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Control_Systems_Module1_Notes

The document provides an overview of control systems, including definitions, classifications, and the differences between open loop and closed loop systems. It discusses key concepts such as transfer functions, block diagram algebra, and feedback theory, highlighting the importance of feedback in improving system performance. Additionally, it covers types of feedback and their effects on control systems, including degenerative and regenerative feedback.

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atifroy888999
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9 views

Control_Systems_Module1_Notes

The document provides an overview of control systems, including definitions, classifications, and the differences between open loop and closed loop systems. It discusses key concepts such as transfer functions, block diagram algebra, and feedback theory, highlighting the importance of feedback in improving system performance. Additionally, it covers types of feedback and their effects on control systems, including degenerative and regenerative feedback.

Uploaded by

atifroy888999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-I: Control System Basics (9 Hours)

1. Introduction to Control Systems

A control system is a system that manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other
devices or systems using control loops. It is used in various fields like engineering, economics,
biology, etc., to control physical systems.

2. Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems

Open Loop System:


- Control action is independent of the output.
- No feedback is used.
- Simple, low cost, but less accurate.
- Example: Electric toaster.

Closed Loop System:


- Control action is dependent on the output.
- Uses feedback for error correction.
- More accurate and stable.
- Example: Air conditioner with a thermostat.

3. Difference between Open Loop and Closed Loop Systems

| Open Loop | Closed Loop |


|-----------|-------------|
| No feedback used | Feedback is used |
| Simple and inexpensive | Complex and expensive |
| Less accurate | High accuracy |
| Not self-correcting | Self-correcting mechanism |

4. Classifications of Control Systems

Based on various parameters, control systems can be classified as:


- Linear vs Nonlinear Systems
- Time-invariant vs Time-variant Systems
- Lumped parameter vs Distributed parameter Systems
- Continuous-time vs Discrete-time Systems
- Single-input single-output (SISO) vs Multi-input multi-output (MIMO)

5. Mathematical Model of Physical Systems

Mathematical modeling involves deriving differential equations or transfer functions to describe


the behavior of a physical system.

6. Transfer Function

Defined as the Laplace transform of the output divided by the Laplace transform of the input,
assuming all initial conditions are zero. Used extensively in the analysis and design of control
systems.

7. Block Diagram Algebra

Block diagrams visually represent the interconnection of system components using blocks.
Algebraic rules are used to simplify complex block diagrams into single transfer functions.

8. Signal Flow Graph (SFG)

A graphical representation of a set of linear algebraic equations, developed using Mason’s Gain
Formula. Easier to use when there are many interconnections.

9. Mason’s Gain Formula

Used to find the overall transfer function from the signal flow graph.
T = (Σ Pk Δk) / Δ
Where:
- Pk = kth forward path gain
- Δ = 1 - (sum of all individual loop gains) + (sum of gain products of non-touching loops) - ...
- Δk = value of Δ for path k, excluding loops touching that path

10. Feedback Theory


Feedback is the process of using the output of a system to regulate its input. Improves
performance, accuracy, and stability of systems.

Types of Feedback:

- Positive Feedback: Increases the input signal; generally used in oscillators.


- Negative Feedback: Reduces the error; widely used in control systems for stability.

11. Effects of Feedback on Control System

- Reduces system sensitivity to parameter variations.


- Improves stability and accuracy.
- Reduces the effect of disturbances.
- Increases bandwidth.

12. Degenerative Feedback

Another term for negative feedback. Opposes the input to reduce the error signal. Results in
better stability and steady-state accuracy.

13. Regenerative Feedback

Also known as positive feedback. Adds to the input signal, amplifying the response. Used where
oscillations or signal amplification is desired.

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