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Digital Signal Processing Combined 2

This document discusses digital signal processing, focusing on the concepts of sampling, reconstruction, and the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem. It explains periodic sampling, the importance of maintaining consistent intervals for accurate representation, and various methods for changing sampling rates, including multi-rate sampling techniques. Additionally, it highlights the theoretical aspects of continuous-time processing of discrete-time signals and the implications of impulse invariance.

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jackke343
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12 views55 pages

Digital Signal Processing Combined 2

This document discusses digital signal processing, focusing on the concepts of sampling, reconstruction, and the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem. It explains periodic sampling, the importance of maintaining consistent intervals for accurate representation, and various methods for changing sampling rates, including multi-rate sampling techniques. Additionally, it highlights the theoretical aspects of continuous-time processing of discrete-time signals and the implications of impulse invariance.

Uploaded by

jackke343
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Signal

Processing

UNIT II
Introduction
Discrete-time signals can arise in many ways, but they occur most commonly as representations of sampled
continuous-time signals.

In this unit, we shall review sampling, associated issues with sampling and reconstruction.

Continuous-time signal processing can be implemented through a process of sampling, discrete-time


processing, and reconstruction of a continuous-time signal.
Sampling

Reconstruction
Using processors
Continuous Digital Discrete to
to Discrete signal continuous
X(t) Time processing time Y(t)

Converter converter

Continuous time Signal Processor


Periodic Sampling
Periodic sampling is a process used in signal processing where a
continuous-time signal is sampled at regular intervals to create a
discrete-time signal.
The key aspect of periodic sampling is that the intervals between
samples are consistent, ensuring that the signal is accurately
represented in its discrete form.
T is the sampling period, and its reciprocal, fs = 1/T , is the
sampling frequency, in samples per second. We also express the
sampling frequency as Ωs = 2π/T
2-stage process
• It is convenient to represent the sampling process mathematically in
the two stages
Frequency Domain Representation

Taking continuous time Fourier transform of above equation

Taking continuous time Fourier transform of above equation


Take a bandlimited signal

Fourier transform of the sampled signal with Ωs > 2 ΩN


Take a bandlimited signal

Fourier transform of the sampled signal with Ωs < 2 ΩN


Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem
• Let xc(t) be a bandlimited signal with

• Then xc(t) is uniquely determined by its samples x[n] = xc(nT ),


n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . , if

The frequency ΩN is commonly referred to as the Nyquist frequency,


and the frequency 2ΩN as the Nyquist rate.
Taking Fourier transform

Therefore
T = 1/6000
Reconstruction of a bandlimited signal from its samples
If the conditions of the sampling theorem are met and if the modulated impulse train is filtered by an
appropriate lowpass filter, then the Fourier transform of the filter output will be identical to the Fourier
transform of the original continuous-time signal xc(t), and thus, the output of the filter will be xc(t).
Taking Fourier Transform of top equation
Discrete time processing of continuous time signal
where
Example of LPF
Taking Fourier Transform of top equation
where
Impulse Invariance
Impulse Invariance

When h[n] and hc(t) are related


through this equation, the
To get discrete-time system is said to be
an impulse-invariant version of
We use the continuous-time system.
CONTINUOUS-TIME PROCESSING OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS

THIS IS NOT USED PRACTICALLY. IT WILL ONLY BE USEFUL IN THEORETICAL ANALYSIS.


CONTINUOUS-TIME PROCESSING OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
CONTINUOUS-TIME PROCESSING OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
CHANGING THE SAMPLING RATE USING DISCRETE-TIME PROCESSING
CHANGING THE SAMPLING RATE USING DISCRETE-TIME PROCESSING
We know
M amplitude-scaled copies of the periodic Fourier
transform X (ejω), frequency scaled by M and shifted by
integer multiples of 2π
Changing the Sampling Rate by a Non-integer Factor
Say we want to change sampling time from T=1 sec to T=0.99 or 1.27 sec
Combination of upsampler and downsampler is used
Multi-rate Sampling
Using large values of L or M to obtain non-integer change in sampling rate specifically uses lot of computation
Instead, different approaches are used to reduce these complex calculations.

Approach 1: Change the order of filter


Multi-rate Sampling
Using large values of L or M to obtain non-integer change in sampling rate specifically uses lot of computation
Instead, different approaches are used to reduce these complex calculations.

Approach 2: Multistage Decimation and/or Interpolation


Multi-rate Sampling
Using large values of L or M to obtain non-integer change in sampling rate specifically uses lot of computation
Instead, different approaches are used to reduce these complex calculations.

Approach 3: Polyphase Decomposition


Multi-rate Sampling
Using large values of L or M to obtain non-integer change in sampling rate specifically uses lot of computation
Instead, different approaches are used to reduce these complex calculations.

Approach 3: Polyphase Decomposition

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