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Interview hu
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Preparation
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 Core java Interview Question

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Q. What is Class ?
❖​Class helps us to create objects.

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❖​It creates new when it receives requests from new keywords.

Q. What is an Object ?
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❖​Object is an instance of the class.
❖​It is the real world entity that has state and behavior.
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Q. Types of variables in java

1)​ Local variable
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2)​ Static variable

3)​ Non static variable
4)​ Reference variable
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1)​ Local variable -

a)​ These variables are created inside a method and should be
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used only within the created method.

b)​ Without initialization we cannot use local variables.
c)​ Local variable names inside different methods can be the same.

2)​ Static variable -

a)​ These variables are global variables.
b)​ These are created inside the class and outside the method.

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 c)​ It is not mandatory to initialize the static variable , if we don’t
initialize the static variable then depending upon the data type
default will get initialized.
d)​ We need not to create an object to access the static variable.

3)​ Non static variable

a)​ Non static variables are the object members.
b)​ Non-static variables are created inside the class and outside

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the method.
c)​ These variables are also called instance variables.
d)​ It is not mandatory to initialize the non static variable if we don’t

to
initialize the non static variable then depending upon the data
type default value will get initialized.

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4)​ Reference variable
a)​ Reference variable can store the object address.
b)​ It can also store null value.
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Q. What is var type ?
❖​Var type is introduced in java version 10.
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❖​When we create a var type , we can store any value in it.

❖​Var type allocates the data type dynamically depending upon the
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value store in that variable.

❖​Var is not a keyword . We can use var as a variable name.
❖​Var is not used as method arguments
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❖​Var can be used as a local variable . It can not be used as a static or

non-static variable.
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Q. What is Method in java?

❖​Method is a block of code.
❖​Method helps us to break the code into smaller reusable modules.
❖​When a method is void , it can’t return any value.
❖​A method will execute , when it will be called.
❖​We can pass data known as parameters into a method.

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Q. Difference between return and return value ?

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return return value

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We can use return keyword inside We can use the “return value”
void method only. keyword only inside, not a void

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method & it is mandatory to be
used.
It is optional to use. Mandatory to use
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It will return control to the method return value keyword will return
calling statement. control and value to method calling
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statement.
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Q. What is the Constructor ?

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❖​constructor is a special type of method that is used to initialize the

objects.
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❖​The constructor is called when an object of a class is created .

❖​It can be used to set initial values for object attributes.
❖​There are differents types of constructor are used in java-
➢​Default constructor
➢​Parameterized constructor
➢​Copy constructor

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Q. What is the Default Constructor?
❖​When we do not create a constructor in java then during compilation
automatically noArgs constructor with empty body gets created.

Q. What is the Constructor overloading?

❖​When we create more than one constructor in the same class

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provided they have different numbers of arguments or different types
of arguments.

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Q. What is the Constructor chaining?

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❖​When we call one constructor from another constructor . It is called
constructor chaining.
❖​To call a constructor this keyword should be used. It should be the
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first statement inside the constructor.

Q. What is this keyword?

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❖​this keyword is a special reference variable that automatically gets

created to store an object's address.
❖​We cannot use this keyword inside a static method.
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❖​this keyword is also used to call a constructor

❖​It should be the first statement inside the constructor
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Q. What is Inheritance?
❖​Inheritance is one the oops concept.
❖​When we inherit the members of parent class to child class so that
we can reuse these members is called inheritance.
❖​Java does not support multiple inheritance in class because it leads
to diamond problems.

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Q. What are the Packages in java

❖​Packages are nothing but folders created in java to store programs in

an organized manner.
❖​There are two types of packages in java
➢​User defined packages
➢​Predefined packages

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Q. What are the Access specifier / Access modifiers?

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Private Default protected Public
Same class yes Yes yes yes
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Same package subclass no yes yes yes
Same package non-subclass no yes yes yes
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Different package subclass no no yes yes

Different package subclass no no no yes
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Q. What is polymorphism Polymorphism?

❖​It is one of the oops concepts.
❖​Polymorphism allows us to perform a single action in different ways.
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❖​In java polymorphism is divided into two types.

➢​Method overloading or compile time polymorphism
➢​Method overriding or runtime polymorphism

Q. What is Method overloading ?

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 ❖​When we create more then one method with the same name in the
same class provided they have different numbers of arguments or
different types of arguments.
❖​It is also called as compile time polymorphism because the method to
be called or invoked is determined at the time of compilation.

Q. What isMethod overriding?

❖​Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific

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implementation for a method that is already defined in its superclass.
❖​It is also called as runtime polymorphism because the method to be

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called or invoked is determined at the run time.

Q. What is Encapsulation ?

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❖​It is used for data hiding or security
❖​Wrapping of data with the methods such that the method operate on
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that date, is called Encapsulation.
❖​Here we create private variables so that direct access to that is
avoided.
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❖​To operate on that variable we create publically defined getters and

setters.
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Q. What is Abstraction ?
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❖​Hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential

details to the user is called Abstraction.
❖​We can achieve abstraction by using interfaces and abstract classes.
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❖​For example - an ATM user can see only the services but he doesn’t
know how it is working internally.

Q. What is an Interface?
❖​An interface can consist of only interface incomplete methods in it.

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 ❖​When a class implements an interface then that class is getting into
contract with the interface to complete all inherited methods.
❖​Interfaces support multiple inheritance.
❖​By default all the variables in an interface are final and static.
❖​We cannot create objects of interface but reference variables of
interface can be created.

Q. What is Final keyword

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❖​If we make a variable final then its value cannot be changed.
❖​If we make static / non static variables final then initialization is

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mandatory.
❖​If we make a method final then overridden is not allowed.
❖​If we make a class final then inheritance is not allowed.

Q. What is Function Interface

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❖​It was introduced in java 8.
❖​In the functional interface we can write only one incomplete method.
❖​But with the help of the default keyword we can write a complete
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method in the functional interface.

❖​Functional interface does not support multiple inheritance.
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Q. Abstract Keyword
❖​Abstract keyword is used to define incomplete methods in an
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interface. But it is optional to use in a functional interface.

❖​With the help of abstract keywords we can create abstract classes.
❖​With the help of abstract keywords we can create incomplete
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methods in abstract class.

Q. Abstract Class
❖​We can create both complete and incomplete methods in it.
❖​To create incomplete methods in an abstract class it is mandatory to
use abstract keywords.

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 ❖​Abstract class does not support multiple inheritance.
❖​We can create both static / non-static members in an abstract class.
❖​Objects of the abstract class cannot be created , But reference
variables of the abstract class can be created.

Q. What is Java 8 Features

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1)​ Functional Interface
2)​ Lambdas Expression
3)​ Default keyword

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4)​ Optional class
5)​ Stream api

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Q. What is Functional Interface
❖​A functional interface should consist of exactly one incomplete
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method in it.
❖​It can also contain any number of complete methods with the help of
default keywords.
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Q. What is Lambdas Expression

❖​Lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous
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function.
❖​It provides an implementation for the functional interface.
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❖​It reduces the number of lines of code during development.

Q. What is the Default Keyword?

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❖​Default keyword was introduced in java 8.

❖​Default keyword is used to create complete methods in an interface.

Q. What is Optional Class?

❖​Optional class was introduced in java 8.
❖​It is used to handle the null pointer exception.

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Q. What isStream API ?
❖​Stream api are used to perform operations on collections of objects.
❖​It is present in the java.util package.
❖​Streams are iterated internally.
❖​Stream provides some methods like map(), filter etc so that we can

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perform operations on objects.

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Q. What is Exception ?
❖​When a bad user input is given, the program halts abruptly . That is

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called an Exception.
❖​We handle exceptions by using try catch blocks.
❖​If any exception occurs in the try catch block , then it will create an
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object of exception and give it to the catch block.
❖​Catch blocks suppress that exception and further code will be
executed.
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❖​There are two types exception are there in java

➢​Checked Exception
➢​Unchecked Exception
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Q. What is a Checked Exception ?
❖​Checked exceptions also called as compile time exceptions
❖​Because it occurs at the time of compilation
❖​Types of checked exception
➢​Class not found exception

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➢​File not found exception
➢​SQL exception
➢​IO exception

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Q. What is an Unchecked Exception ?
❖​Unchecked exceptions also called as run time exceptions
❖​Because it occurs at the time of compilation
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❖​Types of checked exception
➢​Arithmetic Exception
➢​ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException
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➢​NullPointerException
➢​NumberFormatException
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Q. What is an Arithmetic Exception ?

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❖​It is runtime exception

❖​It occurs when we perform any invalid mathematical operation.
❖​For example when we divide any number by zero then we will get a
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number format exception.

Q. What is Number Format Exception?

❖​When an invalid string is converted into a number then we will get a
number format exception.

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Q. What is Null Pointer Exception ?
❖​It is a runtime exception.
❖​When we want to access non-static variables using null reference
variables, then we get null pointer exceptions.

Q. What is Finally Block?

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❖​Finally block is an extension of try catch block.
❖​Any code that we write in finally block , it will 100% run.

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Q. What is Multi catch Block
❖​We can write multi catch blocks in java provided all child exception

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classes are written first followed by parent Exception class name.

Q. What is an Array ?
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❖​In java , an array is a data structure that allows you to store multiple
values of the same type under a single variable name.
❖​Arrays are useful when you need to work with a collection of
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elements of the same data type.

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Q. What is String ?
❖​ In Java, strings are immutable.
❖​Once a String object is created, it cannot be modified.
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❖​The String class is part of java.lang package and provides

methods to work with string data, such as length(), charAt(),
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substring(), indexOf(), toUpperCase(), and

toLowerCase().
❖​ Java maintains a pool of strings to save memory.

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Q. What is Thread in java?
❖​Multitasking done at program level is called Threads.
❖​The main purpose of thread is to improve the performance of the
application by reducing the execution time.
❖​There are two ways to build the threads

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➢​By using Thread class
➢​By using Runnable interface

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Q. What is Thread Synchronization ?
❖​Whenever two threads perform operation on common data , the data

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might be corrupted
❖​To resolve this problem we use Thread Synchronization.
❖​To make the threads operate one after another we use synchronized
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keywords. Wherein the thread acquired the lock can only execute the
block. Whereas other threads would be in wait status.
❖​Only when the first thread releases the lock the other thread will get
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the opportunity to acquire the lock and execute the block.

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Q. What is a Thread Life Cycle?

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Q. What is Thread Priority ?
❖​It decides which thread is going to run first and which thread is going
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to run later.
❖​If we set the priority then it is a request made to the thread scheduler
where there is no surety that it will be processed or approved.
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❖​The ca set the minimum priority as 1 and maximum as 10 and normal

as 5.
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Q. What isThread Pool?

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❖​A thread pool is a collection of pre-initialized threads that are ready to

perform a task.
❖​Instead of creating a new thread for each task, the thread pool reuses
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existing threads, which can improve the performance and resource

management.

Q. What is Enum ?
❖​Enum is a data type.
❖​It is a collection of constants.

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Q. What is Wrapper class?
❖​In the wrapper class, the values are stored in the object.
❖​The process of storing the values inside an object is called boxing or
wrapping.
❖​Reading the values from the object is called unboxing.
❖​The main advantage of wrapper class is easy manipulation of data.

Q. What is the Finalize Method?

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❖​Finalize method is present in object class of java.
❖​Garbage collection logic is implemented in the finalize method.

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❖​The finalize method is called by the garbage collector on an object
when it determines that there are no more references to the object

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then it cleans up those objects.
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Q. What is File Handling?
❖​In java file handling means the process of reading from and writing to
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files.
❖​Java provides a rich set of classes and methods for file handling
➢​File
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➢​FileReader
➢​FileWriter
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➢​BufferedWriter
➢​FileInputStream
➢​FileOutputStream
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➢​BufferedReader
exists()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.
❖​It checks whether the file exists in the given path. If yes if return
boolean value true or if does not exist then it will return false.
delete()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.

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 ❖​If the file is deleted then it returns boolean value true or else it will
return false.
createNewFile()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.
❖​If a file is created this method will return true or else false.
length()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.
❖​This method counts the number of characters including white spaces

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and returns a long value.
mkdir()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.

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❖​This method will create a new folder if the folder does not exist . If a
folder is created it will return true or else false.

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list()
❖​This is a non-static method present in file class.
❖​This method will return all the file/ folder names in the given path as
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String Array.
BufferedWriter()
❖​BufferedWriter improves file writing performance.
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❖​BufferesWriter has a newLine() methods.

BufferedReader()
❖​BufferedWriter improves file writing performance
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❖​It has a readLine() method which can read the content line by line.
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Q. What is throws keyword?

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❖​It is applied to the method.

❖​If any exception occurs in the method then the exception will be
passed on to the calling statement.

Q. What is the throw keyword?

❖​It helps us to create customized exceptions as per the requirement of
the developer.

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Q. What is Regular Expression ?
❖​A regular expression in java is a sequence of characters that define a
search pattern.
❖​It is used for matching , validation , and searching.
❖​Regular expressions are implemented using the java.util.regex
package which provides the Pattern and Matcher class for working
with regular expressions.

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Q. What is Tokenizer ?
❖​In Java , the StringTokenizer class is used to break a string into

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tokens.

Q. What is Cloning?
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❖​The process of creating the replicas of a particular object by copying
the content of one object completely into another object.​
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Q. What is hashCode()?
❖​It converts hexadecimal to integer format.
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Q. What is Generics ?
❖​Generics in Java are a feature that allows you to define classes,
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interfaces, and methods with type parameters.

❖​This enables you to write more flexible and reusable code while
maintaining type safety.
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Q. What is Serialization and Deserialization ?

❖​ In serialization we convert object state to binary and then store that
into file permanently.
❖​In de-serialization we read binary from the final and form the object
back.

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Collection
Collection Framework
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❖​Collection stores a group of objects in it.
❖​In java collection is a framework which has already available logic to
deal with different data structures.
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ArrayList -

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 ❖​Internally it is implemented as a dynamic array.
❖​Initial size of arrayList is 10.
❖​When we exceed the initial size automatically arraylist size increases
by 1.5 times.
❖​Array list maintains insertion order.
❖​It can consist of duplicate elements.

Advantages of arrayList-

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❖​Reading data would give us the best performance.

Disadvantages of arrayList-

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❖​Insertion of data in between of the list will result in the worst
performance.

LinkedList
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❖​Linked list is the collection of dynamically allocated nodes.
❖​Each node contains one value and one object address.
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❖​If the object address is null, it is the last node of the list.
❖​It has two types - singly linkedList , doubly linkedList.
❖​It can consist of duplicate elements.
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Set
❖​It is an interface.
❖​It does not maintain any insertion order.
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❖​It cannot contain duplicate values.

Hashing
❖​Hashing is a technique where we represent any entity in the form of
an integer and it is done by using hashCode() method.
❖​The hashCode method is present in the object class of java.

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Collision
❖​When two values are being stored at the same index number is called
collision.
❖​To resolve this problem we store the data as a list mapped to the
same index number in the hash table.​

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HashSet
❖​It uses a hashtable internally.

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❖​It uses hashing to inject the data into the database.
❖​It contains only unique elements .

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❖​It does not maintain insertion order.
❖​It is not synchronized.
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LinkedHashSet
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❖​It maintains insertion order.

❖​It can contain only unique elements.
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TreeSet
❖​It contains unique elements only.
❖​It sorts the data in ascending order.
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HashMap
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❖​HashMap uses a hashtable internally.
❖​To inject the data it uses hashing technique.
❖​A hashmap stores the data as (key,value) pairs.
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HashTable
❖​It stores the content as (key, value) pairs.
❖​Hash tables are synchronized.
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 sh
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👉 hu
Git & GitHub -
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