Object

Oriented
Programming
Using

C ++
Introduction
Abdul Wahab
Lecturer
University of Science and Technology Bannu
[email protected]
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 Object Oriented Programming
 It is a technique in which we visualize our programming problems in the form of objects
and their interactions as happens in real life. lives-in
Ali House
 Objects
– Ali drives
– House
– Car
– Tree Car Tree
 Interactions
– Ali lives in the house
– Ali drives the car

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Example…

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 Object-Orientation - Advantages
 People think in terms of objects

 OO models map to reality

 Therefore, OO models are

– Easy to develop
– Easy to understand

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 What is an Object?
An object is

 Something tangible (Ali, Car)

 Something that can be understood intellectually (Time, Date)

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 … What is an Object?
An object has

 State (attributes)
 Well-defined behaviors (operations)
 Unique identity

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 Example – Ali is a Tangible Object

 State (attributes)
– Name
– Age
 Behavior (operations)
– Walks
– Eats
 Identity
– His name

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 Example – Car is a Tangible Object
 State (attributes)
- Color
- Model
 Behavior (operations)
- Accelerate
- Start Car
- Change Gear
 Identity
- Its registration number

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 Example – Time is an Object (Conceptual)

 State (attributes)
- Hours - Seconds
- Minutes
 Behavior (operations)
- Set Hours
- Set Seconds
- Set Minutes
 Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

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Example – Date is an Object Apprehended Intellectually
 State (attributes)
- Year
- Day
- Month
 Behavior (operations)
- Set Year
- Set Day
- Set Month
 Identity
- Would have a unique ID

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 OO Paradigm
 Information Hiding
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

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 Information Hiding

 Information is stored within the object

 It is hidden from the outside world

 It can only be manipulated by the object itself

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 Information Hiding Advantages

 Simplifies the model by hiding implementation details

 It is a barrier against change propagation

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 Encapsulation

 Data and behavior are tightly coupled inside an object

 Both the information structure and implementation details of its operations are hidden
from the outer world

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 Example – Encapsulation

 Ali stores his personal information and knows how to translate it to the desired language

 We don’t know
– How the data is stored
– How Ali translates this information

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 Example – Encapsulation
 A Phone stores phone numbers in digital format and knows how to convert it into human-
readable characters

 We don’t know
– How the data is stored
– How it is converted to human-readable characters

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 Encapsulation – Advantages

 Simplicity and clarity

 Low complexity

 Better understanding

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 Abstraction
 Abstraction is a way to deal with complexity.

 Principle of abstraction:

“Capture only those details about an object that are relevant to current perspective”

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 Example – Abstraction
 Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students.

 Ali has two perspectives

– Student
– Teacher

 Attributes
As a Student As a Teacher
- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age

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 Example – Abstraction

 Ali’s behavior can be summed up as follows:

 Behavior
As a Student As a Teacher
- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

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 Example – Abstraction

A cat can be viewed with different perspectives

 Ordinary Perspective  Surgeon’s Perspective

A pet animal with A being with
– Four Legs – A Skeleton
– A Tail – Heart
– Two Ears – Kidney
– Sharp Teeth – Stomach

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 Example – Abstraction

Engineer’s View

Driver’s View

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 Abstraction – Advantages

 Simplifies the model by hiding irrelevant details

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 Classes
 In an OO model, some of the objects exhibit identical characteristics (information
structure and behavior)

 We say that they belong to the same class

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 Example – Class
 Ali studies mathematics
 Anam studies physics
 Sohail studies chemistry

 Each one is a Student

 We say these objects are instances of the Student class

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 Example – Class
 Ahsan teaches mathematics
 Aamir teaches computer science
 Atif teaches physics

 Each one is a teacher

 We say these objects are instances of the Teacher class

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 Inheritance

 A child inherits characteristics of its parents

 Besides inherited characteristics, a child may have its own unique characteristics

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 Inheritance in Classes
 If a class B inherits from class A then it contains all the characteristics (information structure and
behavior) of class A

 The parent class is called base class and the child class is called derived class

 Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may have its own unique characteristics

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 Inheritance – “IS A” or
“IS A KIND OF” Relationship

 Each derived class is a special kind of its base class

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Example – “IS A” Relationship

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Example – “IS A” Relationship

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 Inheritance – Advantages

 Reuse

 Less redundancy

 Increased maintainability

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 Polymorphism
 Greek words:
– Poly Many
– Morpheme Shapes

 Any thing having many shapes

 In computer science, polymorphism means that a single function having more than one
forms.

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 Polymorphism

Polymorphism

Compile-Time Polymorphism Run-Time polymorphism

Function Overloading Operator Overloading

Function Overridding

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Have a Good Day!