Timers

1. Registers used for Timer/Counter Operation

• PIC18 has two to five timers depending on the PIC family it belongs to. They are Timer 0, 1, 3, 4 and 5. PIC18F458
has four timers: Timer 0, Timer 1, Timer 2, and Timer 3.

• They can be used either as timers to generate time delays or as counters to count events.

• In PIC18F458, timers 0, 1 and 3 are 16-bit timers while timer 2 is 8-bit timer. These timers can be used as timer,
counters or for PWM generation.

• Selecting clock source clock source can be internal or external and is controlled by bit TxCS:

■ D TxCS = 0: Clock source is internal and is taken from Fosc/4.

■ TxCS = 1: Clock source is external and is taken from TxCKI pin; in this case TXSE controls the edge of the signal
which triggers increment.

■ Note: x can be 0, 1, 2 or 4.

2. Prescaling of PIC18 Timers

• In some cases, the clock coming from the oscillator could be too fast for an application. We can lower it by using
the frequency prescaler.

• Timer 0 : The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:2, 1: 4, ..., 1: 256 according to the
status of TOPS2: TOPSO: Timero Prescaler Select bits. The prescaler is activated by bit PSA:

■ PSA = 0 Prescaler is selected.

■ PSA 1 = Prescaler is not selected.

• Timer 1: The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:1, 1:2, 1: 4, 1:8 according to the
status of T1CKPS1:T1CKPS0: Timer1 Input Clock Prescale Select bits.

• Timer 2: The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 11, 14, 1: 16 according to the status
of T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0: Timer2 Clock Prescale Select bits.

• Timer 3: The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1: 8 according to the
status of T3CKPS1:T3CKPS0: Timer3 Input. Clock Prescale Select bits.

3. Timer 0

a. Features
• The features of Timer 0 are:

1. Software selectable as an 8-bit or 16-bit timer/counter.

2. Readable and writable

3. Dedicated 8-bit software programmable prescaler

4. Clock source selectable to be external or internal

5. Interrupt-on-overflow from FFh to 00h in 8-bit mode and FFFFh to 0000h in 16-bit mode MCALAT

6. Edge select for external clock

b. T0CON: Timer0 Control Register

• Fig. 18.14.1 shows the Timer0 Control register (T0CON). It is an 8-bit, read/write register used to that controls all
the aspects of Timer0 including: enable/disable timer0, select the operating mode, select the clock source and its
transition (HIGH to LOW or LOW to HIGH), enable/disable prescaler and to select the prescaler value if enabled.
c. Block Diagram

• Fig. 18.14.2 shows the simplified block diagram of Timer 0 in 8-bit mode.

• Upon Reset, Timer0 is enabled in 8-bit mode with clock input from TOCKI maximum prescale.

• Timer0 can operate as a timer or as a counter. Timer mode is selected by clearing the T0CS bit.
• In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler).

• Counter mode is selected by setting the T0CS bit. In Counter mode, Timer0 will increment either on every rising or
falling edge of pin RA4/T0CKI.

• The incrementing edge is determined by the Timer0 Source Edge Select bit (T0SE). Clearing the TOSE bit selects the
rising edge.

• The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:2, 1:4, ..., 1:256 according to the status of
TOPS2:TOPSO: Timer0 Prescaler Select bits. The prescaler is activated by bit PSA :

• PSA = 0: Prescaler is selected.

• PSA 1 Prescaler is not selected.

• An overflow occurs when a timer register (TMROL) has already counted the maximum value it can count (255). At
overflow the counter value become 0 again. An overflow triggers an interrupt and set TMR0IF flag bit.

• Fig. 18.14.3 shows the simplified block diagram of Timer 0 in 16-bit mode.

• Timer0 can be set in 16-bit mode by clearing the T08BIT in T0CON.

• In this mode, registers TMR0H and TMR0L are used to access the 16-bit timer value.

• In this mode, TMR0IF flag bit is set when 16-bit timer value overflows from FFFFh to 0000.

• Here, TMROH is not the high byte of the timer/counter in 16-bit mode, but is actually a buffered version of the high
byte of Timer0. This is illustrated in Fig. 18.14.2.
d. Applications

• Applications of Timer0 are:

■ Generate wide range of accurate time delays by selecting the appropriate prescaler options.

■ Measure frequency of an unknown signal. det bra sal

4. Timer 1

a. Features

• The features of Timer 1 are :

1. 16-bit timer/counter

2. Two 8-bit registers: TMR1H and TMR1

3. Readable and writable (both registers)

4. Internal or external clock select

5. Interrupt-on-overflow from FFFFh to 0000h

6. Reset from CCP module special event trigger

7. Can not be disabled by SLEEP instruction

b. T1CON: Timer1 Control Register

• Fig. 18.14.4 shows the Timer1 Control register (T1CON). It is an 8-bit, read/write register used to that controls all
the aspects of Timer1.
c. Block Diagram

Fig. 18.14.5 shows the simplified block diagram of Timer 1.

• The operating mode for the Timer1 is determined by the clock select bit, TMRICS (T1CON register). Timer1 can
operate in one of these modes :

■ As a timer

■ As a synchronous counter

■ As an asynchronous counter

• When TMR1CS=0: Timer1 increments every instruction cycle.

• When TMR1CS = 1: Timer1 increments on every rising edge of the external clock input or the Timer1 oscillator, if
enabled.

• When the Timer1 oscillator is enabled (T1OSCEN is set), the T1OSI and T1OSO/T1CKI pins become inputs. This
oscillator is a low power oscillator and it is utilized in the sleep mode. In the sleep mode, the Timer1 is not disabled
and hence it can be used to implement the-chip real time clock (RTC).

• Timer1 also has an internal "Reset input". This Reset can be generated by the CCP module.

• The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 according to the status of
T1CKPS1:T1CKPS0: Timer1 Input Clock Prescale Select bits.

• Here, TMR1IF flag bit is set when 16-bit timer value in TMR1 register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) increments from 0000h
to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h.

d. Applications

• Applications of Timer1 are :

■ Generate accurate time delays by selecting the appropriate prescaler options.

■ Measure frequency of an unknown signal.

■ Implement Real Time Clock (RTC)

■ Generate special event trigger in compare mode of CCP module.

5. Timer 2
a. Features

• The features of Timer 2 are:

1. 8-bit timer (TMR2 register)

2. 8-bit period register (PR2)

3. Readable and writable (both registers)

4. Software programmable prescaler (1: 1, 1:4, 1:16)

5. Software programmable postscaler (1 : 1 to 1 : 16)

6. Interrupt on TMR2 match of PR2

7. SSP module optional use of TMR2 output to generate clock shift

b. T2CON: Timer2 Control Register

• Fig. 18.14.6 shows the Timer1 Control register (T2CON). It is an 8-bit, read/write register used to that controls all
the aspects of Timer2.

• Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit TMR2ON (T2CON register) to minimize power consumption.

c. Block Diagram

• Fig. 18.14.7 shows the simplified block diagram of Timer 2.

• It consists of two 8-bit, readable/writable registers: TMR2 and PR2, comparator, and prescaler and postscaler
circuits.

• The clock source for TMR2 is Fosc/4 for both prescaler and Postscaler options. There is no external clock source for
Timer2 and hence can't be used as a counter.

• The prescale option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16, selected by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON register).

• The 4-bit postscaler gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling options to generate a TMR2 interrupt.

• TMR2 register increments from 00 to the value equal to PR2. Comparator compares values from TMR2 and PR2
registers. When these values are equal, TMR2IF flag is set in PIR1 register and TMR2 reset to 00.

• Timer2 can be used as the PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module.

• The prescaler and postscaler counters are cleared when any of the following Occurs:

1. A write to the TMR2 register

2. A write to the T2CON register

3. Any device Reset (Power-on Reset, MCLR Reset, Watchdog Timer Reset or Brown-out Reset)

• TMR2 is not cleared when T2CON is written.

d. Applications

• Applications of Timer 2 are:

1. Generate accurate time delays by selecting the appropriate prescaler options.

2. Acts as an input for SSP module to generate clock shift.

3. Used as PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module.

4. Generate periodic interrupts.

6. Timer 3
a. Features

The features of Timer 3 are:

1. 16-bit timer/counter TUOT

2. Two 8-bit registers: TMR3H and TMR3L)

3. Readable and writable (both registers)

4. Internal or external clock select

5. Interrupt-on-overflow from FFFFh to 0000h

6. Reset from CCP1/ECCP1 module trigger

b. T3CON: Timer3 Control Register

• Fig. 18.14.8 shows the Timer3 Control register (T3CON). It is an 8-bit, read/write register used to that controls all
the aspects of Timer3.

bit 7 RD16 : 16-bit Read/Write Mode Enable bit

1 = Enables register read/write of Timer3 in one 16-bit operation

0 = Enables register read/write of Timer3 in two 8-bit operation

bit 6,3 T3ECCP1: T3CCP1 : Timer3 and Timer1 to CCP1/ECCP1 Enable bits

1x = Timer3 is the clock source for compare/capture CCP1 and ECCP1 modules

01 = Timer3 is the clock source for compare/capture of ECCP1

Timer1 is the clock source for compare/capture of CCP1

00= Timer1 is the clock source for compare/capture of CCP1 and ECCP1 modules

bit 5-4 T3CKPS1 : T3CKPS0: Timer3 Input Clock Prescale Select bits

11= 1:8 Prescale value

10 = 1:4 Prescale value

01 = 1: 2 Prescale value

00 = 1:1 Prescale value

• Fig. 18.14.9 shows the simplified block diagram of Timer3.

• Timer3 can be enabled/ disabled by setting/clearing control bit, TMR3ON (T3CON register).

• The operating mode for the Timer3 is determined by the clock select bit, TMR3CS (T3CON register). Timer3 can
operate in one of these modes:

■ As a timer

■ As a synchronous counter

■ As an asynchronous counter

• When TMR3CS = 0, Timer3 increments every instruction cycle.

• The Timer1 oscillator may be used as the clock source for Timer3. When the Timer1 oscillator is enabled (T1OSCEN
is set), the T1OSI and T1OSO/T1CKI pins become inputs.

• Timer3 also has an internal "Reset input". This Reset can be generated by the CCP module.

• The prescaler circuit divides the signal frequency by prescale values of 1:1, 1: 2, 1: 4, 18 according to the status of
T3CKPS1:T3CKPS0: Timer3 Input Clock Prescale Select bits.

• Here, TMR3IF flag bit is set when 16-bit timer value in TMR3 register pair (TMR3H:TMR3L) increments from 0000h
to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h.

d. Applications

• Applications of Timer 3 are:

■ Generate accurate time delays by selecting the appropriate prescaler options.

■ Measure frequency of an unknown signal.

■ Implement Real Time Clock (RTC)

■ Generate special event trigger in compare mode of CCP module.

7. Delay Calculations

• Let's take an example. Suppose we have to generate a delay of 1 ms having 10 MHZ oscillator frequency of
PIC18F458.

Calculate timer input frequency

Given: FOSC = 10 MHz. Let us take prescaler = 1 : 4

FTIMER = FOSC / 4 × Prescaler ratio

= 10 / 4 × 1 / 4 = 625 kHz

Find the period which will be taken by the timer to increment the count

Period = 1 / FTIMER = 1/ 625 kHz = 1.6 μs

• Therefore, after each 1.6 μs, the timer value will be incremented by 1.

Find the count needed for a delay of 1 ms

Count = 1 ms / 1.6μs = 625

• Since this count is greater than 256 we need use 16 bit timer.

Calculate value to be loaded in Timer register for a delay of 1 ms

• The value to be loaded in 16-bit Timer register is calculated as: 65536- Count = 65536 625 = 64911 = FD8FH

• Load this hex value in the 16-bit timer register to produce desired delay.

Using 8-bit Timer

• By selecting larger prescaler ratio we can generate same delay with 8-bit counter. Let us select prescaler 1 : 64.

FTIMER = FOSC / 4 × Prescaler ratio

= 10 / 4 × 1 / 64 = 39.0625 kHz
Find the period which will be taken by the timer to increment the count

Period = FTIMER = 1 / 39.0625 kHz = 25.6 µs

• Therefore, after each 25.6, us the timer value will be incremented by 1.

Find the count needed for a delay of 1 ms

Count = Desired Delay / Timer Period = 1 ms / 25.6μs

= 39.0625≈ 39

• Since this count is less than 256 we need use 8- bit timer.

• The value to be loaded in 8-bit Timer register is calculated as: 256 - Count 256 - 39 = 217 D9H

• Load this hex value in the 8-bit timer register to produce desired delay.