© Ahmad El-Banna

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communications

GEE336
Electronic Circuits II

Lecture #7

Summer 2015
Active Filters
Instructor:
Dr. Ahmad El-Banna
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Agenda

Basic Filter Responses

Filter Response Characteristics

Active LPF, HPF, BPF & BSF

Active Filters Based on Two-Integrators Loop

Active Filters Based Upon Inductor replacement 2

BASIC FILTER RESPONSES
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Intro.
• Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals with certain selected
frequencies while rejecting signals with other frequencies.
• This property is called selectivity.
• Active filters use transistors or op-amps combined with passive RC, RL, or
RLC circuits.

• The passband of a filter is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass
through the filter with minimum attenuation.
• The critical frequency, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end of
the passband and is normally specified at the point where the response
drops (70.7%) from the passband response.

• Following the passband is a region called the transition region that leads
into a region called the stopband.
• There is no precise point between the transition region and the stopband.
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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Filter Responses
• Ideal Response
Filter transfer function

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Filter Responses
• Actual filter responses depend on the number of poles, a term used with
filters to describe the number of RC circuits contained in the filter.

• The -20 dB/decade roll-off rate for the gain of a basic RC filter means that
at a frequency of 10 fc , the output will be -20dB (10%) of the input.

• This roll-off rate is not a good filter characteristic because too much of the
unwanted frequencies (beyond the passband) are allowed through the
filter.

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 • Low-Pass Filter Response
Basic Filter Responses

Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Filter Responses..
• High-Pass Filter Response

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Filter Responses...
• Band-Pass Filter Response

• The quality factor (Q) of a band-pass filter is the ratio of the center
frequency to the bandwidth.
• The higher the value of Q, the narrower the bandwidth and the better the
selectivity for a given value of f0.
• Band-pass filters are sometimes classified as narrow-band (Q>10) or
wide-band (Q<10). 9
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Basic Filter Responses....
• Band-Stop Filter Response
also known as notch, band-reject, or band-elimination filter.

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FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
• Each type of filter response (low-
pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-
stop) can be tailored by circuit
component values to have either a
• Butterworth,
• Chebyshev, or
• Bessel characteristic.
• Each of these characteristics is
identified by the shape of the
response curve, and each has an
advantage in certain applications.

The Butterworth Characteristic

• The Butterworth characteristic provides a very flat amplitude response in the
passband and a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade/pole.
• The phase response is not linear, and the phase shift (thus, time delay) of signals
passing through the filter varies nonlinearly with frequency. 12
• Therefore, a pulse applied to a Butterworth filter will cause overshoots on the
output because each frequency component of the pulse’s rising and falling edges
experiences a different time delay.
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS..

The Chebyshev Characteristic

• Filters with the Chebyshev response characteristic are useful when a rapid
roll-off is required because it provides a roll-off rate greater than -20
dB/decade/pole.
• This is a greater rate than that of the Butterworth, so filters can be
implemented with the Chebyshev response with fewer poles and less
complex circuitry for a given roll-off rate.
• This type of filter response is characterized by overshoot or ripples in the
passband (depending on the number of poles) and an even less linear phase
response than the Butterworth.

The Bessel Characteristic

• The Bessel response exhibits a linear phase characteristic, meaning that the
phase shift increases linearly with frequency.
• The result is almost no overshoot on the output with a pulse input.
• It has the slowest roll-off rate. 13
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Critical Frequency and Roll-Off Rate

• The number of filter poles can be increased by cascading.

Example: Third-order (three-pole) filter

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fc =?!
ACTIVE LOW-PASS FILTERS
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Advantages of Op-Amp Active Filters
• Filters that use op-amps as the active element provide several
advantages over passive filters (R, L, and C elements only).
• The op-amp provides gain, so the signal is not attenuated as it
passes through the filter.
• The high input impedance of the op-amp prevents excessive
loading of the driving source.
• The low output impedance of the op-amp prevents the filter
from being affected by the load that it is driving.
• Active filters are also easy to adjust over a wide frequency range
without altering the desired response.

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 Single-Pole LPF

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
2-Pole LPF
The Sallen-Key LPF (2nd Order)
• It is used to provide very high Q
factor and passband gain without
the use of inductors.
• It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-
controlled voltage source) filter.

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@
Assignment:
Derive the fc equation.
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Cascaded LPF

• A three-pole filter is
required to get a
third-order low-pass
response.

• A four-pole filter is
preferred because it
uses the same number
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of op-amps to achieve
a faster roll-off.
 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
In high-pass filters, the roles of the capacitor and resistor
are reversed in the RC circuits.

ACTIVE HIGH-PASS FILTERS 20

 Sallen-Key HPF
Single Pole HPF

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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

Order = ?
roll-off = ?
Cascaded HPF

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ACTIVE BAND-PASS FILTERS
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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters

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If equal components,
INTEGRATORS LOOP
ACTIVE FILTERS BASED ON TWO-
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Biquad Filter
(Two-Integrators Loop biquadratic circuit)

• "Biquad" is an abbreviation of "biquadratic", which refers to the fact

that its transfer function is the ratio of two quadratic functions.

• To derive the biquad circuit, consider the 2nd order high pass
transfer function

Cross multiply and reform,

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Biquad Filter ..
• Derivation of a block diagram realization of the two-integrator loop biquad

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 Biquad Filter …

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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Biquad Filter ….
(Universal Circuit)

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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Biquad Filter ….
• To obtain notch and all-pass function, the three outputs of the biquad
are summed with appropriate weights

Notch filter as example, use 30

INDUCTOR REPLACEMENT
ACTIVE FILTERS BASED UPON
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 2nd order LCR Resonator

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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
2 order Active Filter based on
nd

inductor replacement
The Antoniou Inductance-Simulation Circuit

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
2 order Active Filter based on
nd

inductor replacement ..

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
2 order Active Filter based on
nd

inductor replacement …

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 LPF
with inductor replacement circuit

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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

ACTIVE BAND-STOP FILTERS
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Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna

 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
Multiple-Feedback Band-Stop Filter

State-Variable Band-Stop Filter

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 Elec. Cts II, Lec#7 , Summer 2015 © Ahmad El-Banna
• For more details, refer to:
• Chapter 15 at T. Floyd, Electronic Devices,9th edition.
• Chapter 12 at Sedra & Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 5th edition.
• The lecture is available online at:
• http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmad.elbanna-courses/12884
• For inquires, send to:
• [email protected]

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