Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2023

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The exam is closed book and closed notes.

1. An incompressible Newtonian fluid flows steadily between two infinitely long, concentric
cylinders, as shown in the Figure. The cylinder is inclined with an angle θ with respect to the z
axis. The outer cylinder moves with velocity −𝑈𝑜 , and the inner cylinder is fixed. The pressure
gradient in the axial direction is constant and the effect of gravity cannot be neglected. Assume
that the velocities in the radial and tangential directions are zero. (a) Simplify the continuity and
momentum equation and determine the velocity field. (b) Determine the shear stress at the inner
wall.
x

The equations of motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant density and viscosity in cylindrical
coordinates (r, θ, z) with velocity components (vr, vθ, vz):
Continuity:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
r-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 + − ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
θ-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + ) = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + 2 ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
z-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑣𝑧
Shear stress: 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜇
𝜕𝑟
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2023

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2. The thrust F of a propeller is generally thought to be a function of its diameter D and angular
velocity Ω, the forward speed V, and the density ρ and viscosity μ of the fluid. (a) Find suitable
dimensionless groups for this problem and write the functional relationship between them.
(b) Some experiments indicated for D=0.2m, V=20 m/s, and 𝛺 =100rps the thrust is 100N.
Estimate the thrust and rps on a propeller with 𝐷𝑚 =0.6m, 𝑉𝑚 =30m/s if the flow conditions are the
same. (𝜌 = 1𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜇 = 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠)

Hint: Use ρ, V, D as repeated variables.

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3. Water (ρ=1000kg/m3, μ=0.001kg/ms) needs to be pumped using a commercial pump. The
iron pipe (ε=0.01mm) is 500m long, with a diameter of 0.1m. (a) Determine the flowrate in the
pipe if the pump is providing ℎ𝑝 =20m and consider the minor losses due to the open globe
valve (𝐾 = 6.9) and the sharp entrance (𝐾 = 0.5) starting with an initial value of 𝑓 =0.015. (b)
Assuming the same friction factor obtained in a), what would be the value of the pump head
required to achieve a flow rate ten times larger than that obtained in in a)?

𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
Energy equation ( + + 𝑧) = ( + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑡 − ℎ𝑝
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2

𝑉2 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = (𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾)
2𝑔 𝐷
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2023

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Solution 1:

ASSUMPTIONS:
𝜕
1. Steady flow (𝜕𝑡=0)
2. Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)
3. Purely axial flow (vr=vθ=0)
𝜕
4. Circumferentially symmetric flow, so properties do not vary with θ (𝜕𝜃=0)
5. Constant pressure gradient (𝜕𝑝/ 𝜕z =k)
6. Gravity (gz=gcodθ)

(a)

Continuity:

1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣𝑧
0(3) + 0(3) + =0 (+1.5)
𝜕𝑧

z-momentum:

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ] (+0.5)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜌(0(1) + 0(3) + 0(3,4) + 0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦)) = 𝜌𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑘 + 𝜇 [ (𝑟 ) + 0(4) + 0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦)](+1.5)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜇 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧
(𝑟 ) = −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘
(𝑟 )= 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜇

𝜕𝑣𝑧 −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟 2
𝑟 = + 𝑐1
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 2

𝜕𝑣𝑧 −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟 𝑐1
= +
𝜕𝑟 𝜇 2 𝑟

−𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟 2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟) = + 𝑐1 ln 𝑟 + 𝑐2 (+2)
𝜇 4
Boundary conditions:
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟𝑖 ) = 0, 𝑣𝑧 (𝑟𝑜 ) = −𝑈𝑜 (+1)
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 50 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2023

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Apply BCs:

−𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟𝑖2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟𝑖 ) = 0 = + 𝑐1 ln 𝑟𝑖 + 𝑐2
𝜇 4

−𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟𝑜2
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟𝑜 ) = −𝑈𝑜 = + 𝑐1 ln 𝑟𝑜 + 𝑐2
𝜇 4

Subtract:
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2 𝑟𝑖
𝑈𝑜 = (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2 ) + 𝑐1 ln
4𝜇 𝑟𝑜
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2
𝑈𝑜 − 4𝜇 (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2 )
𝑐1 = 𝑟
ln 𝑖
𝑟𝑜
Add:

−𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 2
−𝑈0 = (𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖2 ) + 𝑐1 ln 𝑟𝑖 ln 𝑟𝑜 + 2𝑐2
4𝜇
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2 (+1.5)
−𝑈0 − 𝑐1 ln 𝑟𝑖 ln 𝑟𝑜 + 4𝜇 (𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖2 )
𝑐2 =
2

Velocity distribution:

𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2
−𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑟 2 𝑈𝑜 − 4𝜇 (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2 )
(+1.5)
𝑣𝑧 (𝑟) = + 𝑟 ln 𝑟
𝜇 4 ln 𝑖
𝑟𝑜
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2
−𝑈0 − 𝑐1 ln 𝑟𝑖 ln 𝑟𝑜 + 4𝜇 (𝑟𝑜 + 𝑟𝑖2 )
+
2
Shear stress:
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2
𝜕𝑣𝑧 −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑈𝑜 − 4𝜇 (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2 ) 1
𝜏𝑤 (𝑟) = 𝜇 = 𝑟 +𝜇 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 2 ln 𝑟𝑖 𝑟
𝑜

𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑘 2 (+0.5)
𝜕𝑣𝑧 −𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑘 𝑈𝑜 − (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟2𝑖 ) 1
4𝜇
𝜏𝑤 (𝑟)|𝑟=𝑟𝑖 = 𝜇 | = 𝑟𝑖 + 𝜇 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑖 2 ln 𝑖 𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑜
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Solution 2:
(a)
𝐹 = 𝑓(𝐷, 𝛺, 𝑉, 𝜌, 𝜇) (+1)
𝑛=6
𝐹 = {𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 }; 𝐷 = {𝐿 } ; 𝛺 = {𝑇 −1 }
𝑉 = {𝐿𝑇 −1 }; 𝜌 = {𝑀𝐿−3 }; 𝜇 = {𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 }
𝑗 =3→𝑘 =𝑛−𝑗 =6−3=3 (+1)

The repeating variables are ρ, V, D. Using the Pi theorem, we find the three Pi groups:
Π1 = ρ𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝐷 𝑐 𝐹 = {(𝑀𝐿−3 )𝑎 (𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 (𝐿)𝑐 (𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 )} = {𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 } (+0.5)
a= -1, b= -2, c= -2
𝐹 (+1)
Π1 =
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐷 2
Π2 = ρ𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝐷 𝑐 𝛺 = {(𝑀𝐿−3 )𝑎 (𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 (𝐿)𝑐 (𝑇 −1 )} = {𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 } (+0.5)
a= 0, b= -1, c= 1
𝛺𝐷
Π2 = (+1)
𝑉
Π3 = ρ𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝐷 𝑐 𝜇 = {(𝑀𝐿−3 )𝑎 (𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 (𝐿)𝑐 (𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 )} = {𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 } (+0.5)
a= -1, b= -1, c= 1
𝜇 ρ𝑉𝐷
Π3 = → = 𝑅𝑒 (+1)
ρ𝑉𝐷 𝜇
Thus, the arrangement of the dimensionless variables is:
Π1 = 𝑓 (Π2 , Π3 )
(+1)
𝐹 𝛺𝐷 ρ𝑉𝐷
= 𝑓 ( , )
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐷 2 𝑉 𝜇

(b) D=0.2m, V=20 m/s, and 𝛺=100rps the thrust is 100N:

𝛺𝐷 0.2
= 100 ∗ =1 (+1.5)
𝑉 20
𝐹 100
2 2
= = 6.25
𝜌𝑉 𝐷 1 ∗ 202 ∗ 0.22
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ME:5160 Fall 2023

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𝐷𝑚 =0.6m, 𝑉𝑚 =30m/s:
𝛺𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑉𝑚 30
= 1 → 𝛺𝑚 = = = 50𝑟𝑝𝑠
𝑉𝑚 𝐷𝑚 0.6 (+1)
𝐹𝑚
= 6.25 → 𝐹𝑚 = 6.25𝜌𝑉𝑚2 𝐷𝑚
2
= 6.25 ∗ 1 ∗ 302 ∗ 0.62 = 2025𝑁
𝜌𝑉𝑚2 𝐷𝑚
2

Solution 3:

(a) Apply energy equation between (1) and (2):

𝑝 𝑉2 𝑝 𝑉2 (+2)
( + + 𝑧) = ( + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2
𝑉2
(0 + 0 + 𝑧)1 = (0 + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑝
2𝑔 2
𝑉2 𝐿
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (1 + 𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾𝑖 ) − ℎ𝑝
2𝑔 𝐷
2
𝑉 500 (+1)
−10 = (1 + 𝑓 + 6.9 + 0.5) − 20
2𝑔 0.1
20𝑔
= 𝑉2
500
(1 + 𝑓 0.1 + 6.9 + 0.5)

196.2
𝑉=√ (+1)
8.4 + 5000𝑓
Calculate ε/d:
𝜀 0.01 × 10−3
= = 0.0001 (+1)
𝑑 0.1
Assume 𝑓 = 0.015

𝑉 = 1.53𝑚/𝑠
Calculate 𝑅𝑒𝑑 : (+1.5)
𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑑 = = 153,379
𝜇

Enter Moody diagram and select 𝑓 = 0.022

196.2
𝑉=√ = 1.29𝑚/𝑠
8.4 + 5000𝑓 (+1)
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Calculate 𝑅𝑒𝑑 :
𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑑 = = 129,000
𝜇
The process has converged.
Calculate the flowrate:
𝜋𝑑 2 (+1.5)
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴 = 1.29 × = 0.01𝑚3 /𝑠
4
(b)
𝑉2 500
−ℎ𝑝 = (1 + 0.022 + 6.9 + 0.5) − 20
2𝑔 0.1

(20 − ℎ𝑝 )2𝑔 (+0.5)

√ =𝑉
500
(1 + 0.022 0.1 + 6.9 + 0.5)

𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋𝑑2 (20 − ℎ𝑝 )2𝑔

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉 × = √
4 4 (1 + 0.022 500 + 6.9 + 0.5)
0.1
𝑄 = 10𝑄𝑎 = 0.1𝑚3 /𝑠

𝜋𝑑2 (20 − ℎ𝑝 )2𝑔

0.1 = √
4 (1 + 0.022 500 + 6.9 + 0.5)
0.1
0.4 2 (20 − ℎ𝑝 )2𝑔
( 2) =
𝜋𝑑 500
(1 + 0.022 0.1 + 6.9 + 0.5)
500 0.4 2
(1 + 0.022 0.1 + 6.9 + 0.5) ( 2 )
ℎ𝑝 = 20 − 𝜋𝑑
2𝑔
118.4 × 162.28
ℎ𝑝 = 20 − = 959.3𝑚 (+0.5)
2 × 9.81