CONTENTS

1. Title of reasearch proposal

2. Introduction
3. Some Definations
4. Literature Review
5. Research objectives
6. Methodology

References
 1. Title of reasearch proposal
“FIXED POINT THEOREM ON VARIOUS GENERALIZATION OF
MATRIC SPACE OVER BANACH ALGEBRA “

2. INTRODUCTION
Fixed point theory is a beautiful mixture of Analysis, Topology and Geometry.
In a wide range of mathematical problems the existence of a solution is
equivalent to the existence of a fixed point for a suitable map. In Mathematics,
a fixed point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one
fixed point (a point x for which F (x)=x ¿
As to real world applications, there are famous examples like the existence of
market equilibrium in economics. Fixed Point Theorem is a natural ingredient
in the support of analysis and solutions methods for variational inequality and
nonlinear optimization problems. The theory of fixed point theorems is a
powerful tool to determine uniqueness of solutions to dynamical systems and
is widely used in theoretical and applied analysis. so the attraction of Fixed
Point Theory to a large number of mathematicians is understandable. The
theory is also helpful, in existence theory, for the solutions of differential
equations and integral equations.The theory of fixed points is of interest in
itself as it provides ways to check the existence of solution to a set of
equations. In particular, fixed point techniques have been applied in such
diverse fields as biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, game theory and
physics. Constructive fixed point theorem (e.g. Banach Fixed Point Theorem) is
used in medical science when some relevant biological or chemical process is
modeled by equations. Non-constructive fixed point theorems like Brouwers,
Schauders, Lefscetz, Knaster-Tarski will provide criteria for the existence of a
fixed point. They will contribute to a qualitative understanding of the models
but can also serve as a basis for decisions about where to look for solutions of
equations. As to real world applications, there are famous examples like the
existence of market equilibrium in economics. Fixed Point Theorem is a natural
ingredient in the support of analysis and solutions methods for variational
inequality and nonlinear optimization problems. The theory of fixed point
theorems is a powerful tool to 3 determine uniqueness of solutions to
dynamical systems and is widely used in theoretical and applied analysis. So
the attraction of Fixed Point Theory to a large number of mathematicians is
understandable. The theory is also helpful, in existence theory, for the
solutions of differential equations and integral equations.
The notion of a generalized partial metric (for short, a metric)
space was introduced by Hussain et al. in 2014 by generalizing
the notions of a -metric space (MS) and a partial -metric space.
They studied the related topological properties and provided
fixed point theorems for some contractive maps.

In 2007, Huang and Zhang[5] introduced the concept of a cone metric space
and proved fixed point theorems for contraction mappings such as: Any
mapping T of a complete cone metric space X into itself that satisfies, for some
0 ≤ k <1, the inequality

d (T x , T y )≤kd (x , y )for all x , y ∈ X

The notion of 2-metric spaces can be dated back to the work of Gahler ,who
established some fixed point theorems in 2-metric spaces in [1-3]. In 1947,
Sharma et al. in investigated the existence and uniqueness of the fixed points
of a family of mappings in 2-metric spaces as follows.
Theorem 1. Let (X, d) be a complete bounded 2-metric space (namely, there
exists a constant K such that d (a , b , c)≤ K for all a , b , c ∈ X ) and let { T i }i=1 be a
∞

family of mappings from X to itself. Suppose that there exists a non-negative

integer sequence {mi }∞i=1 such that for all positive integers i , j and for all
x , y , a ∈ X , we have
mi mj
d (T i x , T j y , a)≤ α ¿

For non-negative constants α , β with2 α + β <1.Then {T i } share a unique fixed point

in X.

Theorem 2. Let (X, d) be a complete 2-metric space. Suppose the mapping T : X

→ X satisfies
d (Tx ,Ty , a)≤ h max {d (x , y , a) ,d ( x , Tx , a), d ( y ,Ty , a), d ( x , Ty , a), d ( y ,Tx , a)}
 for 0≤ h < 1. Then T has a unique fixed point x in X and for every x 0 ∈ X, the
iterative sequence {T n x 0} converges to x. Besides, the following error estimate
formula
holds:
n
n h
d (T x0 , x , a)≤ d (x o T x 0 , a)
1−h

3. Some Definition

 Metric Space: A metric space is defined as a pair ¿). The set X denotes
the domain (universe) of valid objects (elements, points) of the metric
space. The functiond : X × X → Rdenotes a measure of distance between
objects. The smaller the distance is the closer or more similar the
objects are. The distance function is metric and satisfies following
properties:
(1) ∀ x , y ∈ X , d (x , y)≥ 0 ;
(2) ∀ x , y ∈ X , d (x , y)=0 ⇔ x= y ;
(3) ∀ x , y ∈ X , d (x , y)=d ( y , x );
(4) ∀ x , y , z ∈ X , d( x , y )≤ d (x , z )+ d (z , y ).
Geometrically,d (x , y) represents distance between two points x and y on the
real line. A sequence {x n }∞n=1 in a metric space X is said to be convergent to a
point x ∈ X provided thatli mn ⟶ ∞ d (X n , X )=0. This we also write asli mn ⟶ ∞ x n=x or
x n ⟶ x → as n → ∞.

We call a sequence{ x n }n=1 in a metric space a Cauchy sequence provided that

∞

li M n →∞ d ( x n , xm )=0. A metric space is said to be complete, if and only if every,

Cauchy sequence in is convergent.
Example 3.1 The set ℝ of real numbers with the distance function
d (x , y)=¿ x− y∨¿ is a metric space.

Example 3.2 Every Normed Linear space is a metric space under the metric
d (x , y)=‖ x− y ‖ .

 2-Metric Space: The concept of 2-metric spaces was initiated and

developed (to a considerable extent) by Gahler in a series of papers [29-
31] and by now there exists considerable literature on this topic.
 Given a nonempty set X, a 2-metric on X is real valued function : X × X × X → R
that satisfies
1. (1). ¿ each pair of distinct points x , y ∈ X , there ∃a point z ∈ X such that d (x , y , z)≠ 0 ,
2. (2). d (x , y , z )=0 when at least two of x , y , z are equal ,
3. (3). d( x , y , z )=d (x , z , y )=d ( y , z , x),
4. (4). d ( x , y , z )≤ d (x , y , u)+ d (x ,u , z)+ d (u , y , z)for all x , y , z , u ∈ X .

We call the pair (x , d) a 2-metric space (frequently we use X to represent the

pair). Geometrically a 2-metricd (x , y , z ) represents the area of a triangle with
vertices x , y and z . Gahler proved that a 2-metric is a generalization of usual
notion of a metric. But different authors proved that there is no relation
between these two functions. A 2-metric need not be a continuous function of
its variables, whereas an ordinary metric is continuous function of its variables.
A sequence {x n }∞n=1in a 2-metric space X is said to be convergent to a point x ∈ X
provided that lim n →∞ d ( x n , x , z)=0 , ∀ z ∈ X . This we also write as lim ¿n → ∞ x n=x ¿
as n → ∞ . We call a sequence {x n }∞n=1in a 2-metric space X a Cauchy sequence
provided that lim n →∞ d (x n , x m , z)=0 , ∀ z ∈ X . A 2-metric space X is said to be
complete, if and only if every, Cauchy sequence in X is convergent.
Example 3.4 Let X ={0 , 0 ¿ ,(4 , 0),(8 , 0), (0 ,1)} be finite subset of R × R equipped
with natural area function d on x 3. Then it is easy to check that the pair(X , d )is
a 2-metric space.

4. Literature of review
The origin of fixed point theory lies in the method of successive
approximations to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions of
differential equations. This method is associated with the work of celebrated
mathematicians Cauchy, Liovilli, Lipschitz, Peano, Fredhlom and Picard. The
actual theoretic approach of fixed point was originated from the work of
Picard. However, it was the Polish mathematician Banach, who underlined the
idea into an abstract framework which is also suitable for application other
than the differential equations. From the historical point of view, the major
classical result in the fixed point theory is due to Brouwer, however the three
turning points in fixed point theorem for nonlinear analysis are: Brouwer’s
fixed theorem [1], Banach fixed point theorem [2] and Browders fixed point
theorem [7]. Banach [2] was one of the founders of functional analysis who
introduced and proved an important result on fixed points in metric spaces
called Banach contraction principle. This principle is used to establish the
existence of solution for differential and an integral equation. The important
property of a contraction mapping is its behaviour in a complete metric space.
In this mapping the distance between the images of any two points is always
less than the distance between the points. The more generalised concept of
contractive mappings was given by Edelstein [3]. Another generalization of
Banach contraction theorem was given by Boyd and Wong [8] assuming an
upper semi-continuous auxiliary function. But, according to him assumption of
semi continuity on auxiliary function can be dropped if the space X is metrically
convex. Rakotch [4] also modified Banach contraction theorem by replacing
the Lipschitz constant by a non-negative monotonic decreasing function,
whose value lies in the interval [0, 1). Later, many generalization of the Banach
contraction principles has given by many mathematician in various space [5],
[6] and [9]-[17]. 4 Recently Azam et al. [18] obtained the more general metric
space, which is well known as complex valued metric spaces and gave
sufficient conditions for the existence of common fixed points satisfying
contractive mappings. S. Bhatt et al. [19] without using the notion of continuity
proved a common fixed point theorem for weakly compatible maps in complex
valued metric spaces. F. Rouzkard and M. Imdad [20] proved some common
fixed point theorems satisfying rational type contraction mapping in the
framework of complex valued metric space. C. Klin-eam and C. Suanoom [25]
proved certain common fixed-point theorems for two singlevalued mappings
satisfy certain metric inequalities. W. Sintunavarat and P. Kumam [22] gave the
more generalized contraction mappings than Azam et al. [18] and also as an
application of the proved result a solution to the integral equations of
Urysohns’ type has been obtained. K. Sitthikul and S. Saejung [23] owning the
concept introduced by Azam et al. [18] proved several fixed point theorems for
mappings satisfying certain point-dependent contractive conditions in complex
valued metric spaces. R. Tiwari and D.P. Shukla [24] generalized the results of
S. Bhatt et al. [19] and obtained common fixed point theorem for six maps in
complex valued metric spaces for commuting and weakly compatible pair of
maps. Azam et al.[26] established the existence of common fixed points for
multi-valued mappings in complex valued metric space. Y.R. Sharma [27]
generalized the results of R. Tiwari [24] and obtained a common fixed point
theorem for six maps in complex valued metric space having commuting,
weakly compatible pair of maps and satisfying different type of inequality. J.
Ahmad et al. [29] using the notion of multivalued contractive mappings proved
common fixed point theorems without using the condition of continuity. M.A.
Kutbi et al. [30] introduced and studied the notion of common coupled fixed
points for a pair of mappings in complex valued metric space and demonstrate
the existence and uniqueness of the common coupled fixed points in a
complete complex-valued metric space in view of diverse contractive
conditions. Also, mappings are well supported by nontrivial examples [30].
Khan et al. [32] owning the concept of complex valued metric spaces
introduced by Azam et al. [18] obtained sufficient conditions for the existence
of common fixed point for a pair of mapping satisfying generalized rational
type contraction.
In 2012,"AHMET SAHINER " research about "FIXED POINT THEROEM IN
SYMMETRIC 2-CONE BANCH SPACE" and He conclude his result in form of
definitions and some relevant examples like these

to 2, E be Banach space with the norm ∥ . ∥and P ⊂ E be a cone. If the function

Definition 1. Let X be linear space over R with dimension greater than or equal

¿∨. ,. ¿∨¿c : X × X ⟶(E , P ,∨¿ .∨¿)¿

satisfies the following axioms:

(i) ¿∨x , y ¿∨¿ c ¿ = 0 ⇔ x and y are linearly dependent;
(ii) ¿∨x , y ¿∨¿ c ¿ = ¿∨ y , x ¿∨¿ c ¿
(iii) ||αx, y|| = |α| ||x, y¿∨¿c ¿;
(iv) ||x ,y +z¿∨¿c ≤¿ ¿∨x , y ¿∨¿ c + ¿∨x , z ¿∨¿c ¿ ¿ ;
then (X , | |.,.¿∨¿c ¿) is called a 2−cone normed space.
Example 1. Let X = Rn , E=R 2 , E=R n∧P={(x 1 , x 2 )∈ R2 : x i ≥ 0 ,i=1 , 2 }.
Then the function | |.,.¿∨¿c : R n × Rn ⟶ (E , P ,∨¿ .∨¿)¿ defined by
| | x 1 , x 2 ¿∨¿ c=( A , A )¿

(| |)
x 11 x 12 ⋯ x1 n
x 21 x 22 … x2 n
A = abs
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
x n 1 x n 2 ⋯ x nn
abs stands for absolute value and |.| stands for determinant of a matrix, is a
generalized symmetric 2−cone norm and (X, k., .kc ) is a generalized symmetric
2−cone normed space.
If we fix {u1 ,u 2 , .... ud } to be a basis for X, we can give the following lemma
After that, in 2017 A.A Hakawati 1 and M.J , Karakri 2" trying to say that “cone
metric spaces are not Generalized Metric spaces “ In these topic they
conclude that , “As we know, L.G. Huang, X. Zhang constructed a map with a
unique fixed point. That map did not obey any metric contraction conditions,
but satisfied a cone metric contraction condition from which they drew their
conclusion of the existence of the unique fixed point. That was basically the
motive to search for generalization means. But then researchers started to get
negative results in this direction.” And Every theorem about Banach spaces is
automatically true for the corresponding cone metric spaces, so it is redundant
to prove results in cone metric spaces where the underlying space is a real
Banach space. In general, contractions are used in fixed point theory. One can
easily show that if the function f is a contraction for the cone metric space (X,
D) then it is also a contraction for the metric space (X ,d) , where d is the
induced metric on X by the cone metric D.
After that in 2019 “D. Dhamodharan , Nihal Tas R. KrishnaKumar” choose
topic “common fixed point theorems satisfying implicit relations on 2-cone
banach space with an application” and they give results and define some
notations and give some necessary examples like these
Definition 1. Let X be a 2-cone Banach space (with dim X ≥ 2) and T be a self-
mapping of X. If T satisfies the condition
¿∨T x −T y , u ¿∨¿c ≤ h1 ∨¿ x− y ,u ¿∨¿c ¿ ¿

for all x, y, u ∈ X and some 0 < h1 < 1 then it is called 2-Banach contraction.
Definition 2. Let X be a 2-cone Banach space (with dim X ≥ 2) and T be a self

satisfies at least one of the conditions for all x, y, u ∈ X and some

mapping of X. A mapping T is said to be 2-Zamfirescu type contraction if it

( 12 )∶
h1 ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , h2 ,h 3 ∈ 0 ,

1. ¿∨T x −T y , u ¿∨¿c ≤ h1 ∨¿ x− y ,u ¿∨¿c ,¿ ¿

2.¿∨T x −T y , u ¿∨¿c ≤ h2 ¿ ¿
3.¿∨T x −T y , u ¿∨¿c ≤ h3 ¿ ¿

Definition3. Let X be a 2-cone Banach space and T be a self mapping of X. T is

said to be continuous at x if for all sequence {x n } in X with,
¿∨x n , u ¿∨¿c ⟶∨¿ x , u ¿∨¿c ¿ ¿ implies that , ¿∨Tx n , u ¿∨¿c ⟶∨¿ Tx , u ¿∨¿ c ¿ ¿.

Now they define the following conditions:

self-mappings of X such that for all x, y, u ∈ X satisfying the condition:

Condition (I): Let X be a 2-cone Banach space (with dim X ≥ 2) and S, T be two

¿∨S x −T y , u ¿∨¿ c ≤ φ ¿ ¿

self-mappings of X such that for all x, y, u ∈ X satisfying the condition

Condition (II): Let X be a 2-cone Banach space (with dim X ≥ 2) and S, T be two

¿∨S x −T y , u ¿∨¿ c ≤ φ ¿ ¿

From the above literature survey, it is clear that, concept of Banach’s

algebra,metric space was the foundation stone of fixed point theory and
many researchers are using this principle as a base in one or the other way to
solve number of fixed point problems. Even after so many years, the scope of
this principle has not been reduced. Yet there are a number of open
problems in the arena of fixed point theory in various spaces, which can be
solved using Banach’s space . At present, many researchers are trying to
generalize Banach’s algebra in various spaces and finding the scope of
applicability of fixed point theory in pure mathematics, applied mathematics
as well as in other sciences.Therefore, it is interested to study the fixed point
theorems for various classes of mapping in metric as well as Banach space.
Apart from these following are few studies based on the contraction of fixed
point theorem over banach algebra .

5. Research objectives
1. To discuss the fixed points for contraction in Banach space.
 2. To generalized fixed point results in metric spaces.
3. To introduced expansive and non expansive type of inequlities of fixed
point theorem.
4. To prove theorems related to the existence of unique fixed point of self
map in metric spaces
5. To identify types of self map of metric space to which the generalized
fixed point results are valid.

6. Methodology
In the proposed research work, by consulting research articles from journals,
books and internet, an attempt will be made to find the relevant
methodology/technique to solve the framed problems or theorems in various
spaces. The Proposed study is planned into the three phases.
Phase I. This phase will be utilized to collect the existing literature on the
subject in the form of research articles from journals, books, etc.
Phase II. In this phase formulation of the various problems concerning the
topic will be done. An attempt will be made in this phase to prove or solve the
formulated problems based upon the existing theories and methodologies
decided in the phase I.
Phase III. The proposed work will be presented in the form of thesis consisting
of an introduction to available literature. Further, studies will be extended to
establish the results regarding fixed point theorems various spaces