Thebes Academy

Thebes Higher Institute of

Computer & Management Sciences

CS 350 Computer Networks

3 Credit Hrs

Dr. Khaled El Sayed El Helow.

[email protected]
Lecture 3
Chapter 1: introduction

Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:

 Get “feel,” “big picture,” introduction to
 What is the Internet? What is a protocol?
terminology
 Network edge: hosts, access network,
more depth, detail later in
physical media
course
 Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Protocol layers, service models
 Security
 History
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional
ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks
enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an
organization
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera
AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress Fitbit

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones diapers
The Internet: a view
mobile network
4G
 Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP
 Interconnected ISPs

Streaming
▪ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video, ISP

Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4/5G, Ethernet home network content

provider
HTTP network
Internet standards
datacenter
▪ network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
TCP
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
Force network

WiFi
 The Internet: a “services” view
 Infrastructure that provides services to mobile network
applications: national or global ISP
 Web, streaming video, multimedia
teleconferencing, email, games, e-commerce,
social media, inter-connected appliances, … Streaming
Skype video
▪ provides programming local or
interface to distributed regional
ISP
applications: home network content
• “hooks” allowing HTTP
provider
network
sending/receiving apps to
datacenter
network

“connect” to, use Internet

transport service
• provides service options, enterprise
network
analogous to postal service
What’s a protocol?

Human protocols: Network protocols:

▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

Rules for:
Protocols define the format,
… specific messages sent
order of messages sent and
… specific actions taken
when message received, received among network
or other events entities, and actions taken on
message transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Chapter 1: roadmap

 What is the Internet?

 What is a protocol?
 Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Security
 Protocol layers, service models
 History
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing ▪ 1972:
theory shows effectiveness of • ARPAnet public demo
packet-switching • NCP (Network Control Protocol)
▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching first host-host protocol
in military nets • first e-mail program
▪ 1967: ARPAnet conceived by • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Advanced Research Projects
Agency
▪ 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary networks

▪ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
internetworking principles:
▪ 1974: Cerf and Kahn -
architecture for ▪ minimalism, autonomy - no
interconnecting networks internal changes required
to interconnect networks
▪ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC ▪ best-effort service model
▪ late70’s: proprietary ▪ stateless routing
architectures: DECnet, SNA, ▪ decentralized control
XNA
define today’s Internet
▪ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes architecture
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
▪ early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s – 2000s:
decommissioned ▪ more killer apps: instant
▪ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet ▪ network security to forefront
(decommissioned, 1995)
▪ est. 50 million host, 100 million+
▪ early 1990s: Web users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee ▪ backbone links running at Gbps
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990s: commercialization of the
Web
Internet history
2005-present: scale, SDN, mobility, cloud
▪ aggressive deployment of broadband home access (10-100’s Mbps)
▪ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)
▪ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to social media, search, video content, …
▪ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
▪ rise of smartphones: more mobile than fixed devices on Internet (2017)
▪ ~15B devices attached to Internet (2023, statista.com)
Chapter 1: summary
We’ve covered a “ton” of
material!
▪ Internet overview You now have:
▪ what’s a protocol? ▪ context,
▪ network edge, access network, core overview,
• packet-switching versus circuit- vocabulary,
switching “feel” of
• Internet structure
networking
▪ performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ more depth,
detail, and fun to
▪ layering, service models follow!
▪ security
▪ history
A closer look at Internet
structure mobile network
national or global ISP

Network edge:
hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
A closer look at Internet
structure mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers

local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
A closer look at Internet
structure mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers

local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network
Network core: datacenter
network

▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks enterprise
network
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end mobile network

systems to edge router?

national or global ISP

 residential access nets

 institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
 mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbps downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
▪ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G/5G cellular networks
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Access networks: data center
networks mobile network
▪ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L bits L bits each

▪ transmits packet into access

2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Links: physical media
▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional
▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪ signal carried in various ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum ▪ wide-area (e.g., 4G/5G cellular)
▪ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps (4G) over ~10 Km
▪ broadcast, “half-duplex” ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver)
• short distances, limited rates
▪ propagation environment
effects: ▪ terrestrial microwave
• reflection • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• obstruction by objects ▪ satellite
• Interference/noise • up to < 100 Mbps (Starlink) downlink
• 270 msec end-end delay (geostationary)
Chapter 1: roadmap

 What is the Internet?

 What is a protocol?
 Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Security
 Protocol layers, service models
 History
The network core
mobile network
 mesh of interconnected routers
national or global ISP
 packet-switching: hosts break application-layer
messages into packets

 network forwards packets from

one router to the next, across
local or
links on path from source to regional ISP

destination home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
 Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

▪ global action:
Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
header value output link determine source-
 aka “switching” 0100 3
destination paths
0101 2
 local action: move 0111 2
taken by packets
1001 1
arriving packets from
router’s input link to ▪ routing algorithms
appropriate router
1
output link
3 2

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
routing
 forwarding
forwarding
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 packet transmission delay: takes L/R One-hop numerical example:

seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet ▪ L = 10 Kbits
into link at R bps ▪ R = 100 Mbps
▪ one-hop transmission delay
 storeand forward: entire packet must = 0.1 msec
arrive at router before it can be
transmitted on next link
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds transmission
rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
 packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call”
between source and destination

 in diagram, each link has four

circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit in right
link.

 dedicated resources: no sharing

 circuit-like (guaranteed) performance

 circuit segment idle if not used by

call (no sharing)

▪ commonly used in traditional telephone networks

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

4 users
 optical, electromagnetic

frequency
frequencies divided into (narrow)
frequency bands
▪ each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s)
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
▪ 1 Gb/s link
N
▪ each user: users 1 Gbps link
• 100 Mb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time

Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?

▪ circuit-switching: 10 users
▪ packet switching: with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active at same time
is less than .0004 *
A: HW problem (for those with
course in probability only)

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
▪ great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
▪ excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
▪ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus

on-demand allocation (packet switching)?
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
mobile network
hosts connect to Internet via national or global ISP
access Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
access ISPs in turn must be
interconnected local or
regional ISP
so that any two hosts (anywhere!)
can send packets to each other home network content
provider
resulting network of networks is network datacenter
network

very complex enterprise

evolution driven by economics, network

national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structure
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to

each other directly doesn’t scale:
access
access
net O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net ISP A

access
net ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A

Content provider network

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
 Internet structure: a “network of networks”

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

At “center”: small # of well-connected large networks

▪ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage
▪ content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook): private network that connects its
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs