Pengantar Model Relasional

Database System Concepts, 6th Ed.

©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use
 Contoh Relasi

atribut
(atau kolom)

tuple
(atau baris)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Jenis Atribut

 Himpunan nilai yang diperbolehkan untuk setiap atribut disebut

“domain” dari atribut.
 Nilai atribut (biasanya) harus atomik; yaitu tidak dapat dibagi
 Nilai khusus null adalah anggota dari setiap domain.
Menandakan bahwa nilainya "tidak diketahui“
 Nilai null menyebabkan komplikasi dalam definisi banyak operasi

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Relation Schema and Instance
 A1, A2, …, An merupakan atribut-atribut

 R = (A1, A2, …, An ) merupakan schema relasi

Contoh:
instructor = (ID, name, dept_name, salary)
 Secara formal, misalkan D1, D2, …. Dn suatu relasi r adalah himpunan
bagian dari
D1 x D2 x … x Dn
Jadi, suatu relasi adalah himpunan n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) dimana tiap
ai  Di
 Nilai saat ini (relation instance) dari suatu relasi ditentukan oleh
sebuah tabel
 Sebuah elemen t dari r adalah tuple, direpresentasikan oleh row di
dalam tabel.

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Relations are Unordered

 Urutan tuple tidak relevan (tupel dapat disimpan dalam urutan arbitrer)
 Contoh: relasi instructor dengan tupel yang tidak berurutan

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Keys
 Misalkan K  R
 K adalah superkey dari R jika nilai-nilai untuk K dipenuhi untuk
mengidentifikasi sebuah tupel unik dari tiap kemungkinan relasi r(R)
 Contoh: {ID} dan {ID,name} keduanya superkeys dari instructor.
 Superkey K adalah suatu candidate key jika K adalah minimal
Contoh: {ID} is a candidate key untuk Instructor
 Salah satu candidate keys dipilih untuk menjadi primary key.

 which one?
 Foreign key constraint: Nilai didalam suatu relasi harus muncul didalam
relasi lainnya.
 Referencing relation
 Referenced relation
 Contoh – dept_name dalam instructor merupakan sebuah foreign key
dari instructor referencing department

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Schema Diagram Untuk Basis Data Universitas

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Relational Query Languages
 Procedural vs .non-procedural, atau declarative
 “Pure” languages (Bahasa Murni):
 Relational algebra (Aljabar Relasional)
 Tuple relational calculus
 Domain relational calculus
 The above 3 pure languages are equivalent in computing power
 We will concentrate in this chapter on relational algebra
 Not turning-machine equivalent
 consists of 6 basic operations

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Select Operation – selection of rows (tuples)

 Relation r

 A=B ^ D > 5 (r)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Project Operation – selection of columns (Attributes)

 Relation r:

 A,C (r)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Union of two relations
 Relations r, s:

 r  s:

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Set difference of two relations
 Relations r, s:

 r – s:

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Set intersection of two relations

 Relation r, s:

 rs

Note: r  s = r – (r – s)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.13 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 joining two relations -- Cartesian-product
 Relations r, s:

 r x s:

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Cartesian-product – naming issue
 Relations r, s: B

 r x s: r.B s.B

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Renaming a Table
 Allows us to refer to a relation, (say E) by more than one name.
 x (E)

returns the expression E under the name X

 Relations r

 r x  s (r) r.A r.B s.A s.B

α 1 α 1
α 1 β 2
β 2 α 1
β 2 β 2

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Composition of Operations
 Can build expressions using multiple operations
 Example: A=C (r x s)

 rxs

 A=C (r x s)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.17 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Joining two relations – Natural Join

 Let r and s be relations on schemas R and S respectively.

Then, the “natural join” of relations R and S is a relation on
schema R  S obtained as follows:
 Consider each pair of tuples tr from r and ts from s.
 If tr and ts have the same value on each of the attributes
in R  S, add a tuple t to the result, where
 t has the same value as tr on r
 t has the same value as ts on s

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.18 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Natural Join Example
 Relations r, s:

 Natural Join
 r s

 A, r.B, C, r.D, E ( r.B = s.B ˄ r.D = s.D (r x s)))

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.19 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Notes about Relational Languages
 Each Query input is a table (or set of tables)
 Each query output is a table.
 All data in the output table appears in one of the input tables
 Relational Algebra is not Turning complete
 Can we compute:
 SUM
 AVG
 MAX
 MIN

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Summary of Relational Algebra Operators
Symbol (Name) Example of Use
σ
(Selection) σ salary > = 85000 (instructor)
Return rows of the input relation that satisfy the predicate.
Π
(Projection) Π ID, salary (instructor)
Output specified attributes from all rows of the input relation. Remove
duplicate tuples from the output.
x
(Cartesian Product) instructor x department

Output pairs of rows from the two input relations that have the same value on
all attributes that have the same name.
∪
(Union) Π name (instructor) ∪ Π name (student)

Output the union of tuples from the two input relations.

-
(Set Difference) Π name (instructor) -- Π name (student)

Output the set difference of tuples from the two input relations.
⋈
(Natural Join) instructor ⋈ department

Output pairs of rows from the two input relations that have the same value on
all attributes that have the same name.

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.21 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Terima Kasih

Database System Concepts, 6th Ed.

©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use