Intro to Database

Systems (15-445/645)

Lecture #02
Modern
SQL
FALL 2023 Prof. Andy Pavlo Prof. Jignesh Patel
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LAST CLASS

We introduced the Relational Model as the

superior data model for databases.

We then showed how Relational Algebra is the

building blocks that will allow us to query and
modify a relational database.

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S Q L H I S TO R Y

In 1971, IBM created its first relational query

language called SQUARE.

IBM then created "SEQUEL" in 1972 for IBM

System R prototype DBMS.
→ Structured English Query Language

IBM releases commercial SQL-based DBMSs:

→ System/38 (1979), SQL/DS (1981), and DB2 (1983).

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S Q L H I S TO R Y

In 1971, IBM created its first relational query

language called SQUARE.

IBM then created "SEQUEL" in 1972 for IBM

System R prototype DBMS.
→ Structured English Query Language

IBM releases commercial SQL-based DBMSs:

→ System/38 (1979), SQL/DS (1981), and DB2 (1983).

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S Q L H I S TO R Y

In 1971, IBM created its first relational query

language called SQUARE.

IBM then created "SEQUEL" in 1972 for IBM

System R prototype DBMS.
→ Structured English Query Language

IBM releases commercial SQL-based DBMSs:

→ System/38 (1979), SQL/DS (1981), and DB2 (1983).

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S Q L H I S TO R Y

ANSI Standard in 1986. ISO in 1987

→ Structured Query Language

Current standard is SQL:2023

→ SQL:2023 → Property Graph Queries, Muti-Dim. Arrays
→ SQL:2016 → JSON, Polymorphic tables
→ SQL:2011 → Temporal DBs, Pipelined DML
→ SQL:2008 → Truncation, Fancy Sorting
→ SQL:2003 → XML, Windows, Sequences, Auto-Gen IDs.
→ SQL:1999 → Regex, Triggers, OO

The minimum language syntax a system needs to

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say that it supports SQL is SQL-92.
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S Q L H I S TO R Y

ANSI Standard in 1986. ISO in 1987

→ Structured Query Language

Current standard is SQL:2023

→ SQL:2023 → Property Graph Queries, Muti-Dim. Arrays
→ SQL:2016 → JSON, Polymorphic tables
→ SQL:2011 → Temporal DBs, Pipelined DML
→ SQL:2008 → Truncation, Fancy Sorting
→ SQL:2003 → XML, Windows, Sequences, Auto-Gen IDs.
→ SQL:1999 → Regex, Triggers, OO

The minimum language syntax a system needs to

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say that it supports SQL is SQL-92.
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S Q L H I S TO R Y

ANSI Standard in 1986. ISO in 1987

→ Structured Query Language

Current standard is SQL:2023

→ SQL:2023 → Property Graph Queries, Muti-Dim. Arrays
→ SQL:2016 → JSON, Polymorphic tables
→ SQL:2011 → Temporal DBs, Pipelined DML
→ SQL:2008 → Truncation, Fancy Sorting
→ SQL:2003 → XML, Windows, Sequences, Auto-Gen IDs.
→ SQL:1999 → Regex, Triggers, OO

The minimum language syntax a system needs to

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say that it supports SQL is SQL-92.
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R E L AT I O N A L L A N G UAG E S

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Control Language (DCL)

Also includes:
→ View definition
→ Integrity & Referential Constraints
→ Transactions

Important: SQL is based on bags (duplicates) not

sets (no duplicates).
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TO DAY ' S AG E N DA

Aggregations + Group By
String / Date / Time Operations
Output Control + Redirection
Window Functions
Nested Queries
Lateral Joins
Common Table Expressions

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E X A M P L E DATA B A S E

student(sid,name,login,gpa) enrolled(sid,cid,grade)
sid name login age gpa sid cid grade
53666 RZA rza@cs 44 4.0 53666 15-445 C
53688 Bieber jbieber@cs 27 3.9 53688 15-721 A
53655 Tupac shakur@cs 25 3.5 53688 15-826 B
53655 15-445 B
course(cid,name) 53666 15-721 C
cid name
15-445 Database Systems
15-721 Advanced Database Systems
15-826 Data Mining
15-799 Special Topics in Databases

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AG G R E G AT E S

Functions that return a single value from a bag of

tuples:
→ AVG(col)→ Return the average col value.
→ MIN(col)→ Return minimum col value.
→ MAX(col)→ Return maximum col value.
→ SUM(col)→ Return sum of values in col.
→ COUNT(col)→ Return # of values for col.

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AG G R E G AT E S

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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AG G R E G AT E S

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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AG G R E G AT E S

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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AG G R E G AT E S

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(1) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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AG G R E G AT E S

Aggregate functions can (almost) only be used in

the SELECT output list.

Get # of students with a “@cs” login:

SELECT COUNT(login) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(1) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
SELECT COUNT(1+1+1) AS cnt
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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M U LT I P L E AG G R E G AT E S

Get the number of students and their average GPA that

have a “@cs” login.

AVG(gpa) COUNT(sid)
SELECT AVG(gpa), COUNT(sid) 3.8 3
FROM student WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'

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AG G R E G AT E S

Output of other columns outside of an aggregate is

undefined.

Get the average GPA of students enrolled in each course.

AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid 3.86 ???
FROM enrolled AS e JOIN student AS s
ON e.sid = s.sid

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AG G R E G AT E S

Output of other columns outside of an aggregate is

undefined.

Get the average GPA of students enrolled in each course.

AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid 3.86 ???
FROM enrolled AS e JOIN student AS s
ON e.sid = s.sid

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G RO U P B Y

Project tuples into subsets and

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid
calculate aggregates against FROM enrolled AS e JOIN student AS s
each subset. ON e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

e.sid s.sid s.gpa e.cid

53435 53435 2.25 15-721 AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
53439 53439 2.70 15-721 2.46 15-721
56023 56023 2.75 15-826 3.39 15-826
59439 59439 3.90 15-826 1.89 15-445
53961 53961 3.50 15-826
58345 58345 1.89 15-445

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G RO U P B Y

Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

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G RO U P B Y

Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid

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G RO U P B Y

Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause

must appear in GROUP BY clause.

SELECT AVG(s.gpa), e.cid, s.name

FROM enrolled AS e JOIN student AS s
ON e.sid = s.sid
GROUP BY e.cid, s.name

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H AV I N G

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY

SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
AND avg_gpa > 3.9
GROUP BY e.cid

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H AV I N G

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY

SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BYavg_gpa
HAVING e.cid > 3.9;

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H AV I N G

Filters results based on aggregation computation.

Like a WHERE clause for a GROUP BY

SELECT AVG(s.gpa) AS avg_gpa, e.cid

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid
GROUP
AND BY
avg_gpa
e.cid> 3.9
GROUP BYAVG(s.gpa)
HAVING avg_gpa
e.cid > 3.9;
> 3.9;

AVG(s.gpa) e.cid
3.75 15-415 avg_gpa e.cid
3.950000 15-721 3.950000 15-721
3.900000 15-826
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S T R I N G O P E R AT I O N S

String Case String Quotes

SQL-92 Sensitive Single Only
Postgres Sensitive Single Only
MySQL Insensitive Single/Double
SQLite Sensitive Single/Double
MSSQL Sensitive Single Only
Oracle Sensitive Single Only

WHERE UPPER(name) = UPPER('TuPaC') SQL-92

WHERE name = "TuPaC" MySQL

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S T R I N G O P E R AT I O N S

LIKE is used for string matching.

String-matching operators
→ '%' Matches any substring (including SELECT * FROM enrolled AS e
empty strings). WHERE e.cid LIKE '15-%'
→ '_' Match any one character
SELECT * FROM student AS s
WHERE s.login LIKE '%@c_'

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S T R I N G O P E R AT I O N S

SQL-92 defines string functions.

→ Many DBMSs also have their own unique functions
Can be used in either output and predicates:

SELECT SUBSTRING(name,1,5) AS abbrv_name

FROM student WHERE sid = 53688

SELECT * FROM student AS s

WHERE UPPER(s.name) LIKE 'KAN%'

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S T R I N G O P E R AT I O N S

SQL standard defines the || operator for

concatenating two or more strings together.

SELECT name FROM student SQL-92

WHERE login = LOWER(name) || '@cs'
SELECT name FROM student MSSQL
WHERE login = LOWER(name) + '@cs'
SELECT name FROM student MySQL
WHERE login = CONCAT(LOWER(name), '@cs')

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DAT E / T I M E O P E R AT I O N S

Operations to manipulate and modify DATE/TIME

attributes.
Can be used in both output and predicates.
Support/syntax varies wildly…

Demo: Get the # of days since the beginning of

the year.

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OUTPUT REDIRECTION

Store query results in another table:

→ Table must not already be defined.
→ Table will have the same # of columns with the same
types as the input.

SELECT DISTINCT cid INTO CourseIds SQL-92

FROM enrolled;

CREATE TABLE CourseIds ( MySQL

SELECT DISTINCT cid FROM enrolled);

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OUTPUT REDIRECTION

Store query results in another table:

→ Table must not already be defined.
→ Table will have the same # of columns with the same
types as the input.

SELECT DISTINCT cid INTO CourseIds SQL-92

FROM SELECT
enrolled;
DISTINCT cid Postgres
INTO TEMPORARY CourseIds
CREATE TABLE
FROM CourseIds
enrolled; ( MySQL
SELECT DISTINCT cid FROM enrolled);

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OUTPUT REDIRECTION

Insert tuples from query into another table:

→ Inner SELECT must generate the same columns as the
target table.
→ DBMSs have different options/syntax on what to do with
integrity violations (e.g., invalid duplicates).

INSERT INTO CourseIds SQL-92

(SELECT DISTINCT cid FROM enrolled);

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O U T P U T C O N T RO L

ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.
sid grade
SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled 53123 A
WHERE cid = '15-721' 53334 A
ORDER BY grade 53650 B
53666 D

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O U T P U T C O N T RO L

ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.

SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled

WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 2

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O U T P U T C O N T RO L

ORDER BY <column*> [ASC|DESC]

→ Order the output tuples by the values in one or more of
their columns.

SELECT sid, grade FROM enrolled

WHERE cidsid,
SELECT = '15-721'
grade FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid
WHERE grade= '15-721'
ORDER BY 2
sid
SELECT sid FROM enrolled 53666
WHERE cid = '15-721' 53650
ORDER BY grade DESC, sid ASC 53123
53334
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O U T P U T C O N T RO L

FETCH {FIRST|NEXT} <count> ROWS

OFFSET <count> ROWS
→ Limit the # of tuples returned in output.
→ Can set an offset to return a “range”
SELECT sid, name FROM student
WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;
SELECT sid, name FROM student
WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
ORDER BY gpa
OFFSET 10 ROWS
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS WITH TIES;
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O U T P U T C O N T RO L

FETCH {FIRST|NEXT} <count> ROWS

OFFSET <count> ROWS
→ Limit the # of tuples returned in output.
→ Can set an offset to return a “range”
SELECT sid, name FROM student
WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;
SELECT sid, name FROM student
WHERE login LIKE '%@cs'
ORDER BY gpa
OFFSET 10 ROWS
FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS WITH TIES;
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WINDOW FUNCTIONS

Performs a "sliding" calculation across a set of

tuples that are related.
Like an aggregation but tuples are not grouped
into a single output tuples.
How to “slice” up data
Can also sort

SELECT ... FUNC-NAME(...) OVER (...)

FROM tableName
Aggregation Functions
Special Functions
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WINDOW FUNCTIONS

Aggregation functions:
→ Anything that we discussed earlier sid cid grade row_num
53666 15-445 C 1
Special window functions: 53688 15-721 A 2
→ ROW_NUMBER()→ # of the current row 53688 15-826 B 3
→ RANK()→ Order position of the current 53655 15-445 B 4
row. 53666 15-721 C 5

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER () AS row_num

FROM enrolled

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WINDOW FUNCTIONS

The OVER keyword specifies how to

group together tuples when cid sid row_number
15-445 53666 1
computing the window function. 15-445 53655 2
Use PARTITION BY to specify group. 15-721 53688 1
15-721 53666 2
15-826 53688 1

SELECT cid, sid,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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WINDOW FUNCTIONS

You can also include an ORDER BY in the window

grouping to sort entries in each group.

SELECT *,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY cid)
FROM enrolled
ORDER BY cid

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WINDOW FUNCTIONS

Find the student with the second highest grade for each
course.
Group tuples by cid
Then sort by grade
SELECT * FROM (
SELECT *, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY cid
ORDER BY grade ASC) AS rank
FROM enrolled) AS ranking
WHERE ranking.rank = 2

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NESTED QUERIES

Invoke a query inside of another query to compose

more complex computations.
→ They are often difficult to optimize for the DBMS to
optimize due to correlations.
→ Inner queries can appear (almost) anywhere in query.

Outer Query SELECT name FROM student WHERE

sid IN (SELECT sid FROM enrolled) Inner Query

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NESTED QUERIES

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE ...

sid in the set of people that take 15-445

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NESTED QUERIES

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE ...
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'

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NESTED QUERIES

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE ...
sid IN (
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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NESTED QUERIES

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE ...
sid IN (
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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NESTED QUERIES

ALL→ Must satisfy expression for all rows in the

sub-query.

ANY→ Must satisfy expression for at least one row

in the sub-query.

IN→ Equivalent to '=ANY()' .

EXISTS→ At least one row is returned without

comparing it to an attribute in outer query.

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NESTED QUERIES

Get the names of students in '15-445'

SELECT name FROM student

WHERE sid = ANY(
SELECT sid FROM enrolled
WHERE cid = '15-445'
)

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NESTED QUERIES

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT MAX(e.sid), s.name

FROM enrolled AS e, student AS s
WHERE e.sid = s.sid;

This won't work in SQL-92. It runs in SQLite, but

not Postgres or MySQL (v8 with strict mode).

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NESTED QUERIES

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE ...

"Is the highest enrolled sid"

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NESTED QUERIES

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

WHERE sid
... is
INthe
(
SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled
)

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NESTED QUERIES

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

SELECT
WHERE sid
... issid,
IN ( name FROM student
the
WHEREMAX(sid)
SELECT sid IN (FROM enrolled
) SELECT sid FROM enrolled
ORDER BY sid DESC FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY
)

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NESTED QUERIES

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

SELECT sid, name FROM student

SELECT
WHERE sid
... issid,
IN ( name FROM student
the
WHEREMAX(sid)
SELECT sid IN (FROM enrolled
) SELECTsid
SELECT student.sid, name
FROM enrolled
FROMBYstudent
ORDER sid DESC FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY
) JOIN (SELECT MAX(sid) AS sid
FROM enrolled) AS max_e
ON student.sid = max_e.sid;

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NESTED QUERIES

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE ...
“with no tuples in the enrolled table”

sid cid grade

cid name
53666 15-445 C
15-445 Database Systems
53688 15-721 A
15-721 Advanced Database Systems
53688 15-826 B
15-826 Data Mining
53655 15-445 B
15-799 Special Topics in Databases
53666 15-721 C

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NESTED QUERIES

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE NOT
... EXISTS(
tuples
“with in
nothe enrolled
tuples in table
the enrolled table”
)

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NESTED QUERIES

Find all courses that have no students enrolled in it.

SELECT * FROM course

WHERE NOT
... EXISTS(
SELECT
tuples * the
in FROM enrolled
enrolled table
“with no tuples in the enrolled table”
) WHERE course.cid = enrolled.cid
)

cid name
15-799 Special Topics in Databases

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L AT E R A L J O I N S

The LATERAL operator allows a nested query to

reference attributes in other nested queries that
precede it.
→ You can think of it like a for loop that allows you to
invoke another query for each tuple in a table.

t1.x t2.y
SELECT * FROM 1 2
(SELECT 1 AS x) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT t1.x+1 AS y) AS t2;

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order.

SELECT * FROM course AS c,

For each course:
⮕ Compute the # of enrolled students
For each course:
⮕ Compute the average gpa of enrolled students

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order.

SELECT * FROM course AS c,

For each course:
LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM enrolled
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the # of enrolled students
enrolled.cid = c.cid) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avg FROM student AS s
For each course:
JOIN enrolled AS e ON s.sid = e.sid
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the average
e.cid gpa of enrolled
= c.cid) students
AS t2;

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order.

SELECT * FROM course AS c,

For each course:
LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM enrolled
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the # of enrolled students
enrolled.cid = c.cid) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avg FROM student AS s
For each course:
JOIN enrolled AS e ON s.sid = e.sid
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the average
e.cid gpa of enrolled
= c.cid) students
AS t2;

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order.

SELECT * FROM course AS c,

For each course:
LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM enrolled
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the # of enrolled students
enrolled.cid = c.cid) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avg FROM student AS s
For each course:
JOIN enrolled AS e ON s.sid = e.sid
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the average
e.cid gpa of enrolled
= c.cid) students
AS t2;

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order.

SELECT * FROM course AS c,

For each course:
LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM enrolled
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the # of enrolled students
enrolled.cid = c.cid) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avg FROM student AS s
For each course:
JOIN enrolled AS e ON s.sid = e.sid
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the average
e.cid gpa of enrolled
= c.cid) students
AS t2;

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L AT E R A L J O I N

Calculate the number of students enrolled in each course

and the average GPA. Sort by enrollment count in
descending order. cid name cnt avg
15-445 Database Systems 2 3.75
15-721 Advanced Database Systems 2 3.95
SELECT * FROM course AS c, 15-826 Data Mining 1 3.9
For each course:
LATERAL (SELECT COUNT(*) AS cntSpecial
15-799 FROM Topics
enrolled
in Databases 0 null
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the # of enrolled students
enrolled.cid = c.cid) AS t1,
LATERAL (SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avg FROM student AS s
For each course:
JOIN enrolled AS e ON s.sid = e.sid
⮕ ComputeWHERE
the average
e.cid gpa of enrolled
= c.cid) students
AS t2;

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C O M M O N TA B L E E X P R E S S I O N S

Provides a way to write auxiliary statements for

use in a larger query.
→ Think of it like a temp table just for one query.
Alternative to nested queries and views.

WITH cteName AS (
SELECT 1
)
SELECT * FROM cteName

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C O M M O N TA B L E E X P R E S S I O N S

You can bind/alias output columns to names

before the AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT colXXX + colXXX FROM cteName
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C O M M O N TA B L E E X P R E S S I O N S

You can bind/alias output columns to names

before the AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT colXXX + colXXX FROM cteName
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C O M M O N TA B L E E X P R E S S I O N S

You can bind/alias output columns to names

before the AS keyword.

WITH cteName (col1, col2) AS (

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT col1 + col2 FROM cteName

WITH cteName (colXXX, colXXX) AS ( Postgres

SELECT 1, 2
)
SELECT *
colXXX
FROM cteName
+ colXXX FROM cteName
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C O M M O N TA B L E E X P R E S S I O N S

Find student record with the highest id that is enrolled

in at least one course.

WITH cteSource (maxId) AS (

SELECT MAX(sid) FROM enrolled
)
SELECT name FROM student, cteSource
WHERE student.sid = cteSource.maxId

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CONCLUSION

SQL is not a dead language.

You should (almost) always strive to compute your

answer as a single SQL statement.

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HOMEWORK #1

Write SQL queries to perform basic data analysis.

→ Write the queries locally using SQLite + DuckDB.
→ Submit them to Gradescope
→ You can submit multiple times and use your best score.

Due: Sunday Sept 10th @ 11:59pm

https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2023/homework1

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NEXT CLASS

Storage Management

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