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6
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Examples Tavior'
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Deinitions
introduction.
Equation
Euler'
Isoperimetric
Problems s Theorem
ResidueResidue
Singuarity Zet Laurent'
Seriess
of
.........-...
od
Variations of an
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Deinite
Real Complex Analytie
a
Fntion
(Only
Fnction Function.
For
II
Semester

Electrical

Engineering)
P1-P29.... 7.1-7.26....
A.l-A.4
7.25 7.12 6.59 6.44 6.33 6.31 6.25 6.21
7.9 7.3 7.1 7.1 6.20 6.18 6.18 6.l6 6.13 6.0 6.2

Sol. Ex.1
$1.2 INTRODUCTION
$1.1

By
Compute -stThe be The
provided Definition
TRANSFORM
LAPLACE illustrate
equation.
neous periodic
Hereproblems
of nonhomogeneous tions
awhich
mechanicalmost verycoefficients. In ukgsas
definitionappearingsymbol positive
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denoted important of
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Lreal Let or
Laplace
of appearing in
integral the This
s by use electrical we beraho
Laplace appearing
the number. operational areaLaplace by is
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by initial not present
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integral
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a various
we merely operations of
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in for or transform a
(l) method. techniqueis
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all
=F(s), engineeringequations problems a called
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mathematics. of aameten
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weA) a
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to
 1.3
1.2 -Engineering Mathematics-III Laplace Transform
.. for A) = 1 an a such that
Alternatively, A) is of exponential order a if there exists
lim

=-lim e +
wherc = 0 or a finite positive number.
Ifs>0. the limit above exists and wve obtain. Ex.2 Show that ) = is of exponential order 3.
21 (using L' Hospital rule)
L{T}= -. S>0 Sol. Since lim Ilim
Sample Problem 1. Compute the Laplace transform of )=e =0
lim
Ans. L{e =
.:P is of exponential order a.
^1.3 PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS FUNCTION Further. l =P< e I> 0.
A function f(t) is said to be piecewise or sectionally contimuous on a finite interval Thus is of order 3.
as1sb if the interval can be subdivided into a finite number of subintervals, in cach Ex.3 Show that ) = e is not of exponential order.
of which f(t) is continuous and has finite left-and right-hand limits.
lim e(-a)
Consider a function f)which is piecewise continuous in la, b] but has discontinuties at Sol. Since lim
I1 and ).
f(t)
e is not of exponential order.
LAPLACE
^1.5 SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE 0F
TRANSFORM
interval in the
Theorem 1. Let f(t) be a piccewise continuous function on every finitetransform of f)
range 0and of exponential order a as I ’ o. Then the Laplace
Jt, b exists for all s > a.
Figure 1.1 Proof: Since f(i) is piecewise continuous so e ) is integrable over any finite interval
have
Clearly. f) is continuous in the intervals (a, t,). ((1, (5) and ((T, b). Also the right and left on the (-axis. Also as t) is of exponential order a so we
hand limits at are (1)
lim f( +1) =A + 0) = Ah+)
(’0
Now,
and limf, -1)
IH0 =A - 0) = A-)
respectively, where t > 0.
$1.4 FUNCTIONS OF EXPONENTIAL ORDER
A function ) is said to be of exponential order a if
M and a, and number T such that
there cxists positive real numbers s Mee-dt [using (1)I
when T.
 -Engincering Mathenmatics-IIl Laplace Transform 1.5

n!
2. L()=ash=0, 1, 2,... and s>0.

Proof. L) =e"'di
cxistence of the last integral. Hence the
where the condition s > a was necded for the (on setting st = X ’ dt =
theorem.
not nccessary for
Remark 1. The conditions mentioncd in Theorem 1are suficient butfrom the following
be understood
the existence of the Laplace transform. This can
example.

Ex.4 Let f)= then A) ’ o as 0. Thus ) is not piccewise continuous in cvery -T(a+1) [by def. of gamma function]

finite-interval in the range >0, but still its Laplace transform exists, since n!
L) = (since T(n+l) = n!)
In particular,

etc.
[on putting st = x dt=1
Remark 2. If n > -l then
r(n+1)-,s>0
L() =

3 L(e")= , S-a
S>a

[by def. of gamma function Joe"u'du = T()] Proof.

-1
-(0-1), s>a
-
Thus thc conditions stated in Theorem 1 are not necessary for the existence of the
Laplace transform. , S>a.

^1.6 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

4. L(cosh at) = s >\al.
1 L) =,s>0.
e+p-at
Proof. L(cosh
Proof.

1
=-, s>0.
l.6 -Engincering Mathematics-I Laplace Transform
1.7

lusing Z4e")
S
s >al.

L(sinh at) = s >\a).

S
tas>0.
Proof. L(sinh ar) = 2

7 L(sin at) = 2 2 S>0

Proof. L(sin an) = e sin at di

Using Je" sin bx dt 2A2(asin bx -b cos bx), we get

=

S
L(sin an)=.(-ssin ar - acosat) Jo
6. L(cos at) .s>0.
62+a'O-(0-a)). s>0
Proof. L(cos an) =ecosat d1 S>0.

Alternative Proof
using e cos br de = a'+2acosbx +bsinbr). we oot
iat
e
Since Sin at =
2)
L(cos at) =(s+arscosar

2+0-(-)), s>0
+asina) eiate-iat

S
22. S>0.
Alternative Proof

Since Cos a ee-lat

lat

2 S>0.
s+a
 1.9
1.8 -Engineering Mathematics-II Laplace Transform

S1.7 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM cos'21 =(cos6r + 3cos 21)

$1.7.1 Linearity Property
If LSA? = Fs) and L{g()} = Gs), then for any two constants c and c Thus L40) - Lcos'2)=eos6r +3cos 27)|
L{c) t czg()} = ciLO} t czl{g)}
= c1F\s) + cG(s). -L(cos6n)+Lcos 21)
Proof. L(cfit) +cf0} =eke)+czs)}d1
= 4s? +112
+36X(s* +4)
=cjF($) t czG(s).
s(s +28)
In general, (s²+36)(s +4)
Licti) +t 2fl) + tcnf)}
= c|fi)) + czL{0} + Sample Problem 3. Compute L.T. of A) = sin'.
6
-cjFi(s) + cFa(s) + + G, Fs),
Ans.
where Lð ()} =F(s), i= 1, 2, ... ,n. (s + 1)(s +9)
Ex.5 Compute L.T. of A) = e+ 4r - 5 sin 31 t 7 cos 2r. Hint : use sin3t = 3sint -4 sin'
Sol. LifO} = L(e + 4r - 5 sin 3t + 7 cos 2/) $1.7.2 First Shifting (or First Translation) Theorem
-L(e) + 4L() 5L(sin 3r) + 7L(Cos 21) If L{AO} = F\s) then for any constant (real or complex) a
LeA} =F(s - a), s a> 0
[by lincarity]
1 3 S Proof.
-4. >2
+9

24 15 7s
+
s-2 92., >2.
-

= F(s - a), s a> 0

Sample Problem 2. Compute LT. of

(on comparing with Fs)= ef)dt|
f)=7e! + 9e 2 + 5cost + 7 +5 sin 3r + 2.
7 9 5s 42 5
Ex.7 Compute LT. of the following functions:
Ans.
+, s>2 (i) e2 cos't (iü) cosat cosh at |RTU (EE)-2007
Ex.6 Compute LT. of A) = cos'2/. (ü) e (5 cos6r - 4 sin4r) |RTU (CE/IT-2007)
Sol. Since cos3/ = 4 cos' - 3cost (iv) (t + 2)² (EE (Back)-2007|]
Sol. i) Let f) = cos'1 then
cos' =(cos 3t +3cosi)
 1.11
L10 -Engineering Mathematics-II Laplace Transform
AU) = 5 cos6r 4 sin4t
l+ cos2r (üi) Let
LUO) = L(cosn= then L{O} = 5L(cos6/) - 4L(sin4r)
5s 16
-= F(s)
-{u0+Lcos2) .. by first shifting theorem
s² +36 s+ 16

L[e )= F(s + 2)
5(s + 2) 16
.: by first shifting theorem
L7e A) = L{e cos²r ’ L[e (5 cos6r - 4sin4n)]= (s+2)² +36 (s+ 2)° +16
= F(s - (-2)) = F(s + 2) (iv) Since LÊ( + 2)] =LP + 41 + 4)
= L) + 4L() + 4L())
1 s+2
-

(s+2) +4|
(ü) Let A) = cos at then .: by first shifting thcorem
L<e'1 + 2 =Fs - I)
LO} = L(cosat) = = F(s) 4 4

Now L(cosat coshar) = 2{1+2(s -I) + 2(s - I°} 2(2s- 2s +l)

(s-I) (s-)

- e cosat) +L(e-M cosar) Sample Problem 4. Compute L.T. of the following

i) e cos'. (i) cos at sin hat (ii) e (3 cos 6t - 5 sin 6/).

-[Fs-o)+Fs+a) [by first shifting thcorem]

Ans (i)
3

S-a
4 s+4s +13) s+4s+5
S+a

(s+a) +a? as? -2a')

()
s+4
S +a
Ls-2as +2a s+2as + 2a 3(s-8)
(1)
2s3 (s +4s +40)
$1.7.3 Second Shifting (or Second Translation) Theorem
If L{AD} =Fs) and a function g(t) is defined as
s+44 |-a), 2a
g() = , (<a
 L13
-Engineering Mathematics-1II Laplace Transform
then
Lig)} =e Rs). so by sccond shifting theorem, we have
Proof. Given that

Now Le-(r/3)s
S
(ü) Letf() = e then
LIO} =LAe') =s-1 =F(s), s>1
- [e"odt+"f-ajd1 Here f) can be rewritten as

-fe"-a)dt 0,
on setting - a =x dt = d, we get
so by second shifting theorem, we have
LO} =eF(s)
-as
=e "Lef(()d1
-as
(x)
=e 25 Fs)
Sample Problem 5. Compute L.T. of
(as given)
Hence the theorem.
Ex.8 Compute L.T. of the following:
A) =
3
) A) = (CP/IT-2004] se (2r/3)s
Ans. S>0.
s+1
Ia Shnge.of Scale Property
(ü)
I<a. If L{A} = Fs) then for any constant a
Sol. (i) Letf() = sint then

LfO} = L(sint) =s+1 = F(s)

L{fa)} =
)
Here f) can be rewritten as
Proof. By definition

Lfa)} = efla)d1
A) = 3 dt =
aJo [on setting at = x
 1.15
114 -Engineering Mathematics-II Laplace Transforn
e-(3/s+1I)
Sample Problem 6. If L!)}: then show that L{e A3)} -

-) [on comparing with F(s)-efd1

Jo | $1.7.5 Laplace Transtorm of Derivatives
1. Let LAD} = F(s) such that lim e-s fa) = 0 and ) is of exponential ordcr a.
Hence the result.
Ex.9 Compute L.T. of sinh 31. Further let f(u) is piccewise continuous in every finte interval in the range t 0. Then
Sol. Let A) = sinh/ then. for s >a
LðO} =sL{)} - A0)
L{RO} = L(sinh r) = s - s ) LSO} sF(s) - R0). [ME (Back-2007]
Proof. By definition
Now L(sinh 3)=L{3)}

-9) [by change of scale property]

3
[on integrating by parts]

Es.10 1f n= tan-) then show that - lim e-f)- f(0)+ sL{f))

=sL)} - A0) ime f ) =0
4-) or L/O}= sFs) - A0)
sint Hence the result.
Sol. Let f) = then .. f") satisfy the condition given in
2. If A) and its n derivatives f(). f").
Theorem 1, then

F(s) = tan Lð"O} =sL{A0}- A0) -"f0) - .- fn'o)

(given) .. .-f'o).
Lf"O} ="Fs) - 0) - f(0)
Now by change of scale property,
Proof. We have
LfO} =sL{)} - A0)
L{f"(0} =sL{{)} -f{0)
sinat
-tan
- s[sL{HO} -A0)) - f(0)
at
=s'L)} -sA0) -f0)
Also Lð"")) = sLf"()} - f(0)
=slsLAO} - sf0) -f0) - f"(0)
Sinan =s'LO) - sA0) - sf(0) - f" (0)
Hence the result
tan
) Proceeding on similar lincs, we get
-fn(0)
Lð"O} =sL{O} - A0) - o) -
 116 Engineering Mathematic1-lIl 1.17
Laplace Transform
or Lð"O) =s'AS) sO)
- -ro)- ...f"o) putting the valucs of g(i) and g (), we get
Hence thc result.

Ex.11 If
-R then show that
-LFo). Proved

Ex.12 Compute L.T. of

Sol. Let A)=|-e then

Sol. Let
LN} =L[l - e =L(1) - L(e)
2 = F(s)
ss+l s(s+1)
F(s)
also 0) = 0and F(s)= Since S

Now Lð)} = sF(s) - AO)

ss(s+1) s²(s+)
Proved

Sample Problem 8. Compute

Sample Problem 7. If L(cos at) = 22hen compute L(sin a) by using the propcrty
of transform of derivatives. 2
a Ans. ss+4)
Ans.
sta
Positive Integral Power of t
§1.7.7 Laplace Transform of f(t) Multiplied by Some
$1.7.6 Laplace Transform of Iotegrals 1, If L{AO} = F(s) then
If L{AO} = Fs) then L{AO} =-F'(s)

Proof. Since F(s) = ef)d1

J

Proof. Let on differentiating both thc sidcs W.r.t. s, we get

then g(0) = 0 and g(/) = f). F(s)=

Now, L{g()} =sL{g(0}-g(0)
= sL{g)} [: g(0) = 0] =
Jo &
e f)d by Lcibnitz's nle]
 Engineering Mathematics-lI L19
1.18 Laplace Transform
Now L{AO} -F(s)

=-Li0} Lie sinat} = ds dss-2as + 2a'

Or LRO} =-F(s). Proved
a(2s - 2a)
2. If L{D= Fs), then
(s- 2as +2a)
L{AD} = (-|)". -F(s)=(-1)"F"(s) 2a(s - a)
(s- 2as+ 2a 2)²
where n = 1, 2.
Proof. We shall prove this bv mathematical induction. Sample Problem 9. Compute L( sinh at).
Since Lí fO =-F(s) 2as
so the result holds for n= 1. Ans.

Let it be true for n = k. ie..

L{AN} =(-iF() $1.7.8 Laplace Transform of fUNt
on differentiating both the sides wr.t. s, we get L{)} = F(s), then

provided lim exists. [RTU(ME)-2007, EE-2005]

[by Leibnitz's rule] (0

Proof. Since Fi9) =e"f)dt

so on integrating both sides w.r.t. s betwcen the limits s to o, we get

or

or [an changing the order of integratian]

It shows that the result holds for n = k+l also.
Thus by the principle of mathematical induction the result holds for all neN, i.c.
L{AO} =(-ly'F(S). Proved
Ex.13 Compute L<te sinat).
Sol. a
-[-0-fOd
Since L(sinat)
.:. by first shifting theorem
L(e sinat)
2as + 2a?
= F(s) or
4]-[roa. Proved
 L0 -Engineering Mathematics-II 1.21
Laplace Transform
Ex.14 Compute |Raj. Univ.-1998, MNIT-2003) u(t a)

Sol. Since L(sinar) = F(s)

s+a

{)-[rosa Figure 1.2

Laplace Transform
$1.8.1 Properties of Unit Step Function Related to
-a 1. The Laplace transform of u(-a) is e/s.
= tanoo-t a n = -tan-!
a 2
Proof. L[u(t - a)] = eult -a)dt
= cot-S Jeult-adt +|e"ue- a)d1
e0d + [ ldt [by def. of u(t-a))
Ex.1S Find the Laplace transform of f) = sint d.
Sol. Since = cot's = Fs) [setting a = 1in Ex. 14]
-oo-e ")
Proved
F(s) cot-s S

2. The second shifting theorem for Laplace transform, discussed in 1.7.3, can also be
sinht written in terms of unit step function as follows:
Sample Problem 10. Find LI. of
L{AO} = F(s)
and g() =A - a) u(t - a)
Ans.
) then L{g()} =easF(s)
LU - a)u(t - a)]=eF(s).
$1.8 UNIT STEP FUNCTION Ex.16 Find the Laplace transform of (( - 1 u(t - 1).
The unit step function or Heaviside 's unit step
function u(t - a) is defined as Sol. Let
[0, <a
|1, 12a L0)=L)--F9), s>0.
where a > 0.
Now using sccond shifting theorem, we get
The graph of u(t - a) is as
follows: Lð-1) u(t-1)} =eF(s)

L{(-1`u-1)) = s>0,
 1.22
Engincering Mathematics-1I 1.23
u(-a)}. Laplace Transform
Sample Problem 11. Find Lfe
FUNCTIONS
P $1.9 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC
Anss>l. periodic function of period a > 0 if
Afunction ) is said to be a = AI+ na).
L{)u(t-a)} =e sL{fta)}. A)=A + a) = At + 2a) =
3
with period a, then)
Theorem 2. If A) is a periodic function
Proof. L{ADu(t- a)} e"f)u(t-a)dt
LAO) =-e-as Joef)d.
[CSIT(Back)- 2007, ME(Back)-2007]
period a,
Proof. Since A) is a periodic function with
’ A t a) = A), A + 2a) = A)
and so on.

Now,
= 0+ef) d
-e"rodt+ "e"fdi + e"fdt +..
eef(r+
= a) dr [on seting =Ita» d =del 2a in the third integral, etc. Then, we
Setting t =u+a in the second integral, t =u +
get
- ea"f(+a) dt (r)
LAD) =e"f)d +|e-tutafu+ a)d1
=eL{fA t a)} Proved
Ex.17 Evaluate L[Fu(t-3)). +etu20) fu+ 2a)du +.
Sol. Let f) =t and a =3 then
by virtue of above property 3, we
have = efiu)du +esa ef(u)du +e 2sa
L[Fu(-3)] =eL{+3)}
=eL{(H3: efu)du +.
=eL(?+ 6! + 9)
- e3sL) + 6L() +
9L(1)) = (1 +e-as +e2as +..)['e-suf(u)du

- (l-ea")ef)dt (:: 1+ x+t... =(|- )

Sample Problem 12. Evaluate L<e u)), where Proved
[0, t<n
(1-e-asy Jo

Ans.
e-I(s+2)
u/)=L, >7 Ex.18 Show that if ft + a) = -f), then

5ef()d.
LífO} = 1+e7S Jo
S+2 |Hint, Here u) =
u(-)]. Sol. Since A+ 2a) = A(( +a) +a< = -A + a)
 1.25
Laplace Transform
1.24
-Engineering Mathematics-I|| Ex.19 Compute the following:
(i) LJol0))
’ f(t) is periodic with period 2a. that
we have (ü) L{J(0} and hence deduce
Now using Theorem 2with a replaccd by 2a,

Sol. (i) Since Jole) = 1-t2.4 22.4.6

setting t = u + a in second integral, we get

LAO} = I-elas
-L0)-')*)te- L(¢) +...
1

41 6!
1 2! +

(1-e)J,e"f)dt
(1-e-2as) a S

(using u ’ tin second integral]

(1-eas)
(1-e+te-asy hef)d

Proved
$1.10 LAPLACE TRANSEORM OF
Since Bessel function of order n is
BESSEL FUNCTION or

defined as (ü) Since J() =-J|()

4
L{J(0} =-L{B)}
J,t) = =-[sL{Jo()} - Jo(0)]
2(2n +2) 2.4(2n + 2)(2n + 4)
In particular, for n = 0 [using property of transform of derivatives]

,2 4
[using part (i) and Jo(0) = 1]
The following arc some important
properties of the Besscl function:
J-) =(-1yJ,A), neN
(ii =l
(úi) J'ol) =-J() Js+1)
Jo(0),= 1.
 1.26
Engineering Mathematics-I11
Deduction: L27
Laplace Transform
Using (s+ ia)? (s²-a')+i(2as)
with A) =J,() (s²+a'
2as
and or +i
Vs+) We get L{i(cosat + i sina)}=2+'2(s? +a
2as
or L(tcosat) +iL(| sinar)=2+')2 s²+a²
equating real and imaginary parts, we get
2s
V(s²+1)-s Lt cosat) +a
2/(s² +1) (s'+)-s?
(s+1) (s+1)}2 2as
and LIsinat) +a)²
(s² +)/2 Proved (ii) Since L(sinat)=
Sample Problem 13. Compute the
) LJo(at)} following:
() L{dola)}
() L{e Jo(ar)} and L cosat) = SO

Ans. (i) L(sinat - at cosat) = L(sinat) - aL(t cosar)

()
a
(s +2as +2a2)2
Ex.20 Evaluate the
following:
(i) L( sinat)
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
(ü) L(t cosat)
(ü) L(sinat - at 2a'
(iv) L(P e'sin4/). cosat) (s² +a?y?
Sol. i) and (ii)
[EE-2006] (iv) Let A) =e sin4: then
Since 4
L)=2 LO} = L(e' sin 4)= = F(s), s>1
(s-1) + 16
L(telar) =
(s-ia L{fO) = do?F(S)
[by first shifting propertyl
1.28 -Engineering Mathematics-II Laplace Transform
1.29

Rle-s)-(-))
or

s(l-e2s)
2(s-1) s² +1
ds (s-2s+17)²|
(ü)
-2s +17)(s -1I)
(s²-2s+17)
8
(s-2s+17n3-2s+17) -4(s2.- 2s +1)]
-8
(s-2s+17)3-3+6s +13)
8(3s-6s -13) S>1
(S*-2s+17)3
Ex.21 Find the Laplace transforms of.

i) f) =
cost, 0<t<2r
1>27
-
/T, 0<I<T
(>T
ll-0+s)e-|
1,
0sts/2
A) = -1, /2stsi (ü)
0, >l
Sol.

cl/2
- Joetd1 +[e-1)dt
Jy2 +0
e-s cost dt +0

-fe"d-"a
 Laplace Traneforn 1.31
130 Engineering Mathenatics-I|
d (s +a') - s(2s)| d a'-s'
d(s'+a')|
-2s(s² +a} -(a-s²)2 -2s(s? +a)
(s?+a'
-2s(s?
ie224I(s +a') +2a'-sy
S

-82 -2s
(t+a
(ii) Since L{sint} 2+1
Ex.22 Fnd the LT of
(i) - cosar) (u) rcosa (iu) rsint L{P sint) = (-I'.
Sol. 1) Since L{1-cosa} = -2s
-
Líl-cosat)} =
-
-2(8
(s+[s+1-452)
a-s?
-2 2(3s -I)
(s²+1)³
s+a +2a'+a's' -s+ Ex.23 Find the L.T. of
cosat - cosbt
a(3² +a' (ü) (i) -cosr)
Sol. (i)) Let A) = cosat - cosbt
(u) Since
L{cosar = LUO} = L{cosar} - L{cosbr}

L{fcosar = (-I)? +a?2F(s)

1.32
Engineering Mathematics.II
1.33
Laplace Translorm
Since

-
-log(u' +a') - logtu' +b')r

+a' =0-lo8 rt+)

l+.
= log

-o -log(s+I)-logs
2 =Fs)

Again,

(u) Let )=e al_bi

LO} = S +a s+b
= F(s)
-log(u +I -[1-logudu

(integrating by parts)

-| logb -lulog(u² +I) - 2(u -tan '));-[ulogu - ul;

(S+a
= 0-logtb, lu log(u² +l)- 2u+ 2tan'u-2ulogu +2ul;
(i) Let
)=1 - cost -ulog(u² +l)+2 tan'u- 2ulogu|;
+1
 1.35
L.34
-Engincering Mathematics-II Laplace Transform

-Hlim ulog l*)

2 -’oo

r3/2) r(s/2), r7/2) r(9/2),

-2(tanoo - tan 32 s2372s1 271

Now using the fact T(n+l) =nT(n) and r - A we get

- tans
t
S 3 1I
Lsin/F) 3! 2 2 s

+cot's+-lim 1 5 3 I I75 3 I 1
slog
2uo S 22
2 22 2 2
1
[:: log(l+r) =x
3
and
2
tan-s= cots] (4s)°21 49)31
S
= slog +tan
s?+I)

-slog +1) =+tan

L(sin vx) =2 l e I [: e* =1-r+
2! 3-+...]
S Next, let fíx) = sin /x
= slog + tan

Ex.24 Find the Laplace transform of sin

Js+)
r.
and F(s) =
Hence show that
W2 cos Vr and (0) = sin = 0
Then f(r) =
2yx
|CPIIT-2003, ME(Back)-2007, ECRTU-2007] Since LðK)} =sL{f()} - A0) = sF\s) - O)
Sol. Since sinx = x - .
3 5! 7!
Scosda - -0
sin V =V2 3/2 + 5/2 7/2
31 or

7/2
5! 7! or Proved
 1.36 -Engineering Mathematics-lI 1.37
Laplace ransform
Ex.25 Prove that
Further, by change of scale property
Sin at

at
where Fs) =L)).
or
Sol. Let g() =
= tan
or
then

and g") =A). = F(s)

Also g(0) = 0 = g(0).
Also L(cosal)=2+
Now L{g"0} ='L(g(0} - sg(0) -g(0)
=tLig0}
or Lig)) =Líg ))
2
lim log(u? +a')- log( +a')
->oo

does not exists.

F(s) Since lim log(u + a) is infinite thus
=
Proved
Sin
Ex.27 Show that Jo
Ex.26 Prove that
and hence find Does the Laplace transform
cosat Sol. From Ex. 26 we have
of exists?
|EE-2005]
Sol. Let f)= snt then
ro -s in dt = tan
LO)= L(sin /) == F(s) or
)
using Now taking limit as s ’ 0 on both sides, we gct
we get
lim s Sint-d1 = lim tan
S0

SIn d - tanoo= Proved

=tan' -
= cots= tan
tan's=-tan's
2
2

Proved
 Sol. Ex.29
Prove
that Sol. Ex.28
Showthat
1.38
on
From (i) Since
setting

Ex.
s
=
26,
edta, tan = ve
We eSinbt
have LWolav)L() =
get sndt
Jotav) =
I
cotdt= cot-d= Jot) =
1
lar

-(a4s)
) 2².4.6²222 .4 a
e) 2.4'.6
2².43
e=|-x+ (: a
a

22.4².6 Mathematics-||
Engineering

21
r 2.4.62 a
[ME(Back)-2007] 3
3!
-+..]
Proved
Proved

Sol. Ex.31
Prove
that Sol. Ex.30
Prove
that
Transform
Laplace
using Let deduce
Hencethat tak1ng From (ü)

Ex.
Taking
l1mit
23(ii) a
as
s’ =
at
we
0
esin b=l
-bt
have -e
on in
bi
-d1 = both dt=
)= dt part
sides, = ().
Sinr cot
we
we
get
get
getwc 2
cos
2/

L(cos
21)|

|CP/IT-
20061
Proved
Proved 1.39
 Let
Deduction: 140

Lgt))G(s) =

sin'

then

Mathemaic-l|
Engineering

Proved

taking
Tranform
Laplace
Now
or
Iimit

as
S
’
0,
we
get

-o+2) lum
-
4

+4
tan
T-4 -2
lim
u-
tan
2s

6-2
im
Proved H141
u
-
2*
 L42
Engincering Mathematics-IE H1.43
Ex.32 Prove that Laplace Transform
Jo
o)-cos =log 2. log 2- 1m log 1+ = log 2- log!
|0 Vu'+I)
Sol. Let A) =Jol) -cost Proved
then = log 2
L{M0} =LJol)} - Lcos r)
EXERCISE 1(A)
Find the Laplace transform of the following:
Q.1 i) Pe (ii) e ! cosh 2 (ii) ecos2r.
(s+l)
Using 2 (s +4)
we get Ans. (i) (i) (ii)
(s +8s +12) (s +2s +5)

cosh at
Q.2

taking lmit as s ’ 0, we get

Ans.

Jol)-cos 0.3 cost cos21

Ss +5)
Ans.
(s +lXs +9)

-2ea
Q4

u+yu'+) (2a'-2as -)
Ans.
(s+a)
Q.5 cos(at + b)
(scos b-asin b)
Ans.
(s +a)
Q.6 cos 2r
s(s² +28)
Ans.
(s²+4Xs +36)
Q.7
32s+1)
-lim log 1+ Ans. (s+2)'(s-])2
 1.44 Engineering Mathemaics-IT Laplace Translorm
^1.11 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM $1.13 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
If the Laplace transform of a function f(t) is F(s), i.c..
LO} = F(s), $1.13.1 Linearity Property
constants c and c
then f(t) is called the inverse Laplace tranaform of F(s) and is written as If L{A)} = Fs) and L{g(0} = G(s) then for any two
A) =L'F(S)). L'cF(s) + cG(s)} = c/) + czgl).
know that
where L. is callcd the inverse Laplace transform operator. Proof. From the lincarity property for L.T.. we
L{c) t czg()} = cqF\s) + czG(s).
Though there is a complex inversion formula which provides a direct means for finding
the inverse Laplace transform of a given function but it involves fair knowledge of Taking inverse L.T. on both sides, we get
complex integration so here we will consider only such problems whose inverse Laplace c) + czg() = L{cjF(s) + czG(s)}
transfom can be evaluated on the basis of knowledge of Laplace transforms of func Since A) =L(Fs)}
tions.
and g() =L{G(s)}, so we have
_112 TABLE OF INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM cL'{Fs)} +cL{Gs)} =L{cF(s) + cGs)}
The following inverse Laplace transform have been directly obtained from the Laplace In general,
transfoms of some clementary functions as discussed in the carlier work of the chapter. L'cF(s) + cF(s) + + cFs)}
Function Inverse L.T. of F(s) = cñi) t cfl)) +
F(s) f) = L-l{F(s)) where L/0} =FAS), i= 1, 2,
1 s-3s+ 4
Ex.33 Find the inverse L.T. of
S
s-3s +4 3 4
Sol. Let Fs) =
then

.n=1,2. (n- )!

=1-3t+4l-34+2r?
S-a

-1)3(s-2)*|
Sample Problem 14. Find
Lsin al =
Laina) s n a 265
S Ans.
COSat

$1.13.2 First Shifting (or First Translation) Theorem

complex) a
-sinhat usinha) = If L'{F(s)} = Ar) then for any constant (real or
L'{F(s-a)} =A) = {Fs)}.
we have
Proof. From the first shifting property of L.T.,
cosh at Lcoshat) -
=. c o s hat L{eAO} =F(s-a)
 Sol. Ex.34 L46
Sample (ü) (1) (n) Find Taking
o
(s+a)'+b the
Problem inverse inverse
,n=0,... 1, L.T.
15,
LF(s-a)}
L.T.
on
Find =L{Fs-a)}
of eA)
the both
=e
following:=e) sides,
ls+a+b? n! we
cos =
bt get
-sin b eL{FS)}.

br
Mathematics-Ill
Engineering

[by [by
first first
shifting shifting

property] property]

Sol. Ex.35
$1.13.3
ransform
Laplace
Let(ü) Let() ()2 Find on then Proof.Let
or inverting Second
by S-3 -25
and
inverse from
S
second
second Shifting
both
L.T.
Le
shifting
of sides, shifting
(or
1'te L'{As)}
the =eF(s)
Líg)} LO}F(s) =
F(s) = property,
FS)} following: =LfeF(s)}
g() we Second
=22 henF(s) Ps))
get theorem =-a)
u(t
--u(ta) =)
then
= -At -
cosh f0-au1 Translation)
cosh - for I-a) 2a
,
o- a)
then 0.o(r L.T..
u(t- ,<a
- a) -a)
a), a). we a)
u(t a)
I<a |<a have = Theorem
t2a -
)

coshaot
,
ISa.

1.47
 Ex.36 If $1.13.4Change 148
show
that
then on on Proof. If Sample
setting inverting,
Ans.
From (a) ()
of Problem
a=-,
we Scale
1 change
get ut L'eFs)}
We L'Fks)} = Property 16.
get of '{FS)}
t=)
hen -
a), Find
scale (0)
= (ü) the
cos2Jar cos2i aflar) property (213) 2+5s inverse
=A-

2)
, for u(t L.T. ut
a>0.
L.T. of -
4) 2)
the
following: Mathematica-ll
Engineering

$1.13.5 Sol.
Transform
Laplace
on 1.
If so Now Let
If
2. Proof. Irverse Sample
inverting. Or by
change
Since Problem
Laplace
we from of
LF'()} get scale
S))=A)th=-A).
en L'F()} =-
LF(S)}
).=A)then
Transform 17.
=-F'property
Lítf)}
(s) If property F(s)

() aflat) =
of +1?l9s 9 2y/caost 2VatcoVa
s Vae-as 2/co?s els
of Jria cos
1.7.7 Derivatives 2Vat then
(given).
of =
cost 1 Va
Lapalce
then
cos2
transform, Jat
show

that
we
have

Proved
Proved
149