profiles.
For each profile, you can toggle the switch to turn the Windows Defender Firewall on or off.
Advanced Settings:

For more detailed configuration, click on "Advanced settings." This opens the Windows
Defender Firewall with Advanced Security console.
Configure Rules:

In the Advanced Security console, you can configure inbound and outbound rules, allowing you
to specify which programs or services are allowed or blocked.
Create New Rule:

To create a new rule, right-click on "Inbound Rules" or "Outbound Rules" and select "New Rule."
Follow the wizard to define the rule.
Adjust Notifications:
In the Advanced Security console, you can also configure notification settings to receive alerts
about blocked connections.
Monitoring and Logging:

Review the monitoring and logging options to track firewall activity.

Always ensure that you understand the implications of the rules you configure and regularly
update your firewall settings based on the evolving security needs of your network. The steps
may slightly differ based on your Windows version, so adjust as necessary.