Object

Oriented
Programming
Using

C ++
Inheritance

Abdul Wahab
Lecturer
University of Science and Technology Bannu
[email protected]
1
 Inheritance

 The process of creating new classes from one or more existing classes is
known as Inheritance.

 The properties of existing classes are simply extended to the new

classes.

 The new classes is known as ‘Derived Classes’ and the existing classes
are known as ‘Base Classes’.

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 Inheritance

Base Class
 Reusability is the main purpose of Feature A
inheritance
Feature B

Feature C
 The new class can have its own set
of member variables and functions.
Defined in
Feature D Derived Class

Feature A

Feature B Defined in Base

Class, accessible
Feature C from Derived
Class

Derived Class

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 General Syntax of Inheritance

 The Syntax for deriving a new class from an existing class is as follow:

class Derived_Class : Access_Specifier Base_Class

{
// new members of the derived class
};

 Generally, the access specified is to be specifier. In the absence of

access specifier, the default is private.

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 Types of Inheritance

 With respect to Accessibility

1. Public Inheritance
2. Private Inheritance

 With respect to number of Base classes

1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance
3. Hierarchical Inheritance
4. Multilevel Inheritance
5. Multi path Inheritance
6. Hybrid Inheritance

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Types of Inheritance w.r.t.

Accessibility

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 Public Inheritance

 All the public members of the Base class can be accessed directly in the
derived class.

 Private data of the base class is not inherited, they can be accessed only
using public member functions of the base class.

 If data is to be kept inaccessible from outside the class, still inherited in to

the derived class then the data must be declared inside „Protected‟
access specifier

 Protected access specifier is same as private, except that it is accessible

from the derived class.

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 A Simple Example:

class A
void main()
{
public: {
int x; clrscr();
};
B obj;

class B : public A
{ obj.x=20;
public: obj.y=30;
int y;
obj.show();
void show()
}
{
cout<<“X= ”<<x<<“ Y= ”<<y;
}
};

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 Output

X=20 Y=30

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 Example with Private Data:
class B : public A
class A
{
{
int x; int y;
public:
public: B() { y=30; }
A() { x=20; } void show()
{
void show_x()
{ show_x();
cout<< "X= "<<x; cout<<" Y= "<<y;
} }
}; };

void main()
{
clrscr();
B obj;
obj.show();
}

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 Output

X=20 Y=30

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 Example with Protected Data:
class B : public A
class A
{
{
protected: int y;
int x; public:
B() { y=30; }
public: void show()
A()
{
{
x=20; cout<<“ X= “<<x<<" Y= "<<y;
} }
}; };

void main()
{
clrscr();
B obj;
obj.show();
}

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 Output

X=20 Y=30

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 Private Inheritance

 Public members of the Base class become private for the derived class,
and they cannot be accessed outside the class (i.e. accessing directly
with the object)

 Member functions of the derived class are used to access the derived
private members.

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 Example :

class A
void main()
{
public: {
int x; clrscr();
}; B obj;
obj.show();
}
class B : private A
{
public:
int y;
B() { x=20; y=30; }

void show()
{
cout<<“ X= “<<x<<" Y= "<<y;
}
};

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 Output

X=20 Y=30

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 Derived class access mode
Base class access Public Derivation Private Derivation Protected
specifier Derivation
Public Public Private Protected
Private Not Inherited Not Inherited Not Inherited
Protected Protected Private Protected

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 Types of Inheritance w.r.t.

Number of Base Classes

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 Types of Inheritance w.r.t Base Classes

1. Single Inheritance
X
When only one class is used as a Base
class and there is no derivation from
the derived class Y

2. Multiple Inheritance
When one class is derived from two or X Y
more Base classes

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 Types of Inheritance w.r.t Base Classes

3. Multilevel Inheritance X
When a class is derived from another
Derived class, i.e. derived class acts Y
as a Base class
Z

4. Hierarchical Inheritance
When two or more classes are derived W
from a single Base class
X Y Z

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 Types of Inheritance w.r.t Base Classes

W
5. Multi path Inheritance
When a class is derived from two or
X Y
more classes that are derived from
same Base class.
Z

6. Hybrid Inheritance
X
The combination of two or more types
of inheritance.
Y Z

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 Example of Simple Inheritance:
class ITEM
{
void main()
protected:
int ItemNo ; {
}; clrscr();
item X;
class item : public ITEM X.set();
{
X.show();
float price ;
public: }
void set()
{
cout<<"\nEnter Item No: ";
cin>>ItemNo;
cout<<"\nEnter Price : ";
cin>>price;
}
void show()
{ cout<<"\nItem No: "<<ItemNo;
cout<<"\nPrice : "<<price;
}
};
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 Output

Enter Item No: 345

Enter Price: 67.99

Item No: 345

Price: 67.99

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 Example of Multiple Inheritance:
class A
{ protected: int a; };
void main()
class B
{ protected: int b ; }; {
clrscr();
class C
D obj;
{ protected: int c ; };
obj.set();
class D : public A, B, C obj.show();
{
int d;
}
public:

void set()
{
cout<<"\nEnter vlues for a, b, c and d: ";
cin>>a>>b>>c>>d;
}

void show()
{
cout<<"\nA= "<<a; cout<<"\nB= "<<b;
cout<<"\nC= "<<c; cout<<"\nD= "<<d;
}
};
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 Output

Enter values for a, b, c and d: 1 2 3 4

A= 1
B= 2
C= 3
D=4

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 Example of Multi path Inheritance

class A1 class A4 : public A2, A3

{ {
protected: int a4;
int a1 ; public:
};
void set()
{ a1=10; // Member Ambiguous Error
class A2 : public A1 a2=20;
{ a3=30;
protected: a4=40;
int a2 ;
}
};
void show()
{
class A3 : public A1 cout<<"\nA1= "<<a1; // Member Ambiguous Error
{ cout<<"\nA2= "<<a2;
protected:
cout<<"\nA3= "<<a3;
int a3 ;
}; cout<<"\nA4= "<<a4;
}
};

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 Example of Multi path Inheritance (Contd…)
void main()
{
clrscr();
A4 obj;
obj.set();
obj.show();
}

 The error or ambiguity can be avoid by specifying the keyword “Virtual” before the
Base class specifier (in derivation of new classes from it). For example:

class A2 : virtual public A1

class A3 : virtual public A1

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 Output

A1= 10
A2= 20
A3= 30
A4= 40

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 Constructor, Destructor and Inheritance

 If the base class has parameterized constructor then it is essential for the
derived class to have a constructor.

 In inheritance, when an object of a derived class is created, the

constructor of its base class is first executed, then the constructor of
derived class is executed.

 Destructors are executed in reverse order of constructor execution.

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 Example:
class A class C: public B
{ {
public : public:
A() C()
{ cout<<"\nConstructor of Base (A)"; } { cout<<"\nConstructor of Derived (C)"; }

~A() ~C()
{ cout<<"\nDestructor of Base (A)"; } {cout<<"\nDestructor of Derived (C)";}
}; };

class B: public A
{ void main()
public: {
B() clrscr();
{ cout<<"\nConstructor of Derived (B)"; }
C obj;
~B() }
{ cout<<"\nDestructor of Derived (B)"; }
};
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 Output

Constructor of Base (A)

Constructor of Derived (B)
Constructor of Derived (C)
Destructor of Derived (C)
Destructor of Derived (B)
Destructor of Base (A)

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 Base & Derived Classes without Default Constructor

class Base1 class Derived: public Base1, Base2

{ {
protected: int c;
int a; public:
public : Derived(int x, int y, int z): Base1(y), Base2(z)
Base1(int x) { c=x;
{ a=x; cout<<"\nConstructor of Derived"; }
cout<<"\nConstructor of Base1"; }
}; void show()
{ cout<<"\n"<<a<<" "<<b<<" "<<c; }
class Base2 };
{
protected: void main()
int b; {
public: clrscr();
Base2(int x)
{ b=x; Derived obj(1,3,5);
cout<<"\nConstructor of Base2"; } obj.show();
}; }

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Output

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 Note

 If a derived class constructor does not use any arguments, Still it must
declare one or more arguments, if the Base class takes one or more
arguments as:

Derived (int x, int y): Base1(x), Base2(y)

or
Derived (int z): Base1(z), Base2(z)

according to situation.

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Have a Good Day!