MATHEMATICS – II

CURRENT FIRST YEAR STUDENTS – SEMESTER – II

CURRENT SECOND YEAR
CLASSES: I CS, I BCA, I ECS, I DS
SUBJECT CODE: 125E2A/120E2A/129E2A/127E2A

TWO MARKS

1. Write the Bernoullis formula for integration.

Answer:

∫ uv dx=u v ' −u1 v '' +u2 v ' ' '−… … where u1 ,u 2 , … . Are functions obtained by differentiating u
with respect to x, v ' , v ' ' , v ' ' ' , … . Are functions obtained by integrating v with respect to x.

2. Evaluate ∫ x e dx
2 −2 x

Answer:
∫ uv dx=u v ' −u1 v '' +u2 v ' ' '−… …
2 −2 x
u=x v =e
−2 x
' −e
u1=2 x v =
2
−2 x
'' e
u2=2 v =
4
−2 x
−e
' ''
u3=0 v =
8
−2 x −2 x −2 x
e e e
∫x 2 −2 x
e dx=−x
2
2
−2 x
4
−
4
+c

3. Use Bernoulli’s formula to find ∫ x e dx

x

Answer: ∫ uv dx=u v ' −u1 v ' ' +u2 v ' ' '−… …
x
u=x v=e
' x
u1=1 v =e
'' x
u2=0 v =e

∫ x e x dx=x e x −e x +c
∫ x e x dx=( x−1 ) e x +C
 ∞

4. Evaluate ∫ x e dx
3 −x

Answer:

∫ uv dx=u v ' −u1 v ' ' +u2 v ' ' '−… …

3 −x
u=x v =e
2 ' −x
u1=3 x v =−e
'' −x
u2=6 x v =e
' '' −x
u3=6 v =−e
iv −x
u0 =0 v =e
∞

∫ x 3 e−x dx={x 3 (−e− x ) −3 x 2 e− x +6 x (−e− x ) −6 e− x }∞0

0

¿ 0−(−6 ) =6
π
2
5. Using the formula evaluate the ∫ sin 7 x dx
0

Answer:
n−1
I n= I
n n−2
7−1
I 7= I
7 7−2
64
¿ I
75 3
642
¿ I
753 1
16
=
35
π
2
6. Evaluate ∫ cos 8 x dx
0

Answer:
n−1
I n= I
n n−2
8−1 7
I 3= I 8−2= I 6
8 8
 7 5 3 1
¿ . . . . I0
8 6 4 2

7 5 3 1 π
¿ . . . .
8 6 4 2 2
105 π
¿
768
π
2
7. Evaluate ∫ sin 6 x cos 4 x dx
0

Answer:
n−1
I m ,n= I
m+n m , n−2

4−1
I 6 ,4 = I
6+4 6 ,4 −2

3 1
¿ . I
10 8 6 ,0

3 1
¿ . .I
10 8 6

3 1 5
¿ . . .I
10 8 6 4

3 1 5 3
¿ . . . .I
10 8 6 4 2

3 1 5 3 1
¿ . . . . I
10 8 6 4 2 0

3 1 5 3 1 π
¿ . . . . .
10 8 6 4 2 2

15 π
¿
1536

π
2
8. Evaluate ∫ sin 7 x cos 4 x dx
0

Answer:
n−1
I m ,n= I
m+n m , n−2
 4−1
I 7 ,4 = I
7 +4 7 ,4 −2
3
¿ I
11 7 ,2
3 1
¿ I
11 9 7 ,0
3 1
¿ I
11 9 7
3 1 7−1
¿ I
11 9 7 5
3 1642
¿ I
11 9 7 5 3 1
16
¿
1155
π
2
9. Evaluate ∫ sin 7 x cos5 x dx
0

Answer:
n−1
I m ,n= I
m+n m , n−2
5−1 4 3−1
I 7 ,5= I 7 , 3= . I
7+5 12 7+3 7 ,1
4 2 1 1
¿ . . [ ∵ I m ,1= ]
12 10 7+1 m+ 1
4 2 1
¿ . .
12 10 8
1
¿
120

10. What is Fourier series?

Answer:
A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite sum of sines
and cosines. Fourier Series makes use of the orthogonality relationships of the sine and cosine
functions.
Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval c ≤ x ≤ c+2 π , then a series in the form,
a0 ∞
f ( x )= + ∑ (a n cosnx+ bn sin nx)
2 n=1
c+2 π c+2 π
1 1
where, a 0=
π
∫ f ( x ) dx , a n=
π
∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx ,
c c
 c+2 π
1
b n=
π
∫ f ( x ) sin nx dx
c

11. Define Even Fourier series.

Answer:
A function y=f(t) is said to be odd if f(-t) = f(t) for all values of t.
∞
a
f ( t )= 0 + ∑ an cosnx
2 n=1
π π
1 1
where, a 0= ∫
π −π
f ( x ) dx and a n= ∫ f ( x ) cos nx dx
π −π

12. If f (−x ) =−f ( x ) ∀ x then the function f ( x ) is called _________.

Answer: Odd

13. If f ( x ) is an even function in (−π , π ) then the Fourier co-efficient b n is = ___

Answer: zero

14. Solve ¿ ¿+D+1)y=e 2 x

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is
2
m +m+1 = 0
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
m=
2a
−1± √−3
m=
2
−1± i √ 3 −1 √3
m= = ±i
2 2 2
C.F = e (Acos βx +Bsinβx ¿
αx

√3
= e− x/ 2(Acos x+ Bsin
√3 x ¿
2 2
1 2x
P.I = e
( D¿¿ 2+ D+1)¿
Put D=2
1 e
2x
P.I= 2x =
(2¿¿ 2+2+1)e ¿ 7
The solution is
Y=C.F + P.I
√3
Y= e− x/ 2(Acos x+ Bsin
√ 3 x ¿ + e2 x
2 2 7
2
15. Solve Solve ( D +4 ¿ y=0

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is
2
m +4=0
2
m =−4
m=0± i2

C.F= e αx (Acos βx +Bsinβx ¿

=e 0 x (Acos2 x+ Bsin 2 x ¿
= Acos2 x+ Bsin 2 x
P.I=0
The solution is
Y=C.F + P.I
Y= Acos2 x+ Bsin 2 x
16. Solve pq = 1.

Solution:
This is of Standard form 1
Put p=a and q=b
ab = 1
1
b=
a

Substitute in dz = pdx+qdy
1
dz = a dx + ( ) dy
a
1
∫ dz = a ∫ dx + ( a ) ∫ dy
1
Z = ax + ( ) y +c
a
17. Find the Laplace transforms of the following: 2 e 3t +3 e−3 t
Answer:
1 1
L ( e )= ; L (e )=
at −at
s−a s+ a
2 3
L ( 2 e +3 e )=
3t −3 t
+
s−3 s +3

18. Find the value of L(t 3)

Answer:
n!
L ( t ) = n+1
n

s
3!
⇒ L ( t )= 4
3

19. Evaluate L
−1
[2
5s
s −16 ]
 Answer:
L−1 2
[
5s
s −16
s
]
=5 L−1 2 2 =5 cos h 4 t
s −4 [ ]
20. Evaluate L
−1
[ ]
1
s
4

Answer:

[ ]
4 −1 3
−1 1 t t
L = =
s
4
( 4−1 ) ! 6

5 MARKS:
π
2
1. Reduction formula for ∫ sin n x dx
0

Solution:

Let, I n=∫ sin x dx

n
d ( sin x )=cos x

I n=∫ sin d¿
n −1
x sin x dx ……(1)

Integration by part,
∫ sin x dx=−cos x
∫where,
u dv =uv−∫ v du ∫ cos x dx=sin x
2 2
sin x+ cos x=1

u = sin n−1 x
du = (n-1)
n−2
sin x cos x dx

∫ dv=∫ sin x dx
v=−cos x
 STEP: 1
Equation (1) becomes,

x (−cos x )−∫ (−cos x ) (n−1)sin

n−1 n−2
I n=sin x cos x dx

x ( cos x ) +(n−1)∫ ( cos x ) sin

n−1 n−2
¿−sin x cos x dx

x ( cos x ) +(n−1)∫ sin

n−1 n−2 2
¿−sin x cos x dx

x ( cos x ) +( n−1)∫ sin

n−1 n−2 2
¿−sin x (1−sin x ) dx

x ( cos x ) +(n−1)∫ (sin

n−1 n −2 n
¿−sin x ¿ −sin x)dx ¿

x ( cos x ) +( n−1)∫ (sin x ¿ ) dx−(n−1)∫ (sin ¿¿ n x)dx ¿ ¿

n−1 n −2
¿−sin
n−1
I n=−sin x ( cos x )+ ( n−1 ) I n−2 −( n−1 ) I n

STEP: 2
n−1
I n+ ( n−1 ) I n=−sin x ( cos x )+ ( n−1 ) I n−2
n−1
n I n=−sin x ( cos x )+ ( n−1 ) I n−2

−sinn−1 x ( cos x ) ( n−1 ) I n−2

I n= +
n n
STEP: 3
π

{ }
2 n−1 π
−sin x ( cos x ) n−1
∫ sin n 2
x dx= +¿ I ¿
0 n 0 n n−2

n−1
¿ { 0−0 } + I
n n−2
n−1
I n= I
n n−2
π
2
2. Reduction formula for ∫ cos n x dx
0

Solution:

Let, I n=∫ cos x dx

n
d ( sin x )=cos x

I n=∫ cos d¿
n−1
x cos x dx ……(1)

∫ sin x dx=−cos x
∫ cos x dx=sin x
2 2
sin x+ cos x=1
 Integration by part,

∫ u dv =uv−∫ v du

where,

u = cos n−1 x
du = (n-1)
n−2
cos x¿

∫ dv=∫ cos x dx
v=sin x

STEP: 1
Equation (1) becomes,

x ( sin x ) −∫ sin x( n−1)cos

n−1 n−2
I n=cos x¿

x ( sin x ) +(n−1)∫ ( sin x ) cos

n−1 n−2
¿ cos x sin x dx

x ( sin x ) +(n−1)∫ cos

n−1 n−2 2
¿ cos x sin x dx

x ( sin x ) +(n−1)∫ cos

n−1 n−2 2
¿ cos x (1−cos x ) dx

x ( sin x ) +(n−1)∫ (cos

n−1 n−2 n
¿ cos x ¿−co s x )dx ¿

x ( sin x ) +(n−1)∫ (cos x ¿ ) dx−( n−1)∫ (cos ¿¿ n x) dx ¿ ¿

n−1 n−2
¿ cos
n−1
I n=cos x ( sin x ) + ( n−1 ) I n −2− ( n−1 ) I n

STEP: 2
n−1
I n+ ( n−1 ) I n=cos x ( sin x ) + ( n−1 ) I n−2
n−1
n I n=cos x ( sin x ) + ( n−1 ) I n−2

cosn −1 x ( sin x ) ( n−1 ) I n−2

I n= +
n n
STEP: 3
π

{ }
2 n−1 π
cos x ( sin x ) n−1
∫ cos n 2
x dx= +¿ I ¿
0 n 0 n n−2

n−1
¿ { 0−0 } + I
n n−2
n−1
I n= I
n n−2

3. Evaluate L(e 2 t sin 4 t )

Answer:
L¿

4
Then, L ( e sin 4 t )=
2t
2
(s−2) +16

4. Find the Laplace transform of L [ t cos at ]

Answer:
s
L [ cos at ] = 2 2
s +a
−d s
L [ t cos at ] =
ds s 2+ a2
( s 2+ a2 ) ( 1 )−s ( 2 s )
¿− 2
( s 2+ a2 )
2 2
s −a
¿ 2
( s 2 +a2 )
1
5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
s (s+1)(s +2)
Answer:
Let,
1 A B C
= + +
s ( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) s s+1 s +2
To find the values of A , B ,C
A=
[ 1
=
( s+ 1 )( s+2 ) s=0 2
1
]
B=
[ 1
s ( s +2 ) ]
s=−1
=−1

C=
[ 1
s ( s +1 ) ] s=−2
=
1
2

∴ L−1
[ 1
s ( s+1 ) ( s +2 )
=L−1
11
2 ] [
s
−
s
1 1 1
+1
+
2 s+2 ]
1 −t 1 −2 t
¿ −e + e
2 2
 2 ⃗
6. (i) If ⃗ y z ⃗j̇+ z x ⃗k find curlcurl ⃗
2 2
F =x y i̇+ F
Solution:
curlcurl ⃗
F =∇ ×(∇ × ⃗ F)
step:1

| |
i̇⃗ ⃗j̇ ⃗k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×⃗
F=
∂x ∂ y ∂z
2 2 2
x y y z z x

| || || |
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⃗i̇ ∂ y ∂ z − ⃗j̇ ∂ x ∂ z + k⃗ ∂ x ∂y
¿
2 2 2 2 2 2
y z z x x y z x x y y z

¿ i̇⃗
[ ∂ 2
∂y ∂z ] [ ∂x ∂z ] [
( z x )− ∂ ( y 2 z) −⃗j̇ ∂ ( z2 x )− ∂ (x 2 y) + ⃗k ∂ ( y 2 z )− ∂ ( x2 y)
∂x ∂y ]
¿ i̇⃗ [ 0− y ] − ⃗j̇ [ z −0 ¿ ] + ⃗k [ 0−x ]
2 2 2

2⃗ 2⃗
∇×⃗ j̇−x ⃗k
2
F =− y i̇−z
step:2

| |
i̇⃗ ⃗j̇ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂
curlcurl ⃗
F =∇ ×(∇ × ⃗
F )=
∂ x ∂ y ∂z
2 2 2
− y −z −x

| || || |
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⃗i̇ ∂ y ∂ z − ⃗j̇ ∂ x ∂ z + ⃗k ∂ x ∂ y
¿
2 2 2 2 2 2
−z −x − y −x − y −z

[
¿ i̇⃗
∂
∂y ∂z ∂x ] [ ∂z ∂x ] [
( −x 2) − ∂ (−z 2) −⃗j̇ ∂ (−x 2) − ∂ (− y 2 ) + k⃗ ∂ (−z 2 )− ∂ (− y 2)
∂y ]
¿ i̇⃗ [ 0−(−2 z ) ] − ⃗j̇ [ −2 x −0¿ ] + k⃗ [ 0−(−2 y ) ]

c urlcurl ⃗
F =∇ ×(∇ × ⃗ ⃗ x ⃗j̇+2 y ⃗k
F ) ¿ 2 z i̇+2

(ii) Determine the constant ‘a’ so that the vector

⃗ ⃗ ( y−2 z ) ⃗j̇+ ( x+ az ) ⃗k is solenoidal

F =( x +3 y ) i̇+

Solution:
⃗
F is solenoidal if ¿ ⃗
F =∇ . ⃗
F =0
∇ .⃗
[
F = i̇⃗
∂ ⃗ ∂ ⃗ ∂
∂x
+ j̇
∂y
+k
∂z ]
. [ ( x+3 y ) i̇+
⃗ ( y−2 z ) ⃗j̇+ ( x+ az ) k⃗ ]=0

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ .⃗
F =¿ ( x +3 y )+ ( y−2 z )+ ( x+ az )=0
∂x ∂y ∂z

1+0+1−0+0+ a ( 1 )=0

2+a = 0
a=−2
10 MARKS:
 π
2
1. Reduction formula for ∫ sin m x cos n x dx
0

Solution:

Let, I m ,n=∫ sin x cos x dx

m n
d ( sin x )=cos x

I m ,n=∫ sin x cos d¿

m n−1
x cos x dx ………..(1)

Integration by part, ∫ sin x dx=−cos x

∫ u dv =uv−∫ v du ∫ cos x dx=sin x
2 2
sin x+ cos x=1

where,

u = cos n−1 x ∫ dv=∫ sinm x cos x dx

du = (n-1)
n−2 Let, t=sin x ⟹ dt=cos x dx
cos x¿
∫ dv=∫ t m dt
m+1 m +1
t sin x
v= =
m+1 m+1
Step: 1
(1) becomes,
m +1 m+1
sin x sin x
−∫
n−1 n−2
I m ,n=cos x (n−1)cos x ¿
m+1 m+1

x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sin m+1 x cos n−2 x ¿
x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sin m+1 x ¿
x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sin m+2 x cos n−2 x dx
x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sin m x ¿
x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sin m x ( 1−cos2 x ) cos n−2 x dx
Step: 2
 x ( n−1 )
n−1 m +1
cos x sin
I m ,n=
m+1
+
m+1
∫ sinm x ( cosn−2 x−cos n−2 x cos2 x ) dx
x ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ (sinm x ¿ cos n−2 x−sin m x cosn x)dx ¿

x ( n−1 ) ( n−1 )
n−1 m+1
cos x sin
¿
m+1
+
m+1
∫ m n−2
(sin x ¿ cos x)dx−
m+1
∫(sinm x cos n x )dx ¿

n−1 m +1
cos x sin x n−1 n−1
I m ,n= + I m ,n −2− I m ,n
m+1 m+1 m+1

Step: 3
n−1 m+ 1
n−1 cos x sin x n−1
I m ,n + I m ,n= + I m ,n−2
m+ 1 m+1 m+1

{ }
n−1 m +1
n−1 cos x sin x n−1
I m ,n 1+ = + I m ,n−2
m+1 m+1 m+1

{ }
n−1 m+1
m+1+n−1 cos x sin x n−1
I m ,n = + I m ,n−2
m+1 m+1 m+ 1

{ }
n−1 m+1
m+n cos x sin x n−1
I m ,n = + I m , n−2
m+1 m+1 m+1

m +1
I m ,n [ m+ n ] =cos
n−1
x sin x + ( n−1 ) I m ,n−2
n−1 m +1
cos x sin x n−1
I m ,n= + I m , n−2
m+n m+n
Step: 4

{ }
π
cos n−1 x sin m+1 x 2 n−1
I m ,n= + I
m+n 0 m+n m ,n−2

n−1
I m ,n=(0−0)+ I
m+n m ,n−2
n−1
I m ,n= I
m+n m , n−2
2. Find L
−1
[ 1
2
(s+1)(s +2 s+ 2) ]
Solution:
1 A Bs+C
Consider = + 2 ………….(1)
( s+1)( s +2 s +2) s+1 s +2 s+2
2

A ( s +2 s +2 ) +(Bs+ C)(s +1)

2
1
2
= 2
( s+1)( s +2 s +2) (s+1)(s +2 s+ 2)

1= A ( s 2+2 s+2 ) +(Bs+C)(s+1)

Set s = -1

1 = A ( (−1 )2 +2 (−1 ) +2 ) +0

1= A ( 1−2+2 )= A(1)

A=1

Set s = 0 1 ¿ A ( 0 2+2 ( 0 )+2 ) + ( B ( 0 ) +C ) ( 0+1 )

1=2 A+C=2 ( 1 ) +C=2+C

C = 1-2 = -1
Set s = 1

1 = A ( 12 +2 ( 1 )+ 2 ) + ( B ( 1 )+ C ) ( 1+1 )

1 = A ( 1+2+2 ) +2 B+ 2C=5 A+2 B+2C

1=5 ( 1 ) +2 B+ 2 (−1 )=5+2 B−2=2 B+3

1-3 = 2B
B = -2/2 =-1

Substitute a,b,c in (1)

1 1 −1 s−1
= + 2
( s+1)( s +2 s +2) s+1 s +2 s+2
2

L
−1
[ 1
( s+ 1 ) ( s +2 s+2 )
2
] [
=L
−1 1
− 2
s+1
s+1 s + 2 s+ 2 ] (Linearity)

¿L
−1
[ ] [
1
s+ 1
−L−1 2
s+ 1
s +2 s +2 ]
Coefficient of s = 2 , half = 1 , squaring = 12
 Adding and subtracting after the s term and first three terms

are replaced by (a+ b)2= a 2+2 ab +b2

2 2 2 2 2
s +2 s +2=s +2 s +1 −1 +2=( s+1) + 1

L
−1
[ 1
( s+ 1 ) ( s +2 s+2
2
)] ¿ e −¿ L
−t −1
[ ] s +1
2
(s+1) +1

¿ e−t −e−t L−1

[ ] 2
s
s +1
(Shifting theorem)

¿ e−t −e−t cost (Formula)

−1
L
[ 1
( s+ 1 ) ( s 2+2 s+2 ) ] =¿ e−t (1−cost )