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Chapter 2-Communicating Over The Network

This document covers the fundamentals of networking, including the structure of networks, the roles of protocols, and the advantages of layered models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains the different types of networks such as LANs, WANs, and internetworks, and discusses the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications. Additionally, it highlights the functions of various protocols, including HTTP, TCP, and IP, and their roles in facilitating communication over networks.

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alissher0786
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25 views56 pages

Chapter 2-Communicating Over The Network

This document covers the fundamentals of networking, including the structure of networks, the roles of protocols, and the advantages of layered models like OSI and TCP/IP. It explains the different types of networks such as LANs, WANs, and internetworks, and discusses the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications. Additionally, it highlights the functions of various protocols, including HTTP, TCP, and IP, and their roles in facilitating communication over networks.

Uploaded by

alissher0786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network

Fundamentals
Communicating Over
the Network
Chapter # 2
Objectives
• Structure of a network
• Functions of Protocols
• The advantages of using a layered model
to describe network functionality
• The role of each layer in the OSI network
model and the TCP/IP network model
• The importance of addressing and naming
schemes in network communications
The Elements of
Communication
Segmentation
Advantages of Segmentation


Multiplexing
• Multiplexing occurs when
the segments of two or
more messages can
shuffle into each other
and share the medium.
Increased Efficiency
Disadvantages of
Segmentation
Components of the Network
Components of the Network



End Devices and Their Role on the Network


Intermediary Devices and Their Role on the Network


The medium provides the
channel over which the
message travels from source to
destination.
The three main types of media
in use in a network are
■ Copper
■ Fiber-optic cable
Network Media ■ Wireless
LANs, WANs, and
Internetworks
Networks come in many sizes and serve a wide variety of functions. Following are some of the
basic differences:

The size of the area covered

The number of users connected

The number and types of services available

Three distinct groups of networks accommodate different groups and extend geographic
boundaries: local-area networks (LANs), wide-area networks (WANs), and internetworks.
Local-Area Networks
A local-area network (LAN) A LAN can consist of one
is a group of end devices group of users on one floor,
and users under the but the term can also be used
control of a common to describe all users on a
administration multibuilding campus
The term local meant that the computers were
grouped geographically close together
Wide-Area Networks
A wide-area network (WAN) is a
network that is used to connect LANs
that are located geographically far
apart

The sole purpose of WANs is to


connect LANs, and there are usually
no end users on WANs

If a company has offices in different


cities, it will contract with a
telecommunications service provider
(TSP) to provide data lines between
LANs in each city
The Internet: A Network
of Networks
A term often confused
An internetwork is a collection of two
with the Internet; an
or more LANs connected by WANs. intranet is a private web
of networks closed to
Internetworks are referred to the public but open for
interchangeably as data networks or employees to
simply networks. browse.
For example, many
companies use
The most popular internetwork is the
intranets to share
Internet, which is open to public use company information
Network Representations



Protocols


Protocol Suites and Industry
Standards

The organizations that standardize networking protocols are the


Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
HTTP is a common protocol that governs the way that a web server and
a web client interact.

HTTP defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses
exchanged between the client and server.

Both the client and the web server software implement HTTP as part of
the application.

The HTTP protocol relies on other protocols to govern how the


messages are transported between client and server.
Transport protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport
protocol that manages the individual conversations
between web servers and web clients.

• TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces,


called segments, to be sent to the destination client.

• It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at


which messages are exchanged between the server and
the client.
The most common internetwork
protocol is Internet Protocol (IP).
Internetwork
protocol IP is responsible for taking the
formatted segments from TCP,
encapsulating them into packets,
assigning the appropriate
addresses,
and selecting the best path to the
destination host.
Network Access Protocols
Network access protocols describe two primary functions: data-link
management and the physical transmission of data on the media.

Data-link management protocols take the packets from IP and format


them to be transmitted over the media.

The standards and protocols for the physical media govern how the
signals are sent over the media and how they are interpreted by the
receiving clients.
Technology-Independent Protocols
Protocols that guide the network communication process are not
dependent on any specific technology to carry out the task

Network communication protocols state what tasks must be


completed, not how to complete them

This is what enables different types of devices, such as telephones


and computers, to use the same network infrastructure to
communicate. Each device has its own technology, but it can
interact with different devices at the network level
Using Layered Models
The IT industry uses layered models to
describe the complex process of network
communication. Protocols for specific
functions in the process are grouped by
purpose into well-defined layers
The Benefits of a Layered Model


Protocol and Reference Models


Deep Dive into the
Networks Concepts
OSI Model
OSI Model


TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model


Communication Process

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation


Comparing the OSI Model to the TCP/IP Model

The functions of the application,


presentation, and session layers of
the OSI model are combined into
one application layer in the TCP/IP
model.
The bulk of networking functions
reside at the transport and the
network layers, so they remain
individual layers. TCP operates at
the transport layer, and IP operates
at the Internet layer
The data link and physical layers of
the OSI model combine to make the
network access layer of the TCP/IP
model
Addressing in the Network
Addressing in the Network


Getting Data to the End Device


Layer 3 protocols are primarily designed to
Getting Data move data from one local network to
another local network within an
Through the internetwork

Internetwork Layer 3 addresses must include identifiers


that enable intermediary network devices
to locate hosts on different networks.

At the boundary of each local network, an


intermediary network device, usually a
router, decapsulates the frame to read the
destination host address contained in the
header of the packet, the Layer 3 PDU.


Getting Data to the Right
Application


This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

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