Important Question DCAA/CCCBA /FA

Q.1 Write a Detail Note on Tally Configurations Menu?

For example, if you want to record your purchase transactions in debit/credit mode, the same can
be set in the F12 configurations.
Configuration options, affect all the companies maintained in the same Tally.ERP 9 directory and
setting the configuration for one company will affect the configuration of other companies in that
particular data directory.
The configuration screen is used to contain multiple settings that help to configure the required
information for voucher entry, printing, banking, master creation, etc. The following settings are
available on the configuration screen:
General Product T & Features
Voucher entry Data Configuration
Printing Licensing
E-mail Advanced Configuration
Inventory Info/ Accts Banking Configuration
Numeric Symbols Payroll Configuration
Order entry/ Invoices
Q.2 Explain the type of Comunication ?
There are many types of communication, including verbal, nonverbal, written, visual, active
listening, and interpersonal communication.
Verbal communication
Involves spoken words and sign language
Is a fundamental type of communication
Is based on how you say something, not just what you say
Nonverbal communication
Involves using facial expressions, body language, hand motions, gestures, and postures
Is a way to convey meaning without using spoken or written words
Written communication
Is a common form of communication in business
Allows for clear and concise transmission of information
Provides a record of communication
Visual communication
Can supplement verbal, nonverbal, and written forms of communication
Can be effective at conveying a message
Active listening
Is an important type of communication
Involves listening to what someone else is saying
Interpersonal communication
Involves exchanging ideas and information between two or more people
Can be formal or informal
Can take the form of phone calls, written messages, or face-to-face interactions
Intercultural communication
Involves communication between people from different cultural backgrounds
Is also known as cross-cultural communication
Q.3 Write a Detail Note on
A) Use of Computer -- Computers are electrical devices that can perform many tasks, including
storing and processing data, communicating, and creating content. They are used in many
different settings, such as schools, hospitals, banks, and factories.
Computers in daily life.
Entertainment-- Computers can be used to play games, watch movies, and listen to music.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Communication-- Computers can be used to send emails, browse the internet, and communicate
with others around the world.
Personal finance-- Computers can be used to manage personal finances, store information, and
keep track of receipts.
Household tasks-- Computers can be used to complete household tasks, such as writing reports,
preparing presentations, and creating spreadsheets.
Uses of computers in other settings.
Schools: Computers can be used to create presentations, prepare exam results, and monitor
student performance.
Hospitals: Computers can be used to keep track of patient records, diagnose patients, and monitor
patients.
Factories: Computers can be used to control how things are made.
Banks: Computers can be used to keep records and process transactions.
Computers can make our lives easier by helping us perform tasks that would otherwise be
difficult or impossible.

B) Uses of Internet in today Life.

The internet is a network that allows users to communicate, access information, and perform
tasks online. It has many uses, including
Communication The internet allows people to communicate through email, social media, video
conferencing, and more.
Education-- The internet provides access to online courses, degree programs, and workshops.
Research --The internet provides access to a vast amount of information from around the world.
Entertainment-- The internet allows people to stream movies, TV shows, music, and videos.
Shopping-- The internet allows people to shop online from virtual stores that are available 24/7.
Banking--- The internet allows people to manage their bank accounts and pay bills online.
Travel--- The internet allows people to book flights, trains, buses, and hotel rooms.
Telemedicine-- The internet allows people to communicate with doctors through phone calls,
video chats, emails, and text messages.
Job searching-- The internet allows people to search for jobs and apply for positions.
Online collaboration-- The internet allows people to work together on projects from different
locations.
The internet is accessible by anyone who connects to one of its networks.

Q.4 Explain following—

A) Footnote & Endnote -- In Microsoft Word, footnotes appear at the bottom of a page, while
endnotes appear at the end of a document. Both are used to add references and extra
information without interrupting the flow of the main text.
Footnotes--Are used to provide citations, background information, and more
Are indicated in the text with numbers
Appear on the page that contains the sentence to which it refers
Endnotes -Are used to add extra information that doesn't fit smoothly into the main text
Are indicated in the text with numbers or other symbols
Are listed at the end of the paper on separate pages
How to insert a footnote in Word
Open the References tab
In the Footnotes group, select Insert Footnote
Type the text for the footnote

B) Desktop-- A computer desktop is the main screen of a computer that displays icons, programs,
and other objects. It's the first screen you see after logging in.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
What does a desktop do? Displays applications and programs, Provides utility programs,
Organizes icons, and Allows users to access programs quickly.
How does a desktop look?
Usually has a large image, icons, and a taskbar
Can be contained in a window or full screen
Can be customized to suit the user's needs
How can I access the desktop?
On Windows, press the Windows key + D at the same time
What can I do on the desktop?
Drag items to and from the desktop
Store commonly used files, folders, and application shortcuts
Access programs quickly
There are some common desktop icons like, My computer, My documents, and Recycle bin.

C) Taskbar -- The taskbar is a strip of icons at the bottom of a computer screen that provides
access to applications, system notifications, and other system features. It's a key part of the
Windows operating system.
Access applications: The taskbar allows you to access your favorite apps quickly.
View open applications: You can see which applications are open on your screen.
Manage system notifications: The taskbar displays system-related information like the date and
time, battery status, and other notifications.
Access system features: The taskbar includes the Start menu, search bar, and system tray.
How can I customize the taskbar? Align taskbar icons to the left or right, Pin or unpin apps, and
Show or hide system tray icons.
Taskbar history
The taskbar has been part of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. It was created by Daniel
Oran, a program manager at Microsoft
D) Controll Pannel-- A computer's control panel is a centralized location for managing system
settings and controls. It can be used to configure hardware, software, network connections, and
more.
We can do following Settings with the control panel…
Manage software: Install, remove, or modify software programs
Manage hardware: Add or remove hardware
Manage user accounts: Set up user accounts and passwords
Manage network connections: Create network connections
Manage storage space: Manage storage space
Manage permissions: Set permissions on folders and files
Manage accessibility: Change accessibility options
Manage display: Change display settings

Q.5 Explain—
A) Word Processing -- Word processing is the use of a computer program to create, edit, save, and
print documents. A word processor is the software used to perform word processing.
Features of word processing
Create and edit: Users can write, modify, and arrange text.
Format: Users can format documents using options like spell-checking and page layout.
Insert media: Users can insert images, tables, and other media into documents.
Store electronically: Users can save documents electronically.
Print: Users can print documents.
Examples of word processors
Microsoft Word, Word star, Word perfect, Corel, Lotus, Word pro, K Word, Abiword, and
LibreOffice.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Word processing courses can help users improve their document handling skills. These courses
can teach users how to create, format, and manage documents using popular word processing
software
B) Photo Editing-- Photo editing is the process of changing or enhancing an image to achieve a
desired result. This can include improving the quality, appearance, or message of an image.
How is photo editing done?
Using software tools like Photoshop, Gimp, and Microsoft Paint
Using AI-powered tools to analyze photos and automatically adjust exposure, colors, and
shadows
Using traditional techniques like airbrushing to modify photographs
What are some common photo editing tasks?
Retouching: Removing blemishes, wrinkles, or other imperfections from an image
Cropping: Resizing or cropping an image
Adjusting brightness, contrast, and saturation: Improving the overall quality of the image
Straightening: Straightening a photo
Colorizing: Colorizing a black and white photo
Why is photo editing done?
To improve the quality of an image
To create new images from existing ones
To fix errors like red eye or contrast
For practical jokes or to trick people
To make models look better by removing blemishes
C) Spredsheets -- A spreadsheet is a computer program that organizes, analyzes, and stores data
in a table format. It can also be used to calculate and create charts and graphs.
How spreadsheets work
Spreadsheets are organized into rows and columns.
Data is entered into cells.
Spreadsheets can automatically calculate data based on formulas and functions.
Spreadsheets can be used to store numerical data, addresses, and contact information.
Uses of spreadsheets Data analysis, Budgeting, Forecasting, Accounting, and Storing records.
Examples of spreadsheets Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Apple Numbers, and Apache
OpenOffice Calc
D) Router /Modem-- A modem router is a single device that combines the functions of a modem
and a router. It connects to your internet service provider (ISP) and creates a local network for
your devices.
How does a modem router work?
Connects to your ISP, Creates a local network for your devices, Converts DSL lines to Ethernet
connections, and Shares the wireless network.
Benefits of a modem router Saves space, Reduces clutter, Easier to install, and Typically less
expensive than separate modem and router devices
Q.6 Define the following –
A) Closing Stock-- Closing stock is the value of unsold inventory at the end of an accounting period.
It includes raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods.
Why is closing stock important?
It affects a business's profitability, cash flow, taxation, and decision-making.
It's used to calculate the cost of goods sold, which determines the gross profit.
It's reported on the balance sheet and profit and loss account.
How to calculate closing stock?
Use the formula: Closing stock = (Opening stock + Inward) – Outward

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
In this formula, "opening stock" is the unsold goods from the previous accounting period
"Inward" is new purchases or goods produced
"Outward" is the sale or cost of goods that are produced
B) Creditors & Debitor-- A creditor is a person or entity that lends money, while a debtor is the
person or entity that borrows money. Creditors and debtors can be individuals or businesses.
Examples --If you take out a loan from a bank, the bank is the creditor and you are the debtor.
If you buy something from a supplier on credit, the supplier is the creditor and you are the
debtor.
Creditors and debtors in accounting
In accounting, debtors are shown under "Accounts receivable" as a current asset, and creditors
come under "Accounts payable" as a current liability.
Managing debt and credit
It's important to manage debt and credit carefully. Poor accounts payable practices can lead to
reputational damage and late payment interest.
C) Outstanding Expense -- An outstanding expense is an expense that has been incurred but not
yet paid. It's a liability to the business and is recorded in the company's financial statements.
Examples of outstanding expenses Rent that is past due but not yet paid, Bills that are past due
but not yet paid, Outstanding salaries, Outstanding wages, and Outstanding subscriptions.
How are outstanding expenses recorded?
Outstanding expenses are recorded in the books of finance at the end of an accounting period
They are recognized as expenses in the income statement for the period in which they are
incurred
They are typically recorded as liabilities on the balance sheet
Why are outstanding expenses important?
It's important to account for outstanding expenses to bring a true result. This matches revenues
with the expenses associated with generating those revenues.
Tips for managing outstanding expenses:
Use payment reminder systems
Automate your expense tracking
Prioritize payments based on urgency and importance
Maintain clear records and keep open communication with all suppliers
D) Gross Profit & Loss-- Gross profit is the amount of money a business earns after subtracting
the cost of producing and selling its products or services. A loss of gross profit occurs when a
business's revenue decreases or its costs increase.
How to calculate gross profit
Subtract the cost of goods sold (COGS) from the total revenue
The formula is: Gross Profit = Total Revenue - COGS
What is gross profit used for?
Helps determine a company's gross margin
Helps investors understand how much profit a company earns from its products
Helps business owners understand how efficiently they manage production costs
Helps business owners avoid selling at a loss
What is the difference between gross profit and net profit?
Gross profit is the profit before subtracting all expenses
Net profit is the profit after subtracting all expenses
Net profit is also known as net income
What is gross profit margin?
Gross profit margin is the percentage of profit a company generates per the cost of producing its
goods
Q.7 What is Balance Sheet? Why it is Required ?
A balance sheet is a financial statement that lists a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific
date. It's also known as a statement of financial position.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
What does a balance sheet show?
A balance sheet shows how much cash a company has and how much it owes
It shows how much money a company has to fund its day-to-day operations
It shows how quickly a company can pay its current debts
It shows the financial health of a company
How is a balance sheet structured?
A balance sheet has two main sections: assets and liabilities
The total amount of assets always equals the total amount of liabilities and equity
The balance sheet is usually prepared at the end of a reporting period, such as a month, quarter, or year
Who uses a balance sheet?
Investors use a balance sheet to decide whether to invest in a company
Business owners use a balance sheet to create a more effective strategy
Employees use a balance sheet to adjust their processes to meet the company's goals
B) Explain the importaance and purpose of final Accounts?
Final accounts are a summary of a company's financial performance and position at the end of a specific
period. They are also known as financial statements.
Purpose of final accounts
Determine profit or loss
Final accounts help calculate if the company has made a profit or loss during the financial period.
Assess financial position
Final accounts provide an overview of the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity.
Inform stakeholders
Final accounts provide information to stakeholders, such as owners, creditors, and investors.
Meet regulatory requirements
Final accounts are required by law and regulations for tax purposes, auditing, and compliance.
Importance of final accounts
Final accounts help in strategic planning and analysis.
Final accounts help in decision-making, planning, and budgeting.
Final accounts help in assessing a business's financial health.
Final accounts help in building trust with everyone involved.
Final accounts help in making it easier to plan for the future.
Components of final accounts
Final accounts include the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
Q.8 Explain the type of Money and Capital Market?
Money markets and capital markets are financial markets that handle short-term and long-term
investments, respectively.
Money markets
Focus on liquidity and low risk
Provide immediate cash flow
Deal with short-term borrowing and lending
Trade securities with less than one year to maturity
Examples of instruments include Treasury bills, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange,
promissory notes, and commercial paper
Capital markets
Support growth and expansion
Offer higher returns and greater risk
Deal with long-term assets
Trade securities with more than one year to maturity Examples of instruments include stocks,
bonds, ETFs, and mutual funds .
Contain two main types of securities; equity and debt

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Types of capital markets
Primary market: Also known as the new issue market, this market deals with new securities
Secondary market: This market deals with the exchange and trade of existing or previously-
issued securities
Stock market: A type of capital market where equity shares of corporations are issued,
exchanged, bought, and sold
Q.9 What are GST and its objectives?
GST full form is Goods and services tax. It is a type of indirect tax that the government adds to the
price of most goods and services. When you buy something, the price you pay includes this tax.
The company selling the item collects the tax from you and then sends it to the government. In
some places, it is known as Value-Added Tax (VAT).
Due to GST, the same tax rate is applied to all goods and services, no matter where you are in
the country. A unified GST system combines various taxes from the central government and
state-level taxes into one single tax. This system makes almost everything taxed at the same
rate.
The main objective of GST is to bring the entire country under a single tax regime. It aims to
eliminate multiple layers of taxation which it has successfully done over the period of years.
There are several other objectives for which the government replaced existing indirect taxes with
GST. Here, we will be discussing primarily those objectives.
1. Building a Common Market with Uniform Taxation
2. Eliminating the Cascading Effect of Taxes
3. Simplifying the Taxation System
4. Combining Many Indirect Taxes into One
5. Widening the Tax Base
6. Reducing Tax Evasion
Q.10 Explain the type of GST Return ?
A GST return is a comprehensive document that encapsulates the entirety of a GST-registered
taxpayer's financial transactions, encompassing both income and expenses. It is obligatory for
every GSTIN holder to furnish this document to the tax administrative authorities. The primary
purpose of this document is to enable tax authorities to compute the taxpayer's net tax liability
accurately. It comprises of various types of GST returns to be filed. Under the GST framework, a
registered dealer must submit GST returns, which essentially cover the following key aspects:
Purchases: A detailed account of all purchases made by the taxpayer.
Sales: An exhaustive record of all sales transactions conducted by the taxpayer.
Output GST (On Sales): Documentation of the GST applicable on the taxpayer's sales.
Input Tax Credit (GST Paid on Purchases): An account of the GST payments made on
purchases, which can be offset against the output GST liability.
If you are in need of assistance for filing the different types of GST returns or require support with
your GST filings, consider exploring the IndiaFilings GST software for a seamless experience.
Who Should File GST Returns?
Any business or individual registered under GST is obligated to file GST returns. Registration
under GST is mandatory for businesses whose aggregate turnover exceeds the prescribed
threshold limit. The threshold limit may vary for different categories of taxpayers, such as
regular taxpayers and composition scheme dealers.

Q.11 What is Word Processing and its benefits?

Word processing is the use of a computer program to create, edit, and print documents. It's a common
technology tool that allows users to create a variety of documents.
Benefits of word processing
Efficiency--Word processing is more efficient than writing by hand or using a typewriter.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Productivity --Word processing software has features that can help you be more productive, such as
spell-check, grammar-check, and built-in dictionaries.
Collaboration --Some word processing programs allow users to collaborate in real time.
File storage --Word processing programs can save documents electronically, which can help protect
your files from loss.
Features of word processing programs
Formatting: Word processing programs allow you to change the appearance of text.
Media: Word processing programs allow you to add images, tables, charts, and other media to your
documents.
Editing: Word processing programs allow you to insert, edit, move, copy, or delete text.
Proofreading: Word processing programs allow you to check your spelling and grammar.
Examples of word processing programs
Microsoft Word , Google Docs , LibreOffice Writer , Microsoft Works Word Processor , Open Office
Writer , Word Perfect

Q.12 What are the advantage and Disadvantage of Computer?

Computers have many advantages, including speed, storage, and connectivity, but also have
disadvantages, including health risks and security concerns.
Advantages :
Speed: Computers can perform tasks quickly and accurately.
Storage: Computers can store large amounts of data.
Automation: Computers can automate repetitive tasks.
Connectivity: Computers allow users to communicate with others around the world.
Learning: Computers can help users learn new things.
Data understanding: Computers can help users better understand data.
Disadvantages :
Health issues: Prolonged use of computers can cause health issues like RSI, neck and spinal
injuries.
Security risks: Computers are vulnerable to cyber-crimes like viruses, hacking, and data theft.
Job displacement: Computers may displace some jobs.
Privacy concerns: Computers can pose privacy concerns.
Cost: Computers can be expensive.
Maintenance: Computers require constant maintenance and upgrades.
Social isolation: Overuse of computers can lead to a lack of social interaction.
Balancing the advantages and disadvantages of computers can help users leverage their power effectively
Q.13 What is e-Governance? What is its use? B) Explain National e-Governance Plan?
E-governance is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to improve
government services and interactions with citizens. It can also refer to the use of ICT to
improve communication between government agencies
Information access--ICT helps citizens access government information and services more
easily and quickly.
Process efficiency--ICT helps governments process information and data faster, which can
lead to more efficient and transparent government processes.
Accountability -- ICT helps governments hold public service employees accountable by
creating performance monitoring tools.
Record keeping --ICT helps governments keep records of personal information in one place,
making it easier to update.
Examples of e-governance in India:
Haral Haryana (Haryana)

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Antyodaya Saral Haryana makes all government services accessible to common man in his
locality, through common service delivery outlets.
E-Seva (Andhra Pradesh)
Allows citizens to pay utility bills and get certificates, licenses, and permits
Khajane Project (Karnataka)
Digitalized the state's treasury system
FRIENDS (Kerala)
Allows citizens to pay taxes and other financial dues to the state government
Lokvani Project (Uttar Pradesh)
Handles grievances, maintains land records, and provides essential services
Q.14 Write the step to create a company in tally? Write the Steps to create and alter the
leadgers also?
How to create a company in Tally
Step 1: In tally, after login double click on the create company option under company
information. The following navigation path is used to create the company in Tally:
Gateway of Tally → Company Info → Create Company
Step 2: The screen displays the company creation window:
Step 3: Enter the "Company's Mailing Name". This is an important field because it shows all
the printouts.
Step 4: Enter the "Company's Full Address". This is shown on all printouts. Thus it is an
important field.
Step 5: Choose the "Name of the Country" as India from the given countries list.
Step 6: Choose the "State" from the given list of states.
Step 7: Update the "Company's Pin Code", where it is located.
Step 8: Update the "Telephone Number"/ landline of the company.
Step 9: Update the "E-Mail id" and "Website" of the company.
Step 10: Update the financial year starting date of the company. In India, the financial year of
the company starts on 1st April and ends on 31st March.
Step 11: Update the date from which accounting is allowed in Tally. Generally, this date and
the starting date of the financial year are the same. But if the company has been formed on
any other date of the year, that date will be mentioned.
For example: If books have been set to begin from 1-Dec 2019, the Tally will not allow the
entries for the 1-April-2019 to 30-Nov-2019.
Steps to Alter Ledger in Tally
Step 1: Go to the Gateway of Tally.
Step 2: Now, in Gateway of Tally-> Masters-> Account Info.
Step 3: In the Account Info, choose the ledger account option in the list of ledgers.
Step 4: Choose the Alter option in the box.
Step 5: Now, you can modify the details as per your requirements.
Q.15 Write a short note on Computer Monitor?
What is a Monitor?
Monitor belongs to the category of output devices. It is a hardware device which is used to
display output. The monitor can display all the graphics and information to the user through the
video card. In traditional desktop computers, separate monitors are connected to the other
devices with the help of cables. In laptops and tablets, the monitor is built. The monitor is similar
to a TV but has a higher resolution.
History of Monitor
Monitor was first introduced in 1973 by Xerox Alto Computer. Then further high resolutions
were adopted in the late 1980s. Color Cathode Ray Tubes were also introduced during this
time period. Later LCD( Liquid Crystal Display) was introduced by Apple in 1998. During this
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
phase different categories of monitors were introduced. By 2008 LED monitors were
introduced.
Working Principle of Monitor
Monitor works by using pixels to display the information. These are nothing but tiny dots that
emit light. When the monitor receives electrical signals from any other source like for instance
the video card that sends video signals, these signals are processed by the monitor and each
pixel is illuminated using display technology. The color of each pixel is also determined after
processing of signals. The internal circuit of the monitor control the pixel's brightness and the
user can see the images, videos and other outputs on the screen.
Types of Monitor
The different types of monitor are as shown below:
Cathode Ray Tube Monitors: are those monitors that were used in earlier versions of computer.
They are heavier and consume more energy. These monitors produce images through
manipulation of electronic beams.
LCD: stands for Liquid Crystal Display. These monitors are thinner as compared to Cathode
Ray Tubes. They have higher resolution, consume less energy and take up less space.
LED: stands for Light Emitting Diode. As the name suggests it uses light emitting diode for
backlighting. LED Monitor provides upto 4K resolution and is much more environment friendly
as it consumes less energy.
OLED: It stands for Organic Light Emitting Diode. It uses organic materials to convert
electronic current to light. Organic materials include wood, plastic, polymers etc. These
monitors are foldable as compared to traditional LCD or LED. It is thinner and is excellent for
watching movies. However its lifespan is very less and are expensive.
Q.16 Explain the process of preparing the income statements?
What is an income statement--An income statement is one of four key statements used to
understand a business’s financial position. It looks at total revenue, expenses, profits and
losses (which is why it’s also called a profit and loss or PL statement).
Essentially, these statements reveal what’s going on between business balance sheets. Each
report includes all revenues, expenses, gains, and losses, categorises and adds them
together, and calculates net income.
The reporting period is usually monthly, quarterly or annually for public companies.
What income statements do (and don’t) tell you
A typical statement calculates:
Revenue: how much money is earned from sales
Expenses: the cost of keeping the business running, e.g. rent, bank charges, office supplies
Costs of goods sold (COGS): the true cost of producing and selling goods, including labour
Gross profit: total profit after subtracting COGS
Depreciation: any lost value in assets over time
Income before taxes: income minus costs, except before applicable taxes are excluded
Net income: Total income after subtracting all costs
Earnings per share: income divided by all outstanding shares
EBITDA: business earnings before interest, depreciation, taxes and amortisation
Income statements don’t distinguish cash and non-cash payments, receipts and which revenues were
paid out from funds (disbursements).
The most important statement figures are the gross profits, operating income and income before tax.
Why is the income statement important?
Income reports are one of four types of financial statements involved in a business’ financial
reporting and financial statement analysis. It’s combined with balance sheets, cash flow
statements and shareholder equity statements.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Business planning--Knowing where revenue and costs are coming from isn’t enough on its own
to create a financial strategy. But it’s vital for planning since all other reports, presentations
and downstream analyses rely on income reports.
Compliance
Accurate income--reporting is also important to a business’ compliance processes. Auditors
look at these, along with other supporting documents, to check that they paint a credible
picture of the company’s financial situation.
Risk management--Income reports let stakeholders pick up on any errors or aberrations that
suggest finances have not been handled correctly, and can even help identify security and
data breaches.
Steps to prepare an income statement
1. Calculate the total revenue for the chosen period. ...
2. Calculate the expenses and the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) ...
3. Calculate gross profits. ...
4. Include operating expenses. ...
5. Determine earnings before taxes. ...
6. Include income taxes. ...
7. Calculate net income.
Q.17 What is chart ? Name the different type of charts supported by powerpoint?
A chart is a graph or diagram that visualizes data. PowerPoint supports many different types of
charts, including column charts, line charts, bar charts, and area charts.
Types of charts in PowerPoint
Column chart: A bar-shaped chart that shows data arranged in columns
Line chart: A chart that shows changes over time by connecting data points with a line
Bar chart: A chart that shows data and differences by using the length of bars
Area chart: A chart that shows changes over time by filling the area between lines and the x-
axis with color
Stacked column chart: A chart that shows the parts that contribute to a whole over time
Charts help communicate data graphically and make it easier to understand large amounts of
data. They can also help show relationships between different data series.
How to change a Chart style
To change a chart style in PowerPoint, you can:
Click the chart you want to change
Click Chart Styles in the upper right corner
Click Style and choose the option you want
Q.18 Define the following
A) Host-- A host computer is a device that can access a network and provide services to other
devices. Hosts can be computers, tablets, or other devices.
How does a host computer work?
Hosts can be clients or servers.
Hosts can send or receive data, services, and applications.
Hosts use protocols like TCP and UDP to communicate.
Hosts can be assigned an IP address manually, automatically, or by stateless address
autoconfiguration.
Hosts can participate in peer-to-peer applications, where all nodes share resources.
Examples of host computers-- Personal electronic devices, thin clients, and multi-functional
devices.
Host computer in a network--A host computer is the main computer in a network that controls
the programs and files. To print from any other machine on the network, the host computer must
be switched on.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
B) Node-- A node is a connection point in a network, and a computer is a type of node. A node
can be a physical device or a logical connection, such as a virtual machine.
Explanation
A node is a point of communication or connection in a network.
A node can be a device that sends, receives, or forwards data.
A node can be a physical device, such as a computer, router, or server.
A node can be a logical connection, such as a virtual machine or network device
C) Workstation-- A workstation is a high-performance computer built for professional tasks,
delivering more power than typical personal computers. It features faster processors which
handle complex jobs swiftly. With lots of RAM and extra storage, these computers can run
multiple intensive programs at once without slowing down.
Workstations often come with one or more high-resolution screens, ideal for professions like
engineering, architecture, and graphic design, where users often work with large, complex files
and software.
D) Network Card-- A network card, also known as a network interface card (NIC), is a hardware
component that lets a computer connect to a network. It allows data to be sent and received
between the computer and other devices on the network.
How does a NIC work?
Prepares data to be sent over a network medium
Uses MAC addresses to provide physical access to a networking medium
Uses data transfer protocols to ensure the integrity of data
Types of NICs
Wired NIC: Uses an Ethernet cable to connect to a network
Wireless NIC: Uses radio frequencies provided by an antenna to connect to a network
E) Router-- A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or
subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by
forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the
same Internet connection.

Q.19 Define the following:-

A) Uploding and Downloding-- Uploading is when you are transferring data from your computer to the
internet. For example, sending an email or uploading a photo to a website. Downloading is when
you are transferring data from the internet to your computer. Watching a video or surfing the
internet are examples of downloading data.
B) Chat and Blog-- A "chat" is a real-time online communication between two or more people where
messages are exchanged instantly, typically through text, while a "blog" is a website where users
publish regularly updated content in the form of diary-style entries, often with commentary on a
specific topic, allowing readers to comment and interact with the author; essentially, a blog is a
more one-sided form of online communication compared to a chat.
Platforms: Chat functionality can be found on various platforms like messaging apps, social
media, and dedicated chat rooms.
C) Star Topology and Ring Topology-- Star topology and ring topology are ways of arranging devices
in a computer network.
Star topology
A central hub, like a router or switch, connects all the devices in a network
Data travels from the hub to all the devices
A common example is a local area network (LAN) in an office
Star topology is also used in wireless networks
Ring topology

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Each device is connected to two other devices in a closed loop
Data travels in one direction around the ring
Ring topology is used for wide area networks

Q.20 Write short Note on Vlookup and Hlookup finction in Excel?

In MS Excel, knowing the difference between VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP is essential
because they work differently. VLOOKUP searches for data vertically, while HLOOKUP
searches horizontally, based on how your data is arranged, which affects how you retrieve
information from your spreadsheet. Read our blog to learn more about the difference
between VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP.
Aspect VLOOKUP HLOOKUP
Full Form Vertical Lookup Horizontal Lookup
Looks up a value in a horizontal table
Purpose Looks up a value in a vertical table array
array
VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array,
Syntax
col_index_num, [range_lookup]) row_index_num, [range_lookup])
Lookup Direction Vertical Horizontal
Lookup Value Located in the leftmost column of the table Located in the top row of the table
Table Array Table range, including the lookup column Table range, including the lookup row
Specifies the column number to return the Specifies the row number to return the
Column/Row Index
value from value from
Optional parameter: TRUE for
Optional parameter: TRUE for approximate
Range Lookup approximate match, FALSE for exact
match, FALSE for exact match
match

Q.21 Explain the type of animation and transition in powerpoint?

In PowerPoint, animation is a special effect for a single slide element, while a transition is a
special effect between slides.
Animation
Applies to a single element on a slide, such as text, an image, or a shape
Can be used to add effects to elements of a slide
Can be used to create entrance, emphasis, exit, and motion path effects
Can be used to create custom animations for text, pictures, and objects on a slide
Transition
Occurs when you move from one slide to the next during a presentation
Can be used to add effects to the whole slide
Can be used to make the transition between slides feel smooth and natural
How to add a transition
Click the Transitions tab on the Menu ribbon
Select a transition from the list
Choose whether you want the transition to play automatically or on mouse click
Set the duration of the transition
Q.22 Explain the following:-
Debitor & Creditor-- A debtor is a person or entity that owes money to another person or entity,
while a creditor is the person or entity that lends the money.
Examples
If you take out a loan from a bank to buy a house, you are the debtor and the bank is the
creditor.
If you give a loan to a family member, you are the creditor and the family member is the debtor.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
If a small business owner orders raw materials from a supplier, the business owner is the debtor
and the supplier is the creditor.
Debtor and creditor in business
Debtors and creditors play a big role in the performance of a business.
Companies must manage their debtors and creditors to receive payments on time and send
payments on time
Debit & Credit-- In accounting, debits and credits are entries that record money flowing into and
out of an account. They are the foundation of double-entry bookkeeping.
What are debits and credits?
Debits: Record money flowing into an account. Debits are often represented as DR.
Credits: Record money flowing out of an account. Credits are often represented as CR.
Q.23 Explain Following:--
A) USB Disk- USB Stand for Universal Socket Bus, if you need to store your data or transfer the
data to another computer , you need to use a Universal Storage Device like USB Pen Drive.
B) Maganetic Tape -- Magnetic tape is a storage medium that uses a thin plastic strip coated
with magnetic material to record and store data. It's often used for backups, archiving, and large-
scale data storage
C) Control Unit- The control unit (CU) is a key component of a computer's central processing
unit (CPU) that controls the execution of instructions. It's also known as the instruction
sequencer.
What does the control unit do?
Interprets and decodes instructions from memory
Controls the flow of data between different parts of the CPU
Manages the overall operation of the processor
Determines the sequence of operations
Ensures proper coordination among different components
Handles all input and output to and from the processor
Regulates and controls timing
Sends and receives control signals from other devices

D) Storage Unit-- A computer's storage unit is a hardware component that stores data, programs,
and files. Storage units can be primary or secondary, and can be internal or external.
Primary storage
Also known as main memory or RAM
Stores data that is currently being processed by the CPU
Examples include RAM and ROM
Secondary storage
Also known as auxiliary storage
Stores data that is not currently being processed by the CPU
Examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), USB drives, and floppy
Disk.Secondary storage is typically slower than primary storage, but it can store much more data
E) Hard Disk & SSD -- Solid state drives (SSD) and hard disk drives (HDD) are data storage
devices. SSDs store data in flash memory, while HDDs store data in magnetic disks. SSDs are a
newer technology that uses silicon's physical and chemical properties to offer more storage
volume, speed, and efficiency.
Q.24 Explain How A Person Improve His/Her Listening Skills?
To improve listening skills, a person should actively focus on the speaker by maintaining
eye contact, minimizing distractions, paying attention to non-verbal cues, asking clarifying

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
questions, refraining from interrupting, and summarizing key points to demonstrate
understanding, all while practicing empathy to fully grasp the speaker's message and emotions.
Key aspects of active listening to improve listening skills:
Full Attention: Be present in the moment, put away distractions like phones, and focus solely on
the speaker.
Non-verbal cues: Observe body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to understand the
speaker's emotions and intent beyond words.
Eye contact: Maintain eye contact to show engagement and respect towards the speaker.
Clarifying questions: Ask questions to seek clarification on points that are unclear or to delve
deeper into the topic.
Paraphrasing: Summarize key points of the speaker's message in your own words to confirm
understanding.
Q.25 What Is Filter ? How Do You Set Filter In Your Spredsheet?
A "filter" in a spreadsheet is a tool that allows you to temporarily hide rows of data that don't meet
specific criteria, essentially showing only the relevant information based on your chosen
parameters, without actually deleting any data; to set a filter, typically navigate to the "Data" tab,
select "Filter," and then click the arrow in the header of the column you want to filter to choose
your criteria.
Key points about filters:
Purpose: Filters help you focus on specific subsets of your data by displaying only the rows that
match your chosen criteria.
How to apply:
Select the range of data you want to filter.
Go to the "Data" tab in your spreadsheet.
Click "Filter".
Click the arrow in the header of the column you want to filter.
Choose your filtering criteria (e.g., text contains, greater than, specific value).
Q.26 Explain The Features Of GST?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a nationwide indirect tax levied on businesses with the
goal of making India a unified market. It is a single tax applied on the product life cycle of goods
and services. There are three types of GST — central GST (CGST), state GST (SGST), and
integrated GST (IGST). The Centre levies CGST and the states levy SGST on the supply of
goods and services within a state, otherwise known as intrastate supply. For supplies made
between States/Union Territories, otherwise known as interstate supplies, the Centre levies
IGST. The revenue obtained from IGST supplies is divided between the Centre and the state as
per a predetermined ratio and based on where the goods are consumed.
Top 10 Salient Features of GST
Single Indirect Tax--GST is a single, unified tax, meaning you don’t have to pay a myriad of other
taxes anymore, such as value-added tax, excise duty, service tax, and others. This unification
has made tax compliance easier for businesses as well as reduced the cost of several goods and
services.
Registration exemptions for small businesses--Every business with a total turnover exceeding
Rs.40 lakhs in a financial year is mandated to register under GST. For special category states
and the state of Telangana, the limit is Rs 20 lakhs. For service providers under GST, the
threshold limits are Rs.20 lakh and Rs.10 lakh for normal category and special category states,
respectively. Small businesses that do not exceed the threshold limits do not need to register
under GST and collect and pay taxes.
Four-Tier Tax Structure—
5% — Essential goods, such as food items and life-saving drugs
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
12% — Goods such as certain apparel items, packaged food, nuts, medicines, etc.
18% — Goods such as electronic items, consumer durables, and most services
28% — Luxury and sin goods such as cars, tobacco, and aerated drinks
In addition to these four tax rates, there is also a Nil rate imposed on several essential goods,
such as food grains, as well as special tax rates of 0.25% and 3% imposed on certain luxury
goods like precious stones and jewellery. There are also special rates for taxpayers under the
composition scheme.

GST Composition Scheme--The GST composition scheme allows eligible businesses to pay GST
at a lower rate on their taxable turnover. It also reduces the number of compliances a business
needs to adhere to. Manufacturers that have a turnover of up to Rs 1.5 crore are allowed to opt
into the composition scheme. In North-Eastern states and Himachal Pradesh, this limit is Rs.75
lakhs. There is also a special composition scheme for service providers with a turnover of up to
Rs.50 lakh. However, a business paying tax under the composition scheme cannot claim the
input tax credit, as explained in the next pointer.

Input Tax Credit System--Input Tax Credit (ITC) is the credit a registered GST taxpayer can claim for
the GST paid on inputs (i.e., raw materials, capital goods, and services) that are used in
producing or supplying goods and services.

Under the GST system, the tax is levied at each stage of the supply chain, from the manufacturer to
the retailer, and is ultimately borne by the final consumer. The tax paid at each stage can be
claimed as an input tax credit (ITC) in the subsequent stage, except for businesses that opt for
the composition scheme.

For example, a manufacturer, Mr.X, pays Rs.5,000 as GST on procuring parts to manufacture a
car, say, on tyres. He can claim this Rs.5,000 as input tax credit at the time of paying GST on the
sale of the final product, which is the car. Assume his GST liability on the sale of the car is
Rs.36,000. By setting off input tax credit of Rs.5,000, he will need to pay only Rs.31,000 to the
government. Hence, the claiming of input tax credit prevents the cascading effect of taxes that
was faced under the erstwhile tax regimes.

Invoice Matching--The GST system checks whether the details of the invoices filed by the
supplier match those of the invoices filed by the recipient. For example, the supplier files their
GSTR-1 return, which is the return of outward supplies. These details appear in the recipient’s
GSTR-2B statement, which contains details of their purchases made and input tax credit
available, and is used as reference when filing the GSTR-3B.

Consumption-Based Tax--GST is a destination-based consumption tax. The GST collected on

goods and services is not received by the manufacturer’s state but by the state where the
supplies are consumed. And although GST is charged at every stage, whenever value is added
to the goods or services, the supplier of the goods or services offsets this GST by claiming input
tax credit of the GST paid on previous stages. Ultimately, the final dealer passes on the GST to
the final consumer of the goods or services.

Anti-Profiteering Measures--Under the GST system, businesses must pass on the benefit of lower
tax rates or ITC to consumers by reducing the prices of their goods or services. The GST law
comprises anti-profiteering measures that include a framework to identify whether the benefits
have been passed on to consumers.

Competitive Advantage--The removal of the cascading effect and the introduction of ITC has
helped Indian businesses reduce their cost of compliance and the cost of production. This has
given Indian businesses a competitive advantage in the international market, making them more
attractive to foreign buyers and investors.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Digital compliance and payments--GST compliance is almost completely digital. From registration
to return filings to payments, taxpayers can undertake them online on the common GST portal.
Taxpayers can pay GST online via internet banking, National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT),
Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), and debit or credit cards. Even applications for refunds can
be made online. In cases where discrepancies are detected, there are automated notices sent to
taxpayers with a provision to respond and rectify the same.

Q.27 Write A Short Note On TDS, TCS ?

Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes are types of taxes that the government collects. Direct Taxes are
contributed to the government by the person receiving the income. On the other hand, indirect
taxes must be deposited with the government by the seller.
TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) and TCS (Tax Collected at Source) are two instances of Indirect
Taxes imposed by the government. It is a common misconception that TDS and TCS are the
same for taxation purposes, but that is not the case. There is a significant difference between
TDS and TCS.
The distinction between TDS Vs TCS deviates at the tax deduction and collection level, as well
as who is responsible and who is applicable.
TDS Meaning--Tax Deducted at Source was introduced to capture tax revenue at the source.
However, as a result, when a taxpayer pays another taxpayer, they must subtract TDS and
compensate it to the Central Government.
The idea of subtracting and paying ensures that the payer of income collects tax and that the
recipient offers their income for taxation. In this manner, taxes are collected in advance, and the
central government tracks income. When filing an income tax return, the taxpayer may claim the
TDS. The rate of TDS varies depending on the kind of income, the kind of taxpayer, and the
taxpayer's place of residence.
TCS Meaning--TCS mandates that the seller of goods overseas tax collection from the purchaser
of said goods. The seller deposits the money to the national government's credit after collecting
the tax. Collection incidents occur when receiving sales proceeds or debiting accounts,
depending on which occurs first. Section 206C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 lists the items subject
to TCS. These include wood, alcohol, lignite, and coal, as well as parking lots and toll booths.
TCS is only allowed to sell goods up to a maximum of ₹50 lakhs.
Q.28 Expalin The Difference Between Current Ration And Liqudity Ratio?
The current ratio is a broader measure of a company's ability to pay short-term debts, while the
liquidity ratio is a more focused measure.
Current ratio
Includes all current assets, including inventory
Measures a company's ability to pay debts over the next 12 months
A current ratio of 1.5–3 is considered healthy for a business
A current ratio above 1 indicates good short-term financial strength
Liquidity ratio--Includes only the most liquid assets, such as cash, bank accounts, and short-
term investments Excludes inventory and prepaid expenses
Measures a company's ability to repay short-term creditors out of its total cash
A liquidity ratio of more than 1 is considered good
When to use--Lenders often prefer to use the liquidity ratio over the current ratio when assessing
a company's financial health. Both ratios are important for understanding a company's short-term
solvency.
Calculating ratios
Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities
Liquid ratio = (Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities
Q.29 Explain The Different Type Of Internet Protocol?
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
There are several types of Internet Protocols, including TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and
Telnet. Each type of protocol has a specific function in the network ecosystem.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The standard form of TCP is the backbone of all internet communication.
It defines how to establish communications so that programs can extend data.
It works with IP to define how a computer sends and receives data packets over a network.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP is an alternative to TCP and works with IP to transmit time-sensitive data.
It enables low-latency data transmissions between internet applications.
It is ideal for VoIP or other audio and video requirements.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP is a layer 7 protocol that is designed for transferring a hypertext between two or more
systems. It works on a client-server model. Most of the data sharing over the web is done through
using HTTP.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP is a standard network protocol provided by TCP/IP.
It is used to transfer files from one server to another.
It is responsible for the reliably and efficient transfer of files.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
SMTP defines a set of rules that allows two programs to send and receive mail over the network.
Q.30 What Is Company ? Explain The Type Of Company And Characteristics?
A company is a legal entity that is formed by a group of people to conduct business activities. It is
a separate legal entity from its owners.
Characteristics of a company
Limited liability: The liability of the company's members is limited to a certain amount.
Separate legal status: The company is a separate legal entity from its owners.
Share ownership: The company's ownership is divided into shares.
Types of companies
Public company --A company that is not private and offers its securities to the general public for
subscription through stock exchanges.
Private company--A company that does not offer its securities to the general public for
subscription through stock exchanges.
One person company (OPC) --A company that is established by a single individual.
Company limited by shares
A company where the liability of its members is limited to the amount unpaid on the shares they
hold.
Company limited by guarantee --A company where the liability of its members is limited to the
amount they agree to contribute to the company's assets in the event of its winding up.
Other types of companies Section 8 company, Limited liability partnership firm, Partnership firm,
and Sole proprietorship firm.
Characteristics of a Company under Company Law-2013
The definition of a company in law carries several distinct characteristics that differentiate it from
other business forms like sole proprietorships or partnerships. Here are the primary legal
characteristics of a company:
Artificial Legal Person
A company is a legal entity created by law. It has all the rights and responsibilities of a natural
person, such as entering into contracts, owning assets, and suing or being sued. However, it
cannot physically act; it operates through its Board of Directors.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Separate Legal Entity
A company has a distinct legal identity from its members. This ensures that the company’s assets
and liabilities are separate from those of its shareholders. The principle of separate legal
personality was affirmed in the Salomon case, protecting shareholders from personal liability for
the company’s debts.
Limited Liability
The liability of a company’s shareholders is limited to the unpaid value of their shares. This
ensures that the personal assets of shareholders are protected, even if the company faces
financial difficulties.
Perpetual Succession
The company’s existence is not affected by the death, insolvency, or retirement of its members. It
continues to exist until it is legally dissolved through winding-up procedures.
Transferability of Shares
In a public company, shares can be freely transferred, providing liquidity to investors. However,
private companies may impose restrictions on share transfers through their Articles of
Association.
Common Seal (Optional)
Though optional under the Companies Act 2013, many companies use a common seal as their
official signature for validating documents.
Representative Management
The shareholders elect a Board of Directors to manage the company’s affairs. This ensures
professional and efficient management, as the day-to-day operations are overseen by directors.
Voluntary Association for Profit
A company is formed voluntarily by individuals or entities with the intention of conducting
business for profit. Profits are shared among shareholders as dividends.

Q.31 Explain The Purpose Of Using Print Preview In Excel ?

In Excel, "Print Preview" serves as a visual representation of how your spreadsheet will look
when printed, allowing you to check for formatting issues, page breaks, and overall layout before
committing to a physical printout, thus preventing wasted paper and ensuring your data is
presented correctly on the page.
Key points about using Print Preview in Excel:
Visual confirmation: You can see exactly how your spreadsheet will appear on paper, including
margins, headers, footers, and cell alignment.
Identify layout problems: Check if important data is cut off, if columns are aligned properly, and
if page breaks are placed strategically.
Make adjustments before printing: If necessary, you can modify settings like page orientation,
scaling, and print area within the Print Preview window to optimize the output.
Save paper and ink: By previewing your document first, you can avoid unnecessary print jobs
due to formatting errors.
How to access Print Preview in Excel:
Through the File menu: Go to "File" > "Print".
Keyboard shortcut: Press "Ctrl + P"
Q.32 Explain the type of slide View in Powerpoint ?
In PowerPoint, a "slide view" refers to the way you choose to display your slides while working on
a presentation, with the most common options being "Normal view" (where you edit individual
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
slides), "Slide Sorter view" (for rearranging slide order as thumbnails), and "Slide Show view" (for
presenting your slides full-screen to an audience).
Key PowerPoint slide views:
Normal View: This is the default view where you can see a single slide at a time and edit its
content, including text, images, and formatting.
Slide Sorter View: Displays all your slides as thumbnails, allowing you to easily reorder them,
add or delete slides, and preview transitions and animations.
Slide Show View: Presents your slides full-screen as they would be seen during a presentation,
allowing you to navigate through them using keyboard or mouse commands.
Other less commonly used slide views in PowerPoint:
Notes Page View: Shows the slide with a space below to add speaker notes
Outline View: Displays the text content of your slides in an outline format for easy editing
Presenter View: Allows you to see the current slide on one screen while viewing speaker notes
and upcoming slides on a separate monitor
Q.33 Explainthe Type Of Printer ?
Printer-- Printers can be used for many purposes but some of them are creating documents,
images and other visual representations on paper. Printers can print any information that has
been passed to it, whether it be Text, Numbers or Images. It depends on the type of printer and
what quality or colour of the printed matter.
Inkjet Printers--Inkjet Printers are used for domestic as well as small business uses due to the
high quality prints they give out. With these printers, a hydraulic system is in use to spray a
personified ink with precision over paper using microscopic nozzles which produces sharp and
colourful images.
Laser Printers--Laser printers are high-speed, green printing devices that make use of laser
generation to supply crisp and precise text and graphics. They work via creating an electrostatic
image on a photosensitive drum the usage of a laser beam, which draws toner debris. laser
printers are widely utilized in offices and homes.
Dot Matrix Printers--A dot matrix printer is a member of the effect printers, whereby with the
use pins in small matrices to hit on an ink joined ribbon fabricating each word and image prints.
These printers art work using the principle of impact, in which pins strike paper by means of
ribbon and these produce spots that are dot formation to make characters and images.
Thermal Printer--The thermal printer is a type of printer that produces pictures or texts with the
aid of heat on specially treated paper or other fabric. Thermal printers, differ from inkjet and laser
systems, rely on the software of heat based control to selectively cause head-sensitive elements
printed on a media.
Plotter--A plotter printer is a form of output device that is used to provide amazing, big-layout
prints or drawings. Unlike traditional printers that use raster-based technology to create pictures
dot by means of dot, plotters use vector pictures to attract non-stop lines. Plotters are commonly
employed in diverse professional fields which include engineering, architecture, and layout
wherein precision and special drawings are required.
Q.34 Explain the type of Operating System, Why It Is Used?
Operating Systems can be categorized according to different criteria like whether an operating
system is for mobile devices (examples Android and iOS) or desktop (examples Windows and
Linux). In this article, we are going to classify based on functionalities an operating system
provides.
Batch Operating System--This type of operating system does not interact with the computer
directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. Batch Operating System is
designed to manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.
Multi-Programming Operating System --Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be
simply illustrated as more than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be
kept in execution. This is basically used for better utilization of resources.
Multi-Processing Operating System--Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of
Operating System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System. It increases the throughput of the system as processes can be parallelized. As it
has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another processor.
Multi User Operating Systems--These systems allow multiple users to be active at the same
time. These system can be either multiprocessor or single processor with interleaving.
Distributed Operating System--These types of operating system is a recent advancement in
the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great
pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
Network Operating System--These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of
operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking
functions over a small private network.
Real-Time Operating System--These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.Real-
time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Mobile Operating Systems--These operating systems are mainly for mobile devices.
Examples of such operating systems are Android and iOS.
Q.35 Explain The Features Of Trading And Profit And Loss Account?
A business needs to prepare a trading and profit and loss account first before moving on to the
balance sheet. Trading and profit and loss accounts are useful in identifying the gross profit and
net profits that a business earns.
The trading and profit and loss account are two different accounts that are formed within the
general ledger. The two parts of the account are:
1. Trading Account
2. Profit and Loss Account
Trading account is the first part of this account, and it is used to determine the gross profit that is
earned by the business while the profit and loss account is the second part of the account, which
is used to determine the net profit of the business.
Trading Account--Trading account is used to determine the gross profit or gross loss of a
business which results from trading activities. Trading activities are mostly related to the buying
and selling activities involved in a business. Trading account is useful for businesses that are
dealing in the trading business. This account helps them to easily determine the overall gross
profit or gross loss of the business. The amount thus determined is an indicator of the efficiency
of the business in buying and selling.
The formulae for calculating gross profit is as follows:
Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold
Profit and Loss Account--Profit and loss account shows the net profit and net loss of the
business for the accounting period. This account is prepared in order to determine the net profit
or net loss that occurs during an accounting period for a business concern.
Profit and loss account get initiated by entering the gross loss on the debit side or gross profit on
the credit side. This value is obtained from the balance which is carried down from the Trading
account.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Net profit can be determined by deducting business expenses from the gross profit and adding
other incomes obtained
Net profit = Gross profit – Expenses + Other income
Q.36 Describe Different Components Of Comuter?
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, performs operations, displays results, and
stores the data or results as needed. It is a combination of hardware and software resources
that integrate and provide various functionalities to the user. Hardware is the physical
components of a computer, such as a processor, memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while
software is a set of programs or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to
function properly.
There are basically three important components of a computer:
1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit(CPU)
3. Output Unit
Input Unit--The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the computer. These
devices take input and convert it into binary language that the computer understands. Some of
the common input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc.
Central Processing Unit--Once the information is entered into the computer by the input device,
the processor processes it. The CPU is called the brain of the computer because it is the control
centre of the computer. It first fetches instructions from memory and then interprets them so as to
know what is to be done. If required, data is fetched from memory or input device. Thereafter
CPU executes or performs the required computation, and then either stores the output or
displays it on the output device. The CPU has three main components, which are responsible for
different functions: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory registers
Control Unit: The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and out of the CPU, and also
controls all the operations of ALU, memory registers and also input/output units. It is also responsible for
carrying out all the instructions stored in the program. It decodes the fetched instruction, interprets it and
sends control signals to input/output devices until the required operation is done properly by ALU and
memory.
Output Unit--The output unit consists of output devices that are attached to the computer. It converts the
binary data coming from the CPU to human understandable form. The common output devices are monitor,
printer, plotter, etc.
The output unit displays or prints the processed data in a user-friendly format.
The output unit is formed by attaching the output devices of a computer.
The output unit accepts the information from the CPU and displays it in a user-readable form.
Characteristics of a Computer:-
Speed: Computers can perform millions of calculations per second. The computation speed is
extremely fast.
Accuracy: Because computers operate on pre-programmed software, there is no space for
human error.
Diligence: They can perform complex and long calculations at the same time and with the same
accuracy.
Versatile: Computers are designed to be versatile. They can carry out multiple operations at the
same time.
Storage: Computers can store a large amount of data/ instructions in its memory, which can be
retrieved at any point of time.
Q.37 What Are The Silent Features In Tally?
Tally is an accounting software that has many features, including inventory management, payroll
management, accounting reports, and budgeting.
Inventory management--Track and control stock levels ,Create stock groups ,Define units of
measurement ,Manage multiple stock locations ,Integrate inventory and accounts ,Enable
inventory costing to accounts and vice versa

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Payroll management --Set up employee records ,Track employee attendance, leave, and
salary ,Generate payroll reports , Generate compliance documents such as salary slips and tax
returns
Accounting reports --Generate financial reports such as balance sheets, profit and loss
statements, cash flow statements, and trial balances
Analyze cash flow and trends --Provide insights into the financial health and performance of
the business ,Budgeting establish detailed budgets and set specific financial targets.
Taxation and compliance --Automatically calculate taxes such as GST, VAT, TDS, and TCS
Generate tax reports --Facilitate the e-filing of tax returns
Other features Asset management, Ledger maintenance, Bank reconciliation, Record levels
monitoring, and Supply chain management
Q.38 Wht Menu Options Is Available In Gateway Of Tally Screen ?
On the Gateway of Tally screen, the primary menu options available are "Display" which allows
you to access various financial reports like Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Account, Trial Balance,
Day Book, and other ledgers, along with options to "Create" new accounting masters (like
groups, ledgers, stock items), "Go To" for navigating to specific vouchers, and "F11: Features" to
access company-level configurations like GST settings.
Key points about the Gateway of Tally menu
Direct Access to Key Reports: -The Gateway of Tally directly displays the Balance Sheet and
Profit & Loss Account as the most important financial statements.
Accessing other reports: -To view other reports like Trial Balance or Day Book, navigate to the
"Display" menu.
Master Creation: -Users can create new accounting masters like groups, ledgers, stock items
from the Gateway of Tally.
Configuration Access: -By pressing "F11: Features", users can access various company-level
configurations including GST settings.
Q.39 Explain Five Primary Groups In Tally ?
The five primary groups in Tally are capital account, current assets, current liabilities, direct
expenses, and fixed assets. These groups are used to classify ledger accounts.
Capital account: Used to manage and track all accounts
Current assets: Used to classify all short-term assets
Current liabilities: Used to classify accounts like outstanding liabilities, statutory liabilities, and
other minor liabilities
Direct expenses: Used to classify expenses like duties and taxes
Fixed assets: Used to classify assets like long-term investments
Other groups in Tally:
Loans, Investments, Miscellaneous expenses, Sales accounts, Purchase accounts, Direct
incomes, Indirect incomes, Indirect expenses, Provisions, and Suspense accounts.
You can create, alter, and delete account groups. You can also manage groups in multiple
companies.
How groups are used
Groups are used to organize and categorize ledger accounts. This helps you view and analyze
your business's financial data.
Q.40 Explain Any Five Accounting Voucher In Tally?
Accounting vouchers in Tally are used to record financial transactions like payments, sales,
receipts, and purchases. There are several types of accounting vouchers, including:
Receipt Note: Used to record goods received from a supplier
Delivery Note: Used to record goods delivered to customers
Payment Voucher: Used to provide details like the instrument number and print a check

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Contra Voucher: Used to withdraw or deposit cash between bank accounts or cash accounts
Credit Note Voucher: Used for sales returns
Debit Note Voucher: Used for purchase returns
Other accounting vouchers: Sales Voucher, Purchase Voucher, and Journal Voucher.
Inventory vouchers: Physical Stock, Material In, Material Out, Rejections In, Rejections Out,
Stock Journal, Delivery Note, and Receipt Note.
Shortcut keys for some vouchers:
 Receipt Note: Alt + F9
 Delivery Note: Alt + F8
 Rejection Note In: Ctrl + F6
 Rejection Note Out: Alt + F6
 Stock Journal: Alt + F7
 Physical Stock: Alt + F10
 Purchase Order: Alt + F4
 Sales Order: Alt + F5
Q.41 Explain The Process Of Creating Company In Tally?
To create a company in Tally, once you launch the software, navigate to the "Create Company"
option, where you'll need to provide essential details like the company name, mailing address,
contact information, and the desired financial year, allowing you to set up a new company within
the Tally system to manage your business transactions separately; you can access this option by
pressing Alt+K (Company) > Create if you already have a company open.
Key steps to create a company in Tally:
Launch Tally: Open the Tally software and access the "Gateway of Tally" screen.
Select "Create Company": Click on the "Create Company" option, which appears when you first
launch Tally or can be accessed by pressing Alt+K (Company) > Create.
Enter Company Details:
Company Name: Provide the official name of your company.
Mailing Name (Optional): If you want a different name to appear on invoices and reports, you can
specify a separate mailing name.
Address: Input your company's complete mailing address including state and pin code.
Contact Details: Enter relevant contact information like phone number and email.
Financial Year Selection: Choose the financial year you want to start recording transactions for.
Optional Settings: Depending on your business needs, you may need to set up additional
details like currency, tax settings, accounting ledgers, and inventory items at this stage
Q.42 How Can You Genrate Different Tyoe Of Reports In Tally?
Press Alt+G (Go To) > type of select a report and press Enter. Alternatively, Gateway of Tally >
Display More Reports > drill down to different groups and select the required report. You can also
press Expand All to see all the reports upfront under each group.
You can generate different types of reports in Tally by using the Go To option, the Gateway of
Tally option, or by selecting a report group.
Using the Go To option--Press Alt+G (Go To) ,Type or select a report ,Press Enter
Using the Gateway of Tally option--Go to Gateway of Tally ,Select Display More Reports ,Drill
down to different groups ,Select the required report ,Generating specific reports .
Statutory reports: You can generate GST reports, such as GSTR-1, using the Gateway of
Tally option
Payroll reports: TallyPrime can generate payroll reports in the required formats
Sales reports: Tally can generate customer wise sales reports
MIS reports: You can create customized MIS reports to provide details about an item,
ledger, account, or balance
Column-based reports--Tally has four types of column-based reports: Multi-Column Reports,
Auto-Column Reports, Automatic Auto-Column Reports, and Columnar Reports.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Q.43 What Are The Advantage And Disadvantage Of Tally Software?
Tally software has many advantages, including data management, financial management,
and remote access. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as security and
subscription costs.
Advantages--
Data management: Tally can store and manage client data in one place.
Financial management: Tally can help with financial and stock management, sales and
purchase management, and reporting.
Remote access: Tally allows businesses to access their financial data from anywhere with
an internet connection.
Data synchronization: Tally can synchronize data from multiple locations.
Automatic updates: Tally on Cloud automatically updates the software with the latest
security patches and features.
Data reliability: Tally's data set is robust and can withstand machine shutdowns and power
outages.
Disadvantages--
Security: Tally data can be lost if the user password is lost or forgotten, or if the computer
is infected with a virus or the hard disk crashes.
Subscription costs: Tally on Cloud may have subscription costs.
Internet dependence: Tally on Cloud depends on an internet connection.
Performance issues: Tally on Cloud may have performance issues.
Customization limitations: Tally on Cloud may have limitations on customization.
Data privacy: Tally on Cloud may have data privacy issues.
Q.44 Write The Steps To Perform Find And Replace In MS Word?
A word processor is a device or software program capable of creating, storing, and printing
text documents. It allows users to write and modify text, display it on a screen, save it
electronically, and print it out.
Word processing software is one of the most common technology tools in the world,
allowing users to create resumes and cover letters, business correspondence, blog posts,
novels, and more.
Traditionally, word processors were computer applications downloaded to a specific
number of computers. But as cloud computing has become more common, so have
browser-based word processors. These typically lack the more advanced features of a
traditional program; however, they offer more flexibility and the ability to collaborate in real
time.
STEP 1: Select a paragraph
STEP 2: Go to Home Tab Editing group
STEP 3: Click on the find option
STEP 4: From the left pane find window type a word to find. You will see yellow
highlighted marks on that word.
STEP 5: Close the left pane window
STEP 6: Home Tab Editing group
STEP 7: Click on replace option
STEP 8: The replace window appears
STEP 9: Type a word you want to replace with the selected one
STEP 8: Click replace all option

Q.45 Explain the Calculation Of Gross Total Income And Taxable Income?

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Gross Total Income is the aggregate of all the income earned by you during a specified period.
According to Section 14 of the Income Tax Act 1961, the income of a person or an assessee can be
categorized under these five heads,

1. Income from Salaries

2. Income from House Property

3. Profits and Gains of Business and Profession

4. Capital Gains

5. Income from Other Sources

Gross Total income is arrived at when your earnings from all these five heads of income
are taken together. In other words, the aggregate of the incomes computed under the
above 5 heads after setting off and carrying forward of losses and after applying clubbing
provisions is known as Gross Total Income (GTI) under section 80B(5).
Here’s the formula for calculating G.T.I. -
G.T.I. = Salary Income + House Property Income + Business/Profession Income + Capital
Gains + Other Sources Income + Clubbed Income - Set off of Losses.
Calculation of taxable income--Your taxable income can be calculated under two regimes: old and new.
Old Regime: Under the old regime, you can claim exemptions on allowances like house
rent allowance, leave travel concession, etc. Deductions under the various sections of the
Income Tax Act are also available under the old regime. These deductions are covered
under sections 80C to 80U. Besides, a deduction of Rs 50,000 is allowed on the interest
paid on home loans under Section 80EE for certain specified loans.
Q.46 Explain the Different Between Laser Printer and Inkjet Printer?
A printer is a peripheral machine for the conversion of digital documents or pictures (stored in electronic
form on a computer or any other machine) into a physical copy. Printers can be used for
many purposes but some of them are creating documents, images and other visual
representations on paper.
Difference between Inkjet and Laser Printer--

S.No. Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

An inkjet printer produces hard copies by jetting ink onto A laser printer provides the output through a
1.
paper. laser and an electrical charge model.

2. It is affordable as compared to the laser printer. It is expensive.

On an inkjet printer, a nozzle is placed through which the

3. In laser printers, there is no nozzle placed.
process of spraying the ink onto the paper gets executed.

In an inkjet printer, the cartridges contain ink in liquid form, In a laser printer, the ink is available in the
4. and it can dry out easily if we don’t use it for a lengthy form of powder. There is no issue of drying
period. out.

5. Here we need to refill the ink quickly, which is expensive. Here, we don’t have to refill the ink quickly.

Example: HP Deskjet 1112 printer, Epson L361 printer, Epson

6. Example: HP LaserJet printer.
L130 single-function printer.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Q.46 Explain the different operations of computer performed by eah unit?
A computer performs five basic operations: inputting, processing, storing, controlling, and
outputting, with the processing operation being handled by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and
the control unit.
Here's a breakdown of each operation:
Input: This involves receiving data and instructions from the user or external sources through
input devices like keyboards, mice, or scanners.
Processing: This is the core function where the computer manipulates the input data. The ALU
performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical
operations (comparison, AND, OR). The control unit directs these operations.
Storing: This involves saving data and instructions for later use. Computers use various storage
devices like RAM (primary storage) and hard drives (secondary storage).
Controlling: The control unit manages the flow of data and instructions within the computer
system, ensuring that operations are performed in the correct sequence.
Output: This involves presenting the processed data or results to the user through output devices
like monitors, printers, or speakers

Q.47 What are the various types of interactions in e-Governance? Expalin any two of them?
In e-governance, the main types of interactions are Government to Citizen (G2C),
Government to Business (G2B), Government to Government (G2G), and Government to
Employee (G2E), each facilitating different aspects of digital interactions and service
delivery.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Government to Citizen (G2C):
This interaction focuses on enabling citizens to access and benefit from government
services efficiently, aiming to make the government more citizen-friendly. Examples
include online portals for accessing public services, applying for permits, or filing taxes.
Government to Business (G2B):
This interaction aims to streamline interactions between the government and businesses,
reducing bureaucracy and costs, and creating a more transparent business environment.
Examples include online platforms for licensing, procurement, and tax payments.
Government to Government (G2G):
This type of interaction facilitates seamless communication and collaboration between
different government entities, including departments, agencies, and different levels of
government (e.g., federal, state, local). The goal is to improve efficiency, performance, and
output within the government system.
Government to Employee (G2E):
This interaction focuses on improving internal government operations by enabling efficient
communication and service delivery to government employees. Examples include online
HR systems, leave management tools, and access to internal information.

Q.48 What is GST Number ? When to file GST return ? Who is required to file GSTR-1?
GSTIN, short for Goods and Services Tax Identification Number, is a unique 15 digit
identification number assigned to every taxpayer (primarily dealer or supplier or any
business entity) registered under the GST regime.
The due dates of monthly and quarterly GSTR-1, GSTR-3B, GSTR-5, GSTR-6, GSTR-7
and GSTR-8 returns are extended for the month/quarter ending 31st December 2024 as
follows-
GSTR-7 & GSTR-8: File by 12th Jan 2025
GSTR-1 (Monthly): File by 13th Jan 2025
GSTR-5 & GSTR-6: File by 15th Jan 2025
GSTR-1 (QRMP): File by 15th Jan 2025

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 GSTR-3B (Monthly): File by 22nd Jan 2025
GSTR-3B (QRMP): File by
All gst registered businesses have to file monthly or quarterly GST returns and an annual
GST return based on the type of business. These GSTR filings are done online on the
GST portal.
Q.49 What are ICONS? Explain any three Icons available on Desktop?
In computing, an icon is a small, easily recognizable graphic symbol on a computer screen
that represents a file, program, action, or function, allowing users to quickly identify and
interact with them.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
What they are:
Icons are visual representations of something, like a file, a program, or a command.
What they do:
They help users quickly identify and interact with different elements on a computer
screen.
Examp
 A camera icon: representing the camera app.
 A recycle bin icon: representing the recycle bin.
 A printer icon: representing the print function.
 A web browser icon: representing a web browser.
 A Microsoft Word icon: representing Microsoft Word.
 A start menu icon: representing the start menu.

Q.50 Define the following

a) Application Software : Application software, also known as apps or software
applications, are computer programs designed to help users perform specific tasks, unlike
system software which manages the computer's hardware. Examples include word
processors (like Microsoft Word), web browsers (like Chrome or Firefox), and image
editors (like Photoshop).
b) Scanner :- A scanner, in its most common usage, is a device that captures images or
text from physical documents and converts them into a digital format. Examples include
flatbed scanners for documents and photos, handheld scanners for scanning documents,
and barcode scanners for reading codes.
c) Control Panel :- A control panel is a graphical interface, like the one in Windows, that
allows users to manage and configure system settings and features, including hardware,
software, and user accounts-
Hardware: You can adjust settings for devices like the mouse, keyboard, display, and
sound.
Software: You can add or remove programs, manage user accounts, and configure
accessibility options.
System: You can change date and time settings, power options, and access administrative
tools.
d) Taskbar:- The taskbar on a computer screen is the narrow strip of icons, usually
located at the bottom of the screen, that shows you which windows are currently open and
that allows you to control functions such as the Start button and the clock.
e) Icons: In computing, an icon is a small, easily recognizable graphic symbol on a
computer screen that represents a file, program, action, or function, allowing users to
quickly identify and interact with them.
Q.51 A) Describe briefly three objectives of prearing profit and loss A/c?
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 The main objectives of preparing a Profit and Loss account are to determine a business's
net profit or loss over a specific period, provide information for financial analysis, and meet
statutory requirements.
Here's a more detailed explanation of those objectives:
Determine Net Profit or Loss: The primary purpose of a Profit and Loss account (also known
as an Income Statement) is to calculate the net profit or loss a business has made during
a specific accounting period (e.g., a year). This is achieved by summarizing all revenues
and expenses incurred during that period.
Provide Information for Financial Analysis: The Profit and Loss account provides crucial data
for analyzing a company's financial performance and making informed decisions. It helps
stakeholders (owners, investors, creditors, etc.) assess the company's profitability and
overall financial health.
Meet Statutory Requirements: In many jurisdictions, businesses are legally required to
prepare and file financial statements, including a Profit and Loss account, to comply with
accounting standards and regulations
B) Expain two direct and two indirect expenses?
In accounting, expenses are costs incurred by a business to generate revenue,
encompassing everything from wages and rent to supplies and utilities, ultimately affecting
a company's profitability.
Direct expenses--are costs directly tied to producing a specific product or service (e.g., raw
materials), while
indirect expenses--are costs supporting the overall business but not directly linked to
production (e.g., rent).
Direct Expenses:
Raw Materials: These are the fundamental components used in creating a product or
service. For example, in a bakery, flour and sugar are direct materials.
Direct Labor: This refers to the wages paid to employees directly involved in the production
process. For instance, the wages of factory workers assembling a product are direct labor
costs.
Indirect Expenses:
Rent: The cost of leasing or owning office or factory space, which is necessary for the
business to operate, but not directly linked to a specific product or service.
Utilities: Expenses for electricity, water, and heating required to run the business, which are
not directly tied to any single product or service.
Q.52 Define
A) Debtor - A debtor is the party who has borrowed money or received goods/services on
credit and is obligated to repay the debt or make paymentA debtor is the opposite of a
creditor; the creditor is the party who lent the money or provided the goods/servicesA
customer who has purchased goods on credit from a business
B) Purchase- In accounting, a "purchase" refers to the acquisition of goods or services by
a business, typically in exchange for money, either on cash or credit, for the purpose of
production, operations, or resale.Businesses make purchases to obtain the necessary
resources (raw materials, inventory, etc.) to operate and generate revenue.
Cash Purchases: Goods or services are paid for immediately with cash.
Credit Purchases: Goods or services are purchased with the promise to pay at a later date
C) Assets - an asset is a resource owned or controlled by a business or individual that is
expected to provide future economic benefits, such as generating revenue or reducing
expensesAssets can be tangible (like property, equipment, or inventory) or intangible (like
intellectual property, patents, or goodwill).
Types of Assets:

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
 Current Assets: These are assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one
year, such as cash, accounts receivable, and inventory.
Fixed Assets: These are long-term assets used in the business operations, such as land,
buildings, and equipment.
Intangible Assets: These are assets that lack physical substance, such as patents,
trademarks, copyrights, and goodwill.

D) Liability - liabilities represent a company's financial obligations or debts owed to

others, encompassing various commitments like loans, unpaid bills, and contractual
obligations
Examples:
Bank loans
Accounts payable (money owed to suppliers)
Unpaid invoices
Wages and taxes owed
Deferred revenue (money received for future goods or services)
Mortgages
Bonds payable
E) Balance Sheet - A balance sheet in accounting is a financial statement that provides a
snapshot of a company's assets, liabilities, and owner's equity at a specific point in time,
adhering to the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity.
Key Components:
Assets: These are resources owned by the company, such as cash, accounts receivable,
inventory, property, and equipment.
Liabilities: These are obligations or debts the company owes to others, including accounts
payable, salaries payable, and loans.

Q.53 How did Gross total income different from total income

Gross Total Income (GTI) Total Income (TI)

GTI is the total income earned by an individual or

TI is the income that remains after all
organization before deductions like tax and other
permissible deductions under the Income
allowances. It includes income from all sources such
Tax Act have been accounted for. It is
as salary, business profits, capital gains, and other
essentially the GTI minus the deductions.
incomes.

Tax is calculated on the total income, not on the gross

Tax is directly calculated on the total
total income. However, GTI is the starting point for
income.
calculating tax.

GTI includes all types of income – salary, house

TI is derived by subtracting permissible
property, business or profession, capital gains, and
deductions and exemptions from the GTI.
other sources.

GTI gives a holistic view of an individual’s or TI gives a clear picture of the taxable
organization’s earnings. income of an individual or organization.

Q.54 write a short Note on Monitor of Computer?

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
In the context of computers, a monitor is an output device that displays visual information, like
text, images, and videos, generated by the computer. It's essentially the screen you see when
interacting with your computer.
Monitors are essential for interacting with a computer, allowing users to see and interact with the
computer's output
Function: A monitor allows users to see the output of the computer, including the operating system
interface, applications, and any content being displayed.
Types:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): A common type of monitor that uses liquid crystals to display images,
often found in laptops and desktop monitors.
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A type of LCD monitor that uses LEDs for backlighting, offering better
energy efficiency and brighter displays.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older technology that uses a cathode ray tube to display images, now
largely replaced by LCD and LED monitors.

Q.55 How sales book is different from sales Account?

A sales book (or sales journal) is a subsidiary book used to record only credit sales of goods,
while a sales account, part of the ledger, summarizes both credit and cash sales of goods.
Purpose: To record all credit sales of goods.
Type: A book of original entry or a subsidiary book.
Content: Only credit sales of goods are recorded.
Format: Does not have debit and credit columns like a ledger account.
Transfer: The total of the sales book is transferred to the credit side of the Sales Account.
Example: If you sell goods on credit to a customer, the transaction would be recorded in the
sales book.
Sales Account: Purpose: To summarize all sales transactions, both credit and cash, of goods.
Type: Part of the ledger.
Content: Records both credit and cash sales of goods.
Format: Has debit and credit columns like a ledger account.
Transfer: The balance of the sales account is transferred to the credit side of the trial balance
and then to the Trading Account.
Example: The sales account will show the total revenue generated from all sales, both cash and
credit
Q.56 How current ratio is different from liquid ratio?
The key difference between the current ratio and the liquid ratio (also known as the quick ratio)
lies in how they assess a company's ability to meet short-term obligations: the current ratio
includes all current assets, while the liquid ratio excludes inventory and prepaid expenses,
focusing on the most liquid assets.
Current Ratio:
Formula: Current Assets / Current Liabilities
What it measures:
A company's ability to cover its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets, including inventory
and prepaid expenses.
Interpretation: A higher current ratio generally indicates a stronger ability to meet short-term
obligations, but can also suggest inefficient asset management if too high.
Example: If a company has ₹150,000 in current assets and ₹100,000 in current liabilities, its current ratio
would be 1.5.
Liquid Ratio (Quick Ratio):
Formula: (Current Assets - Inventory - Prepaid Expenses) / Current Liabilities
What it measures: A company's ability to meet short-term liabilities using its most liquid assets,
excluding inventory and prepaid expenses.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Interpretation: A higher liquid ratio indicates a stronger ability to meet short-term obligations with
readily available cash or near-cash assets.
Example: If a company has ₹50,000 in cash, ₹30,000 in accounts receivable, and ₹20,000 in
marketable securities, with ₹100,000 in current liabilities, the quick ratio would be (50,000 +
30,000 + 20,000) / 100,000 = 1.0.
Q.57 Explain the MS Excel use in schools?
In schools and colleges, MS Excel is used for various purposes, including data organization,
analysis, and visualization, making it a valuable tool for both teachers and students in areas like
grade tracking, lesson planning, and research projects.
Here's a more detailed breakdown of how MS Excel is utilized in educational settings:
For Teachers:
Administrative tasks:
Grade tracking and management: Excel's formulas and functions simplify calculating and tracking
student grades, attendance, and other relevant data.
Creating schedules and lesson plans: Teachers can use Excel to organize class schedules,
create lesson plans, and manage resources efficiently.
Managing student databases: Excel can be used to store and manage student information, such
as names, contact details, and academic records.
Budgeting and financial management: Excel can be used to track school budgets, manage
expenses, and create financial reports.
Teaching tool:
Data analysis and visualization: Excel allows teachers to present complex data in a clear and
visual format, making it easier for students to understand and interpret.
Interactive lessons: Teachers can create interactive worksheets and activities in Excel,
encouraging student engagement and participation.
Teaching mathematical and statistical concepts: Excel provides a practical context for applying
mathematical and statistical concepts, reinforcing learning through hands-on experience.
Creating graphs and charts: Excel's charting capabilities enable teachers to create visually
appealing representations of data, aiding in data interpretation and analysis.
Q.58 Explain the importance of balance sheet?
A balance sheet is crucial because it provides a snapshot of a company's financial health at a
specific point in time, showing its assets, liabilities, and equity, which is vital for informed
decision-making, attracting investors, and assessing financial stability.
Here's a more detailed explanation of the importance of a balance sheet:
What a Balance Sheet Shows:
Assets: What a company owns, including cash, accounts receivable, property, and equipment.
Liabilities: What a company owes to others, such as loans, accounts payable, and deferred revenue.
Equity: The owners' stake in the company, representing the residual value after liabilities are subtracted
from assets.
Why Balance Sheets Are Important:
Financial Health Assessment: It allows stakeholders (owners, investors, creditors) to quickly understand
a company's financial position and ability to meet its obligations.
Decision-Making: Provides data for informed decisions about investments, lending, and strategic
planning.
Attracting Investors and Lenders: A well-maintained balance sheet demonstrates financial stability,
making a company more attractive to potential investors and lenders.
Trend Analysis: Comparing balance sheets over time reveals financial trends, growth patterns, and
potential issues, helping track progress and plan for the future.
Compliance and Transparency: Balance sheets are essential for complying with accounting standards
and providing transparent financial reporting.
Identifying Financial Risks: The balance sheet can highlight potential risks, such as excessive debt or
a lack of liquidity.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Calculating Key Ratios: Balance sheet data is used to calculate important financial ratios, such as the
debt-to-equity ratio, which helps assess a company's leverage.
Understanding Net Worth: The balance sheet helps determine a company's net worth (assets minus
liabilities), which is a key indicator of its financial strength.
Supporting Financial Planning: It provides valuable information for financial planning, decision-making,
securing financing, and complying with accounting standards.
Q.59 Explain the following
A) SEBI - The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the primary regulatory body for the
Indian securities market, established in 1992 to protect investor interests, promote market development,
and regulate the securities market.
Establishment and Purpose: SEBI initially started as a non-statutory body in 1988, but gained statutory powers in
1992 through the SEBI Act.
Key Objectives:-
Protecting Investor Interests: SEBI aims to safeguard investors in the securities market by preventing
malpractices and ensuring fair practices.
Promoting Market Development: It works to foster the growth and development of the Indian securities
market.
Regulating the Market: SEBI regulates the functioning of stock exchanges, market intermediaries, and
other entities involved in the securities market.
Functions and Powers:
Regulation and Supervision: SEBI regulates the issuance and trading of securities, the functioning of
stock exchanges, and the activities of market intermediaries.
Investor Education and Awareness:SEBI promotes investor education and awareness to help investors
make informed decisions.
Enforcement: SEBI has the power to investigate and take action against market manipulations, insider
trading, and other violations of regulations
B) RBI - The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank, is responsible for regulating the Indian
banking system, managing the country's currency, and promoting economic growth and stability. The RBI
was established on April 1, 1935, in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
Key Functions of the RBI:-
Currency Management: The RBI is responsible for issuing and managing the Indian rupee, ensuring a
sufficient supply of clean and legitimate currency.
Monetary Policy: The RBI sets monetary policy, which involves controlling the money supply and credit
conditions in the economy to maintain price stability and support economic growth.
Banker to the Government: The RBI acts as the banker and financial advisor to the central and state
governments, managing their accounts and handling their financial transactions.
Banker to Banks: The RBI provides banking services to commercial banks, including acting as a lender of
last resort and facilitating interbank payments.
Financial System Regulation: The RBI regulates and supervises the Indian banking and financial system to
ensure its stability and soundness.
Foreign Exchange Management: The RBI manages India's foreign exchange reserves and plays a crucial
role in maintaining a stable exchange rate.
Promoting Economic Growth: The RBI supports the government in its developmental projects and policies,
contributing to India's economic development
C) BSE - The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), now known as BSE Limited, is one of the oldest and
largest stock exchanges in India, established in 1875, facilitating the trading of various financial
instruments like stocks, bonds, and derivatives.
Key Functions and Significance:
Trading Platform: The BSE provides a platform for companies to list their shares and for investors to buy
and sell them.
Capital Raising: It enables companies to raise capital from the public by issuing shares.
Price Discovery: The BSE plays a crucial role in determining the prices of securities, ensuring
transparency and liquidity in the market.
Economic Indicator: The BSE's performance, particularly through its benchmark index, the S&P BSE
SENSEX, is a key indicator of the Indian stock market's health and the overall economic performance.
Facilitates Investment: The BSE provides a platform for individuals and institutions to invest in companies
and other financial instruments.
Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak
SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Development of Capital Markets: The BSE has contributed significantly to the development of India's
capital markets and the growth of the Indian corporate sector.
Market Segments: BSE functions across various market segments, including equity trading, derivatives
trading, debt instruments, and mutual funds.
Regulation: The BSE operates under the oversight of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI),
which protects investor interests.
History: Established in 1875 as the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association," the BSE is one of the
oldest stock exchanges in Asia.
Global Presence: BSE has a strong global presence and is one of the leading stock exchanges in Asia
E) Cpital Market- Capital markets are financial marketplaces where long-term securities, like stocks
and bonds, are traded, connecting entities that need capital with those who have capital to invest,
facilitating economic growth and development.
Types of Capital Markets:-
Primary Market: Where new securities (stocks and bonds) are issued for the first time, often through Initial
Public Offerings (IPOs).
Secondary Market: Where already issued securities are traded among investors.
Money Market-The money market is a financial market where short-term, highly liquid debt
instruments with maturities of one year or less are traded, facilitating short-term borrowing and lending for
governments, financial institutions, and corporations
Purpose: It provides a platform for entities to meet their short-term funding needs, manage liquidity, and
invest excess funds for a short period.
Treasury bills: Short-term debt securities issued by governments.
Commercial paper: Short-term, unsecured debt instruments issued by corporations
Interbank lending: Banks lending to each other for short periods.
Money market mutual funds: Funds that invest in money market instruments.
Q.60 Write a shor note on indent and page orientation?
In document formatting, "indent" refers to the space or distance between the text and the page margin,
while "page orientation" dictates whether the page is displayed or printed vertically (portrait) or horizontally
(landscape).
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Indentation Definition: Indentation is the space that is left between the edge of the page and the
beginning of a line of text.
Purpose: Indentation is used to visually separate paragraphs, create structure, and improve readability.
Types: First-line indent: The first line of a paragraph is indented, while the rest of the paragraph is flush
with the left margin.
Left indent: The entire paragraph is indented from the left margin.
Right indent: The entire paragraph is indented from the right margin.
Hanging indent: All lines except the first line are indented
Page Orientation:
Definition: Page orientation refers to the direction in which a page is displayed or printed.
Types: Portrait: The page is taller than it is wide, which is the default orientation for most documents.
Landscape: The page is wider than it is tall, which is often used for spreadsheets, images, or other content
that benefits from a wider layout.
Q.61 What is slide ? How can we apply transition and animation to a slide?
In Microsoft PowerPoint, a "slide" is a single page or screen within a presentation that can contain text,
images, charts, and other elements.
Content: Slides can hold various types of information, including: --Text (headings, bullet points,
paragraphs) ,Images (photos, graphics, icons) , Charts and graphs , Videos and audio , Animations and
transition
To apply transitions and animations to a slide in PowerPoint, select the slide, navigate to the Transitions or
Animations tab, choose your desired effect, and then preview the result.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
1. Transitions (Between Slides): Select the slide: In the Slide Navigation pane (or thumbnail pane), select the slide
to which you want to add a transition. Go to the Transitions tab: Click on the "Transitions" tab in the ribbon. Choose
a transition: In the "Transition to This Slide" group, click on the desired transition effect.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
Customize (Optional):
Q.62 Explain the difference between Absolute and Realative Cell Refference in Excel?

Relative cell referencing

Absolute cell referencing

In Relative referencing, there is a change when Meanwhile, there is no change in Absolute cell
copying a formula from one cell to another cell referencing when a formula is copied, irrespective of the
with respect to the destination. cells’ address cell’s destination.

This type of referencing is there by default.

If you don’t want a change in the formula when it’s copied
Relative cell referencing doesn’t require a dollar
across cells, then absolute referencing requires you to
sign in the formula.
add a dollar sign before and after the column and row
address.

Q.63 How is a Formula different from a Function in Excel?

Formula
Function

Whereas, a function in Excel is a predefined

The formula is like an equation in Excel, the user types in calculation which is in-built in Excel.
that. It can be any type of calculation depending on the
user’s choice.

Manually typing out a formula every time you need to

perform a calculation, consumes more time. However, performing calculations becomes
more comfortable and faster while working with
functions.
Ex: = A1+A2+A3
Ex: = SUM(A1:A3)
Q.64 Mention the order of operations used in Excel while evaluating formulas.
The order of operations in Excel is referred to as PEDMAS. Shown below is the order of precedence while
performing an Excel operation.
Parentheses , Exponentiation , Division/Multiplication , Addition , Subtraction
As seen above, first, the data in the parentheses is operated, followed by the exponentiation operation.
After that, it can be either the division or multiplication operations. The result is then added and finally
subtracted to give the final result.
Q.65 Explain the internet security protocol?
Internet security protocols are a set of rules and technologies that ensure secure communication and data
protection over the internet, employing techniques like encryption, authentication, and access control to
safeguard against unauthorized access and cyber threats
Encryption Protocols
SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security): These protocols encrypt data transmitted
between a web server and a browser, ensuring secure communication for websites and online
transactions.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): A secure version of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS to encrypt
data, making it the standard for secure web browsing.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security): A suite of protocols that provides authentication and encryption for
data packets, securing communication across IP networks.
Firewalls: Network security systems that monitor and control network traffic, blocking unauthorized
access based on predefined rules
VPN (Virtual Private Network): A technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection between a
user's device and a network, often used to access a private network over a public internet connection
Other Important Protocols
DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions): A protocol that adds security to the Domain
Name System (DNS), protecting against spoofing and ensuring the authenticity of domain names.
SMTPS (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secure): A secure version of SMTP that uses SSL/TLS to
encrypt email communication.
WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 3): The latest and most secure Wi-Fi security protocol.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental suite of protocols that
enables communication across the internet.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): A protocol for managing network devices.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A protocol for transferring files over the internet.

Hartron Skill Centre-28Rohtak

SCF-185, Huda Complex Near ZAd Global School, rohtak-124001