Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. Consider a viscous film of liquid draining uniformly down the side of a vertical rod of radius a,
as shown in the Figure. At some distance down the rod the film will approach a terminal or fully
developed draining flow of constant outer radius b, with 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 (𝑟), 𝑣𝜃 = 𝑣𝑟 = 0. Assume that
𝜕𝑝
the atmosphere offers no shear resistance to the film motion and that = 0. (a) Using continuity,
𝜕𝑧
how that 𝑣𝑧 is independent from z. (b) Derive a differential equation for 𝑣𝑧 , stating and applying
the proper boundary conditions and solve for the film velocity distribution. (c) Determine the value
of the shear stress at r=a.

Boundary condition Hint

𝜕𝑣𝑧
- At the film/air interface, the shear stress is zero (𝜏𝑟𝑧 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑟
)

The equations of motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant density and viscosity in cylindrical
coordinates (r, θ, z) with velocity components (vr, vθ, vz):
Continuity:
1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝜕𝑧
r-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 + − ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
θ-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + ) = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
z-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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2. A ship is towing a sonar array which approximates a submerged cylinder 1 ft in diameter and
30 ft long with its axis normal to the direction of tow. If the tow speed is 12 kn (1 kn 1.69 ft/s),
(a) estimate the horsepower required to tow this cylinder. (b) What will be the frequency (Hz) of
vortices shed from the cylinder? (Use below figures)

Hint: Free surface effect is negligible, so Fr does not need to be considered

For seawater at 20°C
𝜌= 1.99 slug/ft3 and 𝜇 = 2.23× 10−5 slug/ft·s

550 lbf∙ft/s = 1 Hp
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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3. A petrochemical plant transfers oil at Т=30 °С with a flowrate Q=1200 m3/h through a steel
pipe section with a length L=100 m. The oil density and viscosity are ρ=950kg/m3 and
μ=0.019kg/ms, respectively. Assume absolute roughness ε for steel as 0.06 mm. (a) Write the
energy equation between the two tanks, and (b) determine the pipe diameter using f=0.03 as a
first guess for the friction factor.

𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
Energy equation ( + 2𝑔 + 𝑧) = (𝜌𝑔 + 2𝑔 + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑡
𝜌𝑔 1 2

𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = (𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾)
2𝑔 𝐷
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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Solution 1:

ASSUMPTIONS:
𝜕
1. Steady flow (𝜕𝑡 =0)
2. Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)
3. Purely axial flow (vr=vθ=0)
𝜕
4. Circumferentially symmetric flow, so properties do not vary with θ ( 𝜕𝜃 =0)
5. Zero pressure gradient (𝜕𝑝/ 𝜕z =0)
6. Vertical motion (gz=g)

(a)

Continuity:

1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣𝑧
0(3) + 0(3) + =0 (+1.5)
𝜕𝑧

z-momentum:

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ] (+0.5)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜌(0(1) + 0(3) + 0(3,4) + 0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦)) = 𝜌𝑔 − 0(5) + 𝜇 [ (𝑟 ) + 0(4) + 0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦)] (+1.5)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜇 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧
(𝑟 ) = −𝜌𝑔
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔
(𝑟 )= − 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔 2
𝑟 =− 𝑟 + 𝑐1 (+1)
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔 𝑐1
= − 𝑟+
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇 𝑟
𝜌𝑔 2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟) = − 𝑟 + 𝑐1 ln 𝑟 + 𝑐2 (+2)
4𝜇
Boundary conditions:
𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝑣𝑧 (𝑎) = 0, 𝜇 (𝑏) = 0 (+1.5)
𝜕𝑟
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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Apply BCs:
𝜌𝑔 2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑎) = 0 = − 𝑎 + 𝑐1 ln 𝑎 + 𝑐2
4𝜇

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔 𝑐1
=− 𝑟+
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇 𝑟

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔 𝑐1
(𝑏) = 0 = − 𝑏+
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇 𝑏
𝜌𝑔 2
𝑐1 = 𝑏 (+0.5)
2𝜇
𝜌𝑔 2 𝜌𝑔 2
𝑐2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 ln 𝑎 (+0.5)
4𝜇 2𝜇

Film velocity distribution:

𝜌𝑔 2 𝜌𝑔 2 𝜌𝑔 2 𝜌𝑔 2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟) = − 𝑟 + 𝑏 ln 𝑟 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 ln 𝑎
4𝜇 2𝜇 4𝜇 2𝜇
𝜌𝑔 2 𝑟 𝑟 2
𝑎 2 (+0.5)
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟) = (𝑏 ln ( ) − + )
2𝜇 𝑎 2 2

Shear stress:

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔𝑟 𝜌𝑔𝑏2

𝜏𝑤 (𝑟) = 𝜇 =− +
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇 2𝜇𝑟

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔𝑎 𝜌𝑔𝑏2

𝜏𝑤 (𝑟)|𝑟=𝑎 =𝜇 | =− + (+0.5)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑎 2 2𝑎
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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Solution 2:

(a)

12 knots = 20.28 ft/s

𝜌𝑈𝐷 1.99 × 20.28 × 1.0

𝑅𝑒𝐷 = =
𝜇 2.23 × 10−5

= 1.8 × 106 (+2)

From the Figure(a), 𝐶𝐷 ≈ 0.3 (+1)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐶𝐷 =
1 2
2 𝜌𝑈 𝐷𝐿
1 1
∴ 𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷 × 𝜌𝑈 2 𝐷𝐿 = 0.3 × × 1.99 (20.28)2 × 1 × 30
2 2
= 3683 𝑙𝑏𝑓 (+2)

Reguired horse power

∴ 𝑃 = 𝐹 × 𝑈 = 3690 × 20.28 = 74691 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

→ 74833.2/550 = 135.8 Hp (+1)

(b) From the Figure(b), 𝑆𝑡 ≈ 0.24

𝜔𝐷
𝑆𝑡 = = 0.24
2𝜋𝑈
2𝜋𝑈 (+3)
𝜔 = 0.24 × = 30.58
𝐷
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔
𝑓= = 4.87𝐻𝑧 (+1)
2𝜋
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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Solution 3:

1. Apply energy equation between (1) and (2):

𝑝 𝑉2 𝑝 𝑉2
( + + 𝑧) = ( + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 (+1)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2
(0 + 0 + 𝑧)1 = (0 + 0 + 𝑧)2 + ℎ𝑓
𝐿𝑉 2
∆ℎ = 𝑓 (+3)
2𝑔𝐷
2. Express the velocity as function of the flow rate:
4𝑄
𝑉=𝑓 (+1)
𝜋𝐷2
Substitute in the expression for ∆ℎ:

8𝐿𝑄2
∆ℎ = 𝑓 2 5
𝑔𝜋 𝐷
Find the relation between 𝑓 and 𝐷:
8(100𝑚)(1200/3600)2
10𝑚 = 𝑓
9.81(3.14)2 𝐷5

𝑓 = 10.88𝐷5

5
𝐷 = 0.62√𝑓 (+1)

Also, the relative roughness depends on D (unknown):

𝜀 0.06𝑚𝑚
= (+1)
𝐷 𝐷
Make a first guess for 𝑓 = 0.03:
𝐷 = 0.307𝑚
𝜀 0.06 ∙ 10−3 𝑚
= = 1.95 ∙ 10−4
𝐷 0.307𝑚
Express Reynolds number using the flowrate:
1200
𝜌𝑈𝐷 4𝜌𝑄𝐷 4(950)(3600) 21231
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = = =
𝜇 𝜇𝜋𝐷2 0.019(3.14)𝐷 𝐷
Plug in the value of D obtained from the first guess:
21231
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = 0.307𝑚 = 69156 (+1)

𝜀
Using 𝐷 and the new 𝑅𝑒𝐷 , enter the Moody’s diagram to get a new guess for f.
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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𝑓~0.02

𝐷 = 0.284𝑚

𝜀 0.06 ∙ 10−3 𝑚
= = 2.11 ∙ 10−4
𝐷 0.284𝑚
21231
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = 74757 (+1)
0.284𝑚
𝜀
Using 𝐷 and the new 𝑅𝑒𝐷 , enter the Moody’s diagram to get a new guess for f.

𝑓~0.02 (+1)

The difference between 𝑅𝑒𝐷 after two successive iterations is sufficiently small, and the process
is considered converged.