CHAPTER

1 COMPLEX NUMBER

INDEX
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA

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1.3 DEFINITION
1.4 ARGAND DIAGRAM

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1.5 BASIC ALGEBRAIC OPERATION ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.5.1 Multiplicative inverse of a complex number

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1.5.2 Geometrical Representation of Addition of Two Complex Numbers
1.5.3 Equality In Complex Number

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1.6 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
1.6.1 Important Properties of Conjugate

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1.6.2 Geometrically, reflection of the complex number z = a + ib in real axis is the coordinates of z .
1.7 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

1.7.1 Important Properties of Modulus

1.8 SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
1.9 ARGUMENT OR AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
1.9.1 Amplitude (Principal value of the argument)
1.9.2 Important Properties of Amplitude
1.10 REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS
1.10.1 Cartesian Form/Geometrical Representation
1.10.2 Polar Coordinates and the Polar Form of a Complex Number
1.11 LOCI IN THE COMPLEX PLANE
1.12 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
1.12.1 Properties of Cube Root Of Unity
1.12.2 Four Fourth Roots of Unity

1.12.3 Properties of Fourth roots of unity

EXERCISE - 1
EXERCISE - 2
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COMPLEX NUMBER

1.1 INTRODUCTION
When solving a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ¹ 0, you saw how the discriminant of the equation
could be used to find out about the type of roots.
For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the discriminant is b2 – 4ac.
If b2 – 4ac > 0, there are two different real roots.
If b2 – 4ac = 0, there are two equal real roots.
If b2 – 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.
In the case b2 – 4ac < 0, the problem is that you reach a situation where you need to find the square roots
a negative number, which is not 'real'.

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To solve this problem, another type of number called an 'imaginary number' is used.

The 'imaginary number' ( -1) is called i (iota). Euler was the first mathematician to introduce the symbol i

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(iota) for the square root of –1 with the property i2 = –1. He also called this symbol as the imaginary unit.

( -1) = i

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An imaginary number is a number of the form bi, where b is a real number (b Î R).

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Examples
Example 1 : Write ( -36 ) in terms of i.

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Solution : ( -36 ) = ( 36 ´ -1) = 36 ( -1) = 6i

Example 2 : Write ( -28 ) in terms of i.

Solution : ( -28 ) = ( 28 ´ -1) = 28 ( -1 ) = 4 7 ( -1 ) = 2 ( )

7i or 2i 7 or 2 7 i

( )
This can be written as 2i 7 or 2 7 i to avoid confusion with 2 7i .

Example 3 : Solve the equation x2 + 9 = 0.

Solution : x2 = –9

x=± ( -9 ) = ± ( 9 ´ -1) = ± 9 ( -1) = ±3i

x = ± 3i (x = +3i, x = –3i)
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1.2 INTEGRAL POWERS OF iOTA

(1) Positive integer powers of i
i2 = –1. What is about i3, i4, i5, im?

i0 = 1 i1 = i i 2 = –1 i 3 = –i
i4 = 1 i5 = i i 6 = –1 i 7 = –i
i8 = 1 i9 = i i 10 = –1 i 11 = –i
i 4m = 1 i 4m+1 = i i 4m+2 = –1 i 4m+3 = –i
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where m = 0, 1, 2, 3 ....
Positive powers of i are periodic with period 4.
To evaluate im we have to replace m with its remainder on division by 4.
Example : Evaluate i203
We have to replace 203 with its remainder on division by 4.
230 = 4 × 50 + 3;
i203 = i3 = –i.
(2) Negative integer powers of i

i –1 = –i i –2 = –1 i –3 = i i –4 = 1
i –5 = –i i –6 = –1 i –7 = i i –8 = 1
i –9 = –i i –10 = –1 i –11 = i i –12 = 1
i 4m+3 = i i 4m+2 = –1 i 4m+1 = i i 4m = 1

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where m=–1,–2,–3, ...
Negative powers of i are periodic with period 4.

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i–1 = –i. The reciprocal of i is its own negation –i.
(3) Formulas for any integer powers of i

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Let us compare formulas for positive and negative powers of i to get formulas for any integer powers of i.

i 4m =1 i 4m+1 = i i 4m+2 = –i i 4m + 3 = –i

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where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ....
Integer powers of i are periodic with period 4.

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To evaluate im we have to replace m with its remainder on division by 4.

Examples
Example 4 : (a) 500 501
Find the value of i + i + i + i503.502

(b) Show that the sum of any four consecutive powers of iota is 0.
Solution : (a) We have : i500 = (i4)125 = 1125 = 1
i501 = i500 × i = i
i502 = i500 × i2 = i2 = –1
i503 = i500 × i3 = i3 = –i
Clearly, the sum of these four terms is 0.
(b) We have :
in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3
= in (1 + i + i2 + i3)
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= in (1 + i – 1 – i) = 0

1.3 DEFINITION
Complex numbers are defined as expressions of the form a + ib where a , b Î R & i = - 1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called imaginary part of z (Imz).

Complex Number (a + ib)

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b 0

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NOTE :
(i) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers.
Hence N Ì W Ì I Ì Q Ì R Ì C.
(ii) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(iii) a ´ b = ab for all positive real number a and b. This result also holds true when either a > 0,
b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0.
Let us examine,
Note that

i2 = -1 -1 = ( -1)( -1) = 1 = 1 , (by assuming a ´ b = ab for all real numbers)

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which is a contradiction to the fact that i = –1.
(iv) Therefore, a ´ b ¹ ab if both a and b are negative real numbers.

(v) a ´ b = - ab if both a and b are negative real numbers.

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Further, if any of a and b is zero, then, clearly, a ´ b = ab = 0 .

Examples

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1
Example 5 : The value of i57 + 125
is :-
i

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(1) 0 (2) –2i (3) 2i (4) 2

1 1
1
( )
14

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Solution : i57 + = i56. i + = i
4
i+
i 125 i124 .i
i ( )
4 31
i
1 i
= i+ = i+ 2 = i-i =0 Ans. (1)
i i

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Example 6 : Write the following as a complex number
(i) -9
(ii) Roots of x2 – (2 cosq)x + 1 = 0
Solution : (i) -9 = 0 + 3i
(ii) x2 – (2 cos q) x + 1 = 0

2cos q ± 4 cos 2 q - 4
x=
2
2cos q ± 2i sin q
x=
2
x = cosq ± isinq
Therefore roots are, cosq + isinq, cosq – isinq.
2 2
é 19 æ 1 ö25 ù é 17 æ 1 ö34 ù
Example 7 : Show that : (i) êi + ç i ÷ ú = -4 (ii) ê i - ç i ÷ ú = 2i
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

ëê è ø ûú ëê è ø ûú
2 2
é 19 æ 1 ö25 ù é 19 1 ù
2
é 3 1ù
2
é i3 ù
Solution : (i) We have, ê i + ç ÷ ú = êi + 25 ú = êi + ú = ê -i + 4 ú
êë è i ø úû ë i û ë iû ë i û
2
= éë -i + i3 ùû = ( -i - i ) = 4i2 = -4
2

2 2
é 17 æ 1 ö34 ù é 17 1 ù
2
é 1ù
2
é 1 ù
ú = ( i + 1)
2
(ii) We have, ê i - ç ÷ ú = êi - 34 ú = êi - 2 ú = ê i -
êë è i ø úû ë i û ë i û êë ( -1) ûú
= i2 + 2i + 1 = – 1 + 2i + 1 = 2i

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1.4 ARGAND DIAGRAM
= You can represent complex numbers on a diagram, called an Argand diagram.
= A real number can be represented as a point on a straight line (a number line, which has one dimension).
= A complex number, having two components (real and imaginary), can be represented as point in a plane
(two dimensions). The complex number z = x + iy is represented by the point (x, y), where x & y are cartesian
cordinates.
= The Cartesian coordinate diagram used to represent complex numbers is called an Argand diagram.
= The x-axis in the Argand Diagram is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis.
= All complex numbers lying on the real axis are called as purely real and those lying on imaginary axis as
purely imaginary.

Imaginary axis

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P (z)
y
x

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Real axis
O z = x + iy
Re(z)=x, Im(z) = y

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= A plane on which complex number are thus represented is often called a complex plane. It is also sometimes
called an Argand or Gauss Plane, after the French Mathematician Jean Robert Argand and the great

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German Mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Examples

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Example 8 : The complex numbers z1 = 2 + 5i, z2 = 3 – 4i and z3 = –4 + i are represented by the point A, B
and C respectively on an Argand diagram. Sketch the Argand diagram.

Solution : Imaginary y
A(2,5)
z1

C(–4,1)
z3
x
O
Real
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B(3, –4)
z2

For z1 = 2 + 5i, plot (2, 5)

For z2 = 3 – 4i, plot (3, –4)
For z3 = –4 + i, plot (–4, 1)

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1.5 BASIC ALGEBRAIC OPERATION ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
These are four algebraic operations on complex numbers.
(i) Addition : If z1 = a1 + b1i and z2 = a2 + b2i, then
z1 + z2 = (a1+ b1i) + (a2 + b2 i)
= (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2)
(ii) Subtraction : z1 – z2 = (a1 + b1i) – (a2 + b2 i)
= (a1 – a2) + i(b1 – b2)
(iii) Multiplication : z1 · z2 = (a1 + b1i). (a2 + b2 i)
= a1a2 + b1b2 i2 + a1b2i + b1a2i
= (a1a2 – b1b2) + i(a1b2 + b1a2)

z1 a1 + b1 i
=

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(iv) Division :
z 2 a 2 + b2 i

Multiply Numerator and denominator by the number a2 – b2i in order to make the denominator real.

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z1 a1 + b1i a2 - b2 i
= ´ =
( a1a2 + b1b2 ) + i ( b1a2 - a1b2 ) =
a1 a2 + b1 b2 b a - b1 b2
+ i 1 22
z 2 a 2 + b2 i a 2 – b 2 i 2
a +b
2
2
2
2 2
a 2 + b2 a2 + b22

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Generally result will be expressed in the form a + ib.
1.5.1 Multiplicative inverse of a complex number

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Let a + ib be a complex number, then x + iy is said to be multiplicative inverse of a + ib if
(x + iy)(a + ib) = 1

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1
Or x + iy =
a + ib

1 a - ib
= ´
a + ib a - ib

a - ib
x + iy =
a 2 + b2

a b
x + iy = 2 2
-i 2
a +b a + b2

a b
So x= y=-
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a + b2
2
a + b2
2

æ a , b ö
Hence multiplicative inverse of (a, b) is ç 2 - 2
èa +b
2
a + b2 ÷ø

1.5.2 Geometrical Representation of Addition of Two Complex Numbers

Let two complex numbers z1 and z2 be represented by the points P(a, b) and Q(c, d). Their sum, z 1 + z2 is
represented by the point R (a + c, b + d) in the same Argand Plane.
Join OP, OQ, OR, PR and QR.
Draw perpendiculars PM, QN, RL from P, Q, R respectively on X-axis.

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Draw perpendicular PK to RL
In DQON
Y
ON = c
and QN = d.
In DROL In DPON R(a + c, b + d)
RL = b + d PM = b , d)
Q(c
and OL = a + c OM = a
Also, PK = ML
= OL – OM K
P(a,b)
=a+c–a
= c = ON X' X
O N M L
RK = RL – KL

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= RL – PM
=b+d–b Y'

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= d = QN
In DQON and DRPK,
ON = PK, QN = RK and ÐQNO = ÐRKP = 90°

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\ DQON @ DRPK

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\ OQ = PR and OQ PR

Þ OPRQ is a parallelogram and OR its diagonal.

Therefore, we can say that the sum of two complex numbers is represented by the diagonal of a parallelo-

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gram.
1.5.3 Equality In Complex Number
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
parts are respectively equal.
i.e. Re(z1) = Re(z2) Þ a1 = a2 and Im(z1) = Im(z2) Þ b1 = b2
NOTE :
(i) The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similar to those on real numbers treating
it as a polynomial.
(ii) Inequalities in complex numbers (non-real) are not defined. There is no validity if we say that
complex number (non-real) is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4i are meaningless.
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Examples
Example 9 : Adding and Subtracting complex numbers.
Solution : (i) (3 – i) + (2 + 3i) = 3 – i + 2 + 3i
= 3 + 2 – i + 3i
= (3 + 2) + (–1 + 3)i
= 5 + 2i
(ii) 2i + (–4 – 2i)= 2i – 4 – 2i
= – 4 + 2i –2i
= –4

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(iii) 3 – (–2 + 3i) + (–5 + i) = 3 + 2 – 3i – 5 + i
= 3 + 2 – 5 – 3i + i
= 0 – 2i
= –2i
In Example 1(b), notice that the sum of two complex numbers can be a real number.
Example 10 : Multiplying complex number
Solution : (i) (3 + 2i)(3 – 2i) = 3(3 – 2i) + 2i(3 – 2i)
= 9 – 6i + 6i – 4i2
= 9 – 6i + 6i – 4 (–1)
=9+4
= 13
2
(ii) (3 + 2i) = (3 + 2i)(3 + 2i)
= 3(3 + 2i) + 2i(3 + 2i)

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= 9 + 6i + 6i + 4i2
= 9 + 6i + 6i + 4(–1)

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= 9 + 12i – 4
= 5 + 12i

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Example 11 : Writing complex numbers in standard form

2 + 3i 2 + 3i æ 4 + 2i ö
Solution : =
4 - 2i 4 - 2i çè 4 + 2i ÷ø

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8 + 4i + 12i + 6i2
=
16 - 4i2

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8 - 6 + 16i
=
16 + 4

2 + 16i
=
20

1 4
= + i
10 5

(2 + i )(1 - i )
Example 12 : Express in the form of a + ib.
4 - 3i

(2 + i )(1 - i ) ( 2 + 1) + i ( 1 - 2 )
Solution : = = 3-i
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4 - 3i 4 - 3i 4 - 3i

=
3 - i 4 + 3i
´
(12 + 3 ) + i ( 9 - 4 )
=
4 - 3i 4 + 3i 16 + 9

15 + i ( 5 ) 15 5
= = + i
25 25 25

3 1
= + i
5 5

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1 + 4i
Example 13 : Separate into real and imaginary parts : .
3+i

1 + 4i 1 + 4i 3 - i
Solution : = ´
3+i 3+i 3-i

=
(3 + 4 ) + i (12 - 1) = 7 + 11i
9 +1 10

7 11
= + i
10 10

7
Here, real part = a =
10

11

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And imaginary part = b =
10
Example 14 : Find the multiplicative inverse of 4 + 3i or (4, 3).

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1
Solution : The multiplicative inverse of 4 + 3i is :
4 + 3i

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1 1 4 - 3i
Since, = ´
4 + 3i 4 + 3i 4 - 3i

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4 - 3i 4 3 æ 4 3 ö
= = - i=ç ,- ÷
16 + 9 25 25 è 25 25 ø
Example 15 : If z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = –4i, z3 = –5i – 6 then

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(a) z1 + z2 + z3 = ?
(b) z1 – z2 – z3 = ?
(c) z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = ?

z2 z 3
(d) =?
z1
Solution : (a) z1 + z2 + z3 = (2 + 3i) + (– 4i) + (– 5i – 6)
= (2 – 6) + (3 – 4 – 5)i
= – 4 – 6i
(b) z1 – z2 – z3 = (2 + 3i) – (– 4i) – (– 5i – 6)
= (2 + 6) + (3 + 4 + 5)i
= 8 +12i
(c) z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1= (2 + 3i) (– 4i) + (– 4i) (– 5i – 6) + (– 5i – 6)(2 + 3i)
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= (– 8i + 12) + (– 20 + 24i) + (– 10i + 15 – 12 – 18i)

= – 5 –12i

z2 z 3 ( -4i )( -5i - 6 )
(d) =
z1 2 + 3i

-20 + 24i 2 - 3i
= ´
2 + 3i 2 - 3i

32 + 108i
=
13

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3 + 2i sin q
Example 16 : will be purely imaginary, if q =
1 - 2i sin q
p p p
(1) 2np ± ,nÎI (2) np + ,nÎI (3) np ± ,nÎI (4) None of these
3 3 3

3 + 2i sin q
Solution : will be purely imaginary, if the real part vanishes, i.e.,
1 - 2i sin q

(3 + 2i sin q) (1 + 2i sin q) ( )
3 - 4 sin 2 q + i ( 8 sin q )
´ =
(1 - 2i sin q) (1 + 2i sin q) (
1 + 4 sin 2 q )
3 - 4 sin2 q
=0 Þ 3 – 4 sin2 q = 0 (only if q be real)
1 + 4 sin2 q
2 2
æ 3ö æ pö
Þ sin2q = ç ÷ = ç sin ÷
è 2 ø è 3ø

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p
Þ q = np ± ,nÎI Ans. (3)
3

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Example 17 : Find the multiplicative inverse of z = 3 – 2i.
Solution : Let z1 be the multiplicative inverse of z, then

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Þ z1 z = 1
Þ z1 (3 – 2i) = 1

1 3 + 2i 3 2

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Þ z1 = = = + i
3 - 2i (3 - 2i)(3 + 2i) 13 13

(1 + i)x - 2i (2 - 3i)y + i
Example 18 : The values of x and y satisfying the equation + = i are
3+i 3-i

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(1) x = –1, y =3 (2) x = 3, y = –1 (3) x = 0, y = 1 (4) x = 1, y = 0
(1 + i)x - 2i (2 - 3i)y + i
Solution : + =i
3+i 3-i
Þ (4 + 2i)x + (9 – 7i)y – 3i – 3 = 10i
Þ (4x + 9y – 3) + i(2x – 7y – 13) = 0
Equating real and imaginary parts we get,
4x + 9y – 3 = 0 and 2x – 7y – 13 = 0
on solving these equation we get,
x = 3 and y = –1. Ans.(2)

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-1

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TOPIC COVERED : INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA, ALGEBRAIC OPERATION, CONJUGATE,

1. Write the value of i + i10 + i20 + i30.
2. Evaluate : –16 + 3 –25 + –36 - –625

3. Evaluate : i –16 + i –25 + 49 - i –49 + 14

Evaluate : ( i77 + i70 + i87 + i 414 )

3
4.

n
1+ iö
5. Determine least positive integral value of n for which æç ÷ =1
è -iø
1

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5
6. Find the value of the sum å (i n + i n+2 ) , where i = -1 .
n =1

7. Write the additive inverse of 6i - i -49 .

( )
2
8. Write the multiplicative inverse of 2 + i 3 .

9. Find x and y if (x + iy) (2 – 3i) = 4 + i.

10. Find the real value of a for which 3i3 – 2ai2 + (1 – a)i + 5 is real.
11. If z = 2 – 3i show that z2 – 4z + 13 = 0, hence find the value of 4z 3 – 3z2 + 169.

z1
12. For complex numbers z1 = 6 + 3i, z2 = 3 – i, find .
z2

N
c+i b 2c
13. If a + ib = , where c is a real number, then prove that : a2 + b2 = 1 and = 2 .
c-i a c -1

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14. Evaluate :
( 3 + 5i )(3 - 5i )
( 3 + 2i ) - ( 3 - 2i )

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15.
2
( )
Solve : x - 3 2 - 2i x - 6 2i = 0

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16. Solve : x2 - ( 7 - i ) x + (18 - i ) = 0

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1.6 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a - ib.

1.6.1 Important Properties of Conjugate

1. z + z = 2 Re (z)

2. z - z = 2 i Im (z)

3. If z is purely real, then z – z = 0

4. If z is purely imaginary, then z + z = 0

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5. (z) = z

6. z1 + z2 = z1 + z 2

7. z1 - z2 = z1 - z2

8. z z = a2 + b2, which is purely real

9. z1 z2 = z1 . z2 . In general z1z2 .........z n = z1.z2 .........zn

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æ z1 ö z1
10. çè z ÷ø = z ; z2 ¹ 0
2 2

11. If z lies in the 1st quadrant, then z lies in the 4th quadrant and - z lies in the 2nd quadrant.

Im
–z z

Re

–z z

1.6.2 Geometrically, reflection of the complex number z = a + ib in real axis is the coordi-
nates of z .

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Y

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A (a, b)

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X' O (0, 0) X

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B (a, –b)

A
Y'

Examples
2-i
Example 19 : Find the conjugate of 1 - 2i 2 .
( )
2-i
z=
Solution : Let
(1 - 2i )
2

2-i 2-i æ -3 + 4i ö
= = ´
1 - 4 - 4i -3 - 4i çè -3 + 4i ÷ø
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-6 + 8i + 3i + 4
=
9 + 16

-2 11i
= +
25 25
therefore conjugate of z is given by,
-2 11i
z= -
25 25

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Example 20 : The number of solutions of the equation z 2 + z = 0 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
Solution : Let z = x + iy, Then
Þ z2 + z = 0
Þ (x2 – y2 + 2ixy) + (x – iy) = 0
Þ (x2 – y2 + x) + i(2xy – y) = 0
Þ x2 – y2 + x = 0 and 2xy – y = 0

1
Now, 2xy – y = 0 Þ y(2x – 1) = 0 Þ y = 0 or x =
2
If y = 0 then
x2 – y2 + x = 0 Þ x2 + x = 0 Þ x = 0 or x = –1

1
If x = , then
2

N
3
x2 – y2 +x = 0 Þ y = ±
2

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Thus the given equation has four solution. Ans.(4)

1.7 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

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If P denotes complex number z = x + iy, then the length OP is called modulus of complex number z. It is
denoted by |z|.

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OP = |z| = x +y2 2
clearly, |z| ³ 0 for all z Î C
Geometrically ½z½ represents the distance of point P from origin.

A
For e.g., If z1 = –3 + 4i, z2 = –5 + 2i, z3 = 2 + -7 then

|z1| = (-3)2 + 4 2 = 5, |z2| = (-5)2 + 22 = 29 , |z3| = 2 + i 7 = ( 2)2 + ( 7)2 = 3 .

1.7.1 Important Properties of Modulus

1. |z| ³ 0 2. |z| ³ Re (z) 3. |z| ³ Im (z)
2
4. |z| = | z | = |-z| = |– z | 5. zz = z

6. |z1 z2| = |z1|.|z2| . In general |z1z 2 .........z n |=|z1 |.|z2 |.........|z n |

z1 z1
7. = , z2 ¹ 0
z2 z2
8. |zn| = |z| n, n Î I
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

9. |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z 2|2 + 2Re ( z1 z2 )

10. |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z 2|2 + 2|z1||z2| cos(a – b), where a, b are arg(z1), arg(z2) respectively.

= 2 é z1 + z 2 ù
2 2 2 2
11. z1 + z 2 + z1 - z 2
ë û
12. ½½z1½- ½z2½½ £ ½z1 + z2½ £ ½z1½ + ½z2½ [Triangle Inequality]
13. ½½z1½- ½z2½½ £ ½z1 – z2½ £ ½z1½ + ½z2½ [Triangle Inequality]

12
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Examples
Example 21 : Prove that |z1 + z2| £ |z1| + |z2|
Solution : We have proved that the sum of two complex R
numbers z1 and z2 represented by the diagonal
Q
of a parallelogram OPRQ
z 2| |z2|

2|
+
In DOPR |z

|z
1

OR £ OP + PR |z1| P
or OR £ OP + OQ (since OQ = PR)
O
or |z1 + z2| £ |z1| + |z2|
Example 22 : If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + i, verify that |z1 + z2| £ |z1| + |z2|
Solution : z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + i represented by the points (2, 3) and (1, 1) respectively. Their sum
(z1 + z2) will be represented by the point (2 + 1, 3 + 1) i.e. (3, 4)
Verification

N
z1 = 22 + 32 = 13 = 3.6 approx

z 2 = 12 + 12 = 2 = 1.41 approx

E
z1 + z 2 = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5

L
z1 + z2 = 3.6 + 1.41 = 5.01

\ z1 + z2 £ z1 + z2

L
Example 23 : Find the modulus of :
1
(i) 1 + i (ii) 2p (iii) 0 (iv) i
2

A
Solution : (i) Let z=1+i

then z = 12 + 12 = 2

Thus, 1 + i = 2
(ii) Let z = 2p or 2p + 0i

(2p ) + ( 0 ) = 2p
2 2
Then z =
Thus, |2p| = 2p.
If z is real, then |z|= z.
(iii) z = 0 or 0 + 0i

( 0) + ( 0) = 0
2 2
then z =
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Thus, |z|= 0
If z is 0, then |z|= 0
1 1
(iv) Let z = - i or 0 - i
2 2
2
æ 1ö 1
then z = 02 + ç - ÷ =
è 2 ø 2

1 1
Thus, - i =
2 2
If z is purely imaginary number, then z ¹ |z|.
13
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ALLEN
Example 24 : Find the modulus of z and z if z = –4 + 3i.

( -4 ) + ( 3)
2 2
Solution : z = –4 + 3i, then z =

= 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

and z = -4 - 3i

( -4 ) + ( -3 ) = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
2 2
then, z =

Thus, z =5= z

Example 25 : Find the modulus of z and –z if z = 5 + 2i

Solution : z = 5 + 2i, then –z = –5 –2i

N
( -5 ) + ( -2 ) = 29
2 2
z = 52 + 22 = 29 and -z =

E
Thus, z = 29 = - z

Example 26 : Find the modulus of z, –z and z where z = 1 + 2i

L
Solution : z = 1 + 2i then –z = –1 – 2i and z = 1 - 2i

L
z = 12 + 22 = 5

( -1) + ( -2) = 5
2 2
-z =

A
(1) + ( -2 ) = 5
2 2
and z =

Thus, z = -z = 5 = z

z -1
Example 27 : If is purely imaginary, then prove that |z| = 1
z +1

æ z -1ö
Solution : Re ç ÷ =0
è z +1ø

z -1 æ z -1ö
Þ +ç ÷ =0
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

z +1 è z +1ø

z -1 z -1
Þ + =0
z +1 z +1

Þ zz - z + z – 1 + zz - z + z - 1 = 0

Þ zz = 1
Þ |z|2 = 1
Þ |z| = 1, Hence proved.

14
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Example 28 : If |z1| = 1, |z2| = 2, |z3| = 3 and |9 z1z2 + 4 z1z3 + z2z3| = 12
then find the value of |z1 + z2 + z3|.
Solution : z1 z1 = 1, z 2 z2 = 4, z3 z3 = 9
\ |9z1z2 + 4z2z3 + z2z3|
=|z1z 2 z 3 z3 + z1z 3 z 2 z2 + z 2 z3 z1 z1 |= 12

\ |z1z2z3| | z1 + z2 + z3 |= 12
Þ 6|z1 + z2+ z3| = 12
Þ |z1 + z2 + z3|= 2
4
Example 29 : If z - = 2, then the greatest value of z is -
z

(1) 1 + 2 (2) 2 + 2 (3) 3 +1 (4) 5 +1

4 4 4 4 4
Solution : We have z = z - + £ z - +

N
=2+
z z z z z
Þ z £2z +4 Þ
2
(z - 1) £ 5
2

E
Þ z -1 £ 5 Þ z £ 5 +1

Therefore, the greatest value of z is 5 +1. Ans. (4)

L
1.8 SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

L
ì é | z| + x | z| -x ù
ï± ê +i ú if y > 0
ï ë 2 2 û
Let z = x + iy then x + iy = í

A
ï é | z| +x | z| -x ù
ï± ê 2
-i
2 û
ú if y < 0
î ë

Where |z| = x 2 + y2

Note :

(i) x + iy + x - iy = 2| z| +2x

(ii) x + iy - x - iy = i 2| z| -2x

æ1+ iö æ1- iö
(iii) i = ±ç ÷ and -i = ± ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2ø
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Examples
Example 30 : Find the square root of 7 + 24 i.

Solution : Let 7 + 24i = a + ib

Squaring a2 – b2 + 2iab = 7 + 24i
Compare real & imaginary parts a2 – b2 = 7 & 2ab = 24
By solving these two equations
We get a = ±4 , b = ±3

Hence, 7 + 24i = ±(4 + 3i)

15
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ALLEN
Example 31 : If x = -5 + 2 -4 , find the value of x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 – x + 4.
Solution : We have , x = –5 + 2 -4
Þ x + 5 = 4i Þ (x + 5)2 = 16i2
Þ x2 + 10x + 25 = –16 Þ x2 + 10x + 41 = 0
Now,
x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 – x + 4
= x2(x2 + 10x + 41) – x(x2 + 10x + 41) + 4(x2 + 10x + 41) – 160
= x2(0) – x(0) + 4(0) – 160 = –160

Example 32 : Prove that 3i + -3i = ± 6 or ± 6i

æ1+ i ö
Solution : 3i = ± 3 ç ÷
è 2 ø

N
æ1- i ö
- 3i = ± 3 ç ÷

E
è 2ø

æ 2 ö

L
by adding, 3i + -3i = ± 3ç ÷ = ± 6
è 2ø

or

L
æ 2 ö
=± 3ç ÷i= ± 6i
è 2ø

A
Hence proved.
Example 33 : Let the square root of – 7 – 24i.

Solution : Let x + iy = -7 - 24i

then, (x + iy)2 = – 7 – 24i
or x2 – y2 + 2xyi = –7 –24i
Equating real & imaginary parts, we have
x2 – y2 = –7
2xy = –24
we know the identity
(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + (2xy)2
= 49 + 576
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

= 625
Thus, x2 + y2 = 25
From (1) & (2); x2 = 9 & y2 = 16
or x±3&y±4
Since, the product xy is negative, we have
x = 3, y = –4 or x = –3, y = 4
Thus, the square roots of – 7 – 24i are
3 – 4i & –3 + 4i

16
 Mathematics
ALLEN
1.9 ARGUMENT AND AMPLITUDE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
If P denotes complex number z = x + iy and if OP makes an angle q with real axis, then q is called one of the
arguments of z (angle made by OP with positive real axis).

Principal argument of a complex number z = x + iy can be found out using method given below :

-1 y æ pö Im
(a) Find q = tan such that q Î ç 0, ÷ .
x è 2ø p-q q

(b) Use given figure to find out the principal argument according
Re
as the point lies in respective quadrant. Unless otherwise stated, q-p -q

amp z implies principal value of the argument.

The unique value of q such that - p < q £ p is called Amplitude (principal value of the argument).
1.9.1 Amplitude (Principal value of the argument)

N
Let z = x + iy, x, y Î R, x, y ¹ 0. and q = amp(z)
(1) If x > 0, y > 0

E
y
tan a =
x
q=a

L
y
Im

L
P (x, y)

y
|

A
|z

a
x x
Re

(2) If x < 0, y > 0

y
tan a =
x
q=p–a

y
Im
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

P(x,y)

|y| |z|
q
a
x
|x| o Re

17
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
(3) If x > 0, y < 0
y
tan a =
x
q = –a
y
Im

|x|
Re
a q x
o
|y|
|z|

P(x,y)
(4) If x < 0, y < 0

N
y
tan a =
x
q = –p +a
y

E
Im

L
|x|
a Re

L
o x
q
|y|

A
P(x,y)
Note : The principal argument and argument of 1, i, –1 and –i are shown below :-
z 1 i -1 -i
p p
amp ( z ) 0 p -
2 2
p p
arg z 2np 2np + 2np + p 2np -
2 2
y
Im
i

x
–1 o 1 Re
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

–i
Im aginar y
1.9.2 Important Properties of Amplitude P(x, y)
a xis
1. amp (z1. z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kp ; k Î I
|z|
æz ö
2. amp ç 1 ÷ = amp z1 - amp z2 + 2 kp ; k Î I
è z2 ø
3. amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2kp ; n,k Î I q
O R ea l a x is
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (- p, p ].

18
 Mathematics
ALLEN
4. If q is the argument of a complex number, then 2np + q ; n Î I will also be the argument of that
complex number. Any two arguments of a complex number differ by 2np.
5. If z = 0, arg(z) is not defined
6. If z is real & negative, arg(z) = p.
7. If z is real & positive, arg(z) = 0
p
8. If z lies on the positive side of imaginary axis, arg(z) = .
2

p
9. If z lies on the negative side of imaginary axis, arg(z) = –
2

Examples
Example 34 : Find the modulus, argument, principal value of argument, least positive argument of complex
numbers

N
(a) 1 + i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 (c) 1 – i 3 (d) –1 – i 3

E
Solution : (a) For z = 1 + i 3
y (1, 3 )

|z|= 12 + ( 3)2 = 2

L
3
p
arg (z) = 2np + , n Î I 60°
3

L
1 x
p
Least positive argument =
3

If the point is lying in first or second quadrant then amp(z) is taken in anticlockwise

A
direction.

p
In this case amp(z) =
3

(–1, 3 ) y
(b) For z = –1 + i 3

|z| = 2
3
2p 60° 120°
arg (z) = 2np + , n ÎI x
3 1

2p
Least positive argument =
3

2p
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

amp(z) =
3
y
(c) For z = 1 – i 3
x
1
|z| = 2 5 p/3 –p/3
3
p
arg (z) = 2np – , n Î I
3
(1,– 3 )
5p
Least positive argument =
3

19
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ALLEN
If the point lies in third or fourth quadrant then consider amp(z) in clockwise direction.

p
In this case amp(z) = –
3
y
(d) For z = –1 – i 3
4p/3
1
–2p/3 x
|z| = 2 60°
3
2p
arg (z) = 2np – , n ÎI
3
(–1,– 3 )
4p
Least positive argument =
3

2p
amp(z) = –
3
z1 - 2z2

N
Example 35 : z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that is unimodular (whose modulus is one),
2 - z1 z 2
while z2 is not unimodular. Find |z1|.

E
z1 - 2z2 z1 - 2z 2
Solution : Here =1 Þ =1
2 - z1 z2 2 - z1 z 2

L
Þ z1 - 2z2 = 2 - z1 z 2

L
2 2
Þ z1 - 2z 2 = 2 - z1 z 2

Þ ( z1 - 2z2 ) ( z1 - 2z2 ) = (2 - z1 z2 ) (2 - z1 z 2 )

A
Þ ( z1 - 2z2 ) ( z1 - 2z2 ) = (2 - z1 z2 )(2 - z1 z 2 )
Þ z1 z1 - 2z1 z 2 - 2z 2 z1 + 4z 2 z2 = 4 - 2z1 z2 - 2z1 z2 + z1 z1 z 2 z2
2 2 2 2
Þ z1 + 4 z2 = 4 + z1 z2

2 2 2 2
Þ z1 - z1 z2 + 4 z2 -4 =0

Þ (z1
2
)(
- 4 1 - z2
2
)=0
But |z2| ¹ 1 (given)
\ |z1|2 = 4
Hence, |z1| = 2.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-2

TOPIC COVERED : MODULUS, ARGUMENT AND AMPLITUDE, SQUARE ROOT

1. Write the conjugate of –3 + 6i.
2. Write the conjugate of (1 – 2i)2.
1
3. The conjugate of a complex number is , then that complex number is-
i -1

20
 Mathematics
ALLEN
4. Find the modulus of (6 – i)2.

5. ( )
Find the modulus of 1 + 3i ( cos q + i sin q ) .
6. Find the values of x and y for which complex numbers –3 + ix 2y and x2 + y + 4i are conjugate to each other.
æz-aö
7. If a > 0, |z| = a then find the real part of ç ÷.
èz+aø
æ1- z ö
8. If the ratio ç ÷ is purely imaginary, then find the value of |z|.
è1+ z ø

1 - iz
9. If z = x + iy and w = , show that |w| = 1 i.e. z is purely real.
z-i
10. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that,
2 2
(
1 - z1 z 2 - z1 - z2 = k 1 - z1
&
1 - z2
2
)( 2
find value of k. )

N
11. Find number of solutions of z2 + |z|2 = 0.
12. Find the modulus and amplitude of following complex numbers.
1 + 2i

E
(a) -2 + 2 3i (b) - 3 - i (c) –2i (d)
1 - 3i
2 + 6 3i

L
(e)
5 + 3i
13. If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1 + z2| = |z1|+|z2|, find the value of arg(z1) – arg(z2).

L
1
14. Write the amplitude of .
i

15. Write the principal argument of 1 + 3i . ( )

A
16. Find square root of

(i) –15 – 8i. (ii) 7 - 30 -2 (iii) –8 –6i (iv) 1 – i

(v) – i (vi) i (vii) 1 + i

1.10 REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS

1.10.1 Cartesian Form/Geometrical Representation Im aginar y
a xis P (x, y)
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on the
cartesian plane known as complex plane by the ordered pair (x , y).
|z|
There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane
and the members of the set of complex numbers.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

q
y
For e.g., z = x + iy; |z| = x2 + y 2 ; z = x - iy and q = tan -1 O Real a xis
x
NOTE:
Distance between the two complex numbers z1 & z2 is given by |z1 – z2|.
1.10.2 Polar Coordinates and the Polar Form of a Complex Number
Polar Coordinates
Consider the complex number z = x + yi. The position of z on the Argand diagram can be given by Carte-
sian, or rectangular coordinates, (x, y). An alternative way of describing the position of z is to given its
modulus, r and its argument, q.
21
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
(r, q) are called the polar coordinates of the complex number.
y
Im
z = x + yi
(x, y)

r
y

q x
0 x Re
Polar Form/Trigonometric Form
Having calculated r and q, there is a simple connection between the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and the
polar coordinates (r, q).

N
x y
= cos q = sin q
r r

E
x = r cos q y = r sin q

Now we can write z = x + yi in terms of r and q.

L
z = x + yi
z = (r cos q) + (r sin q)i

L
z = r(cos q + isin q)
This is called the polar form of the complex number.

A
The polar form of the complex number z = x + yi is :
z = r (cos q + i sin q)

Note : It is conventional to write i before sin q.

In other words, i sin q is preferable to sin qi.
Note : cos q + i sin q is also written as CiS q.
1.11 LOCI IN THE COMPLEX PLANE
The circle
The locus of the points which satisfy |z – z 0| = a.
Let the moving point representing z move on a circle, with radius a, whose centre is at the fixed point
representing z0.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Then,
|z – z0| = a.
Note :
Substituting z = x + i y and z0 = x0 + i y0,
|(x – x0) + i(y – y0)|= a,
or (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = a2
The locus of the points which satisfy |z| = r is a circle centre at the origin with radius of r.

22
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Examples
æz ö
Example 36 : If |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2+|z2|2 then ç 1 ÷ is -
è z2 ø
(1) zero or purely imaginary (2) purely imaginary
(3) purely real (4) none of these

Solution : Here let z1 = r1 ( cos q1 + i sin q1 ) ,|z1 | = r1

z2 = r2 ( cos q2 + i sin q2 ) ,|z2 | = r2

|(z1 + z2)|2 = ( r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q2 ) + i ( r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q2 )

2
\

= r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos(q1 - q2 ) = |z1 |2 + |z 2 |2 if cos(q1 - q2 ) = 0

p
\ q1 - q2 = ±
2

N
p
Þ amp(z1) – amp(z2) = ±
2

E
æz ö p z
Þ amp ç 1 ÷ = ± Þ 1 is purely imaginary Ans. (2)
z
è 2ø 2 z 2
Example 37 : Find the locus of Re(z2) = 0.

L
Solution : Let z = x + iy
Þ z2 = x2 – y2 + 2xyi

L
\ Re(z2) = 0
Þ x2 – y2 = 0 Þ y = ± x
Thus Re(z2) = 0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through origin.

A
Example 38 : If z1 = 1 + 2i, z2 = 2 + 3i, z3 = 3 + 4i, then prove that z1, z2 and z3 are collinear.

Solution : |z2 – z1| = |1 + i| = 2 , |z3 – z2| = |1 + i| = 2 , |z3 – z1| = |2 + 2i| = 2 2 ,

Þ |z2 – z1| + |z3 – z2| = |z3 – z1|
Hence, z1, z2, z3 are collinear.
Example 39 : If z is a complex number such that z2 = ( z )2 , then
(1) z is purely real (2) z is purely imaginary
(3) either z is purely real or purely imaginary (4) none of these
Solution : Let z = x + iy, then its conjugate z = x - iy
Given that z2 = ( z )2 Þ x2 – y2 + 2ixy = x2 – y2 – 2ixy Þ 4ixy = 0
If x ¹ 0 then y = 0 and if y ¹ 0 then x = 0. Ans. (3)
Example 40 : Write the following complex numbers in the polar form.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

(i) -3 2 + 3 2i
(ii) –1 –i

Solution : (i) Let z = -3 2 + 3 2i . Then,

r = |z| = (-3 2)2 + (3 2)2 = 6

Im(z) p
Let tan a = =1Þa=
Re(z) 4

23
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
Since the point representing z lies in the second quadrant therefore, the argument of z

æ p ö 3p
is given by q = p – a = p - ç ÷= .
è4ø 4

So, the polar form of z = -3 2 + 3 2 i is

æ 3p 3p ö
Þ r(cos q + isin q) = 6 ç cos + i sin ÷
è 4 4 ø

(ii) Let z = – 1 – i. Then r = |z| = (-1)2 + (-1)2 = 2

Im(z) -1 p
Let tan a = . Then tan a = =1 Þa=
Re(z) -1 4

N
Since, the point (–1, –1) representing z lies in the third quadrant, therefore the argument

p 3p
of z is given by q = a - p = -p= -

E
4 4
So, the polar form of z = –1 – i is

L
æ æ 3p ö æ 3p ö ö
Þ r (cosq +isinq) = 2 ç cos ç - ÷ + i sin ç - ÷÷
è è 4 ø è 4 øø

L
= æ 3p 3p ö
2 ç cos - i sin ÷
è 4 4 ø

A
z-i
Example 41 : If = 1 , then locus of z is -
z+i

(1) x-axis (2) y-axis (3) x = 1 (4) y = 1

z-i x + i ( y - 1)
Solution : We have, z + i = 1 Þ x + i y + 1 = 1
( )

x + i ( y - 1)
2

= 1 Þ x 2 + ( y - 1 ) = x 2 + ( y + 1)
2 2
Þ
x + i ( y + 1)
2

Þ 4y = 0; y = 0, which is x-axis Ans.(1)

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Example 42 : Given that

|z – 1 – i|= |z – 2|
find, in its simplest form, the Cartesian equation of the locus of P.
Solution : Let z = x + iy

( x + iy ) - 1 - i = ( x + iy ) - 2

( x - 1) + i ( y - 1 ) = ( x - 2 ) + iy

( x - 1) + ( y - 1) = ( x - 2)
2 2 2
+ y2

24
 Mathematics
ALLEN
x2 – 2x + 1 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 2)2 + y2
x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 2y + 1 = x2 – 4x + 4 + y2
–2x + 1 – 2y + 1 = –4x + 4
2x – 2y – 2 = 0
y=x–1
Example 43 : Given that |z – 2|= 2|z + i|, where z = x + iy. Find the relation between x & y.
Solution : Let z = x + iy
|(x + iy) – 2| = 2|(x + iy) + i|
|(x – 2) + iy| = 2|x + i(y + 1)|

( x - 2) + y2 = 2 x2 + ( y + 1)
2 2

(x – 2)2 + y2 = 4(x2 + (y + 1)2)

x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 = 4(x2 + y2 + 2y + 1)
0 = 4x2 + 4y2 + 8y + 4 – (x2 – 4x + 4 + y2)

N
0 = 3x2 + 3y2 + 8y + 4x

æ 8 4 ö
0 = 3 ç x2 + y2 + y + x ÷
3 3 ø

E
è

8 4
0 = x2 + y2 + y+ x

L
3 3
This is sufficient to justify that the locus is a circle as we are left with a cartesian equation of a
circle.

L
CHECK YOUR LEARNING-3

A
TOPIC COVERED : MODULUS AND AMPLITUDE, CONJUGATE REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX
NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS, LOCUS

1. Find the distance between two complex numbers z1 = 2 + 3i & z2 = 7 – 9i on the complex plane.
2. Find the complex number z, satisfying the equations |z – i| = |z + 1| = 1.

3. Find the number of solutions of z 3 + z = 0 .

4. If a & b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points z 1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle then find the value of a & b.

p
5. If |z| = 2, Arg z = then z =
6

(1) 3 -i (2) 3 +i (3) 1 + 3i (4) 1 - 3i

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

p
6. What is the locus of z if amplitude of z – 2 – 3i is .
4

p
7. If z1, z2 are complex numbers, both satisfy z + z = 2 z - 1 , arg z1 - z 2 = then find Im(z1 + z2).
4

8. Convert the following in polar form :

(i) -3 2 + 3 2i (ii)
( 3 -1 -) ( 3 +1 i ) (iii) i(1 + i) (iv)
5-i
2 2 2 - 3i

25
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
9. The value of e 2+i
is
(1) e[cos 1 + i sin 1] (2) e2[cos 1 + i sin 1] (3) cos 1 + isin 1 (4) e–2[cos 1 + i sin 1]

10. Express the following complex number in polar form and exponential form.

(1 + 7i)
(i) –2 + 2i (ii) -1 - 3i (iii)
(2 - i)2
11. Express each of the following complex numbers in the form r(cosq + i sin q), where i2 = –1 :

(i) 3 +i (ii) –5 (iii) 3i (iv) -1 - 3i

1 3 1 1 2
(v) - i (vi) - + i (vii) (1 + i)2 (viii)
2 2 2 2 3 +i
12. Express each of the following in the form a + bi :

p p 2p 2p ö

N
æ p pö æ
(i) cos + i sin (ii) 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ (iii) 6 ç cos + i sin
2 2 è 4 4ø è 3 3 ÷ø

E
æ 3p 3p ö æ 5p 5p ö æ 4p 4p ö
(iv) 2 2 ç cos + i sin (v) 10 ç cos + i sin (vi) 2 ç cos + i sin
è 4 4 ÷ø è 6 6 ø÷
è 3 3 ÷ø

L
p p
13. If z1 = 2(cos p + i sin p) and z2 = 5 æç cos + i sin ö÷ , where i2 = – 1. Calculate z1z2 in the form x + yi, where
è 2 2ø

L
x, y Î R.

æ p pö æ 3p 3p ö
14. If z1 = 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ and z2 = 4 ç cos + i sin ,where i2 = –1. Calculate z1z2 in the form x + yi,
è 4 4ø è 2 2 ÷ø

A
where x, y Î R.

æ p pö æ 2p 2p ö
15. If z1 = 4 ç cos + i sin ÷ and z2 = 2 ç cos + i sin , where i2 = –1. Calculate z1 z 2 .
è 3 3 ø è 3 3 ÷ø

æ p pö æ p pö z1
16. If z1 = 2 ç cos + i sin ÷ and z2 = ç cos + i sin ÷ . Calculate in the form x + yi, where y Î R.
è 2 2ø è 6 6ø z2

17. If (a + bi)(2 + 5i) = 7 + 3i. Express a + bi in the form r cos q + i sin q.

1.12 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY

Let x be cube root of unity
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Then x3 = 1
Þ x3 – 1 = 0
Þ (x – 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0
Þ x–1=0 or x2 + x + 1 = 0
Þ x = 1 or x2 + x + 1 = 0
Now solving; x2 + x + 1 = 0

-1 ± 1 - 4 (1)(1)
Þ x=
2

26
 Mathematics
ALLEN
-1 ± -3
Þ x=
2

-1 ± 3 i
Þ x=
2

-1 + 3 i -1 - 3 i
Thus cube roots of unity are 1, and .
2 2

-1 + 3i -1 - 3i
Note w = and w2 =
2 2
1.12.1 Properties of Cube Root Of Unity

-1 + i 3 -1 - i 3 2
(i) (w ) .

N
The cube roots of unity are 1 , (w ) ,
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general 1 + wr + w2r = 0 ;
where r Î I but is not the multiple of 3 & 1 + wr + w2r = 3 if r = 3l ; l Î I

E
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :

2p 2p 4p 4p

L
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 ; w = cos + i sin ; w2 = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand

L
plane constitute the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered : Im
w
(a, b, c Î R & w is the cube root of unity)

A
x2 + x + 1 = (x - w) (x - w2) ;
2p/3
a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a - wb) (a - w²b) ; O 1 Re

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + wb) (a + w2b) ;
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + wb + w²c) (a + w²b + wc) w
2

1.12.2 Fourth Roots of Unity

Let x be fourth root of unity
Þ x4 = 1
Þ x4 – 1 = 0
Þ (x2 – 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
Þ x2 – 1 = 0 or x2 + 1 = 0
Þ x2 = 1 or x2 = –1
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Þ x = ±1 or x = ±i
i.e.; fourth roots of unity are 1, –1, –i and i.
1.12.3 Properties of Fourth roots of unity
(i) Sum of all fourth roots of unity is 0
(ii) Every real fourth root of unity is additive inverse of the other
(iii) Every complex fourth root of unity is conjugate of the other
(iv) Product of all fourth root of unity is –1.
Proof : (i) Sum of all fourth roots of unity is 0

27
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
Since 1, –1, –i and i are fourth roots of unity
Þ Sum = –1 + 1 – i + i
Þ Sum = 0
(ii) Real fourth roots of unity are additive inverses of each other
Since 1, –1 are real fourth roots of unity
Þ –1 + 1 = 1 + (–1) = 0
Þ –1 + 1 = 1 + (–1) = 0
Þ Real fourth roots of unity are additive inverses of each other.
(iv) Complex fourth roots of unity are Conjugate of each other
i and –i are conjugate of each other
(v) Product of all fourth roots of unity is –1
Since 1, –1, –i and i are fourth roots of unity
Þ Product = –1 × 1 × –i × i

N
Þ Product = –1

Examples

E
Example 44 : Find the value of
(i) 1 + w + w2 + w3 +..... + w99

L
(ii) w572 + w876 + w1111
Solution : (i) 1 + w + w2 + w3 + .... + w99

L
= (1 + w + w2) + w3(1 + w + w2) + w6(1 + w + w2) + .... + w96(1 + w + w2) + w99
= 0 + 0 + 0 .... + 0 + 1
=1

A
(ii) w572 + w876 + w1111
= w570 × w2 + w876 + w1110 × w
2
=w +1+w=0
Example 45 : If a & b are imaginary cube roots of unity then an +bn is equal to -

2n p 2n p 2n p 2n p
(1) 2cos (2) cos (3) 2i sin (4) i sin
3 3 3 3

Solution : a = cos 2p + i sin 2p

3 3

b = cos 2p - i sin 2p
3 3
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

( ) + ( cos 23p - i sin 23p )

n n
a n + bn = cos 2p + i sin 2p
3 3

(
= cos
2np
3
+ i sin
2np
3 )(
+ cos
2np
3
- i sin
2np
3 ) æ 2np ö
= 2cos è
3 ø
Ans. (1)

Example 46 : If a, b, g are roots of x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 (and w is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the

a -1 b -1 g -1
value of + + .
b -1 g -1 a -1

28
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Solution : We have x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0
\ (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0
\ (x – 1)3 = (–2)3

3
æ x - 1ö x -1
= (1)
1/ 3
Þ çè ÷ =1 Þ = 1, w, w2 (cube roots of unity)
-2 ø -2

\ x = –1, 1 – 2w, 1 – 2w2

Here a = –1, b = 1 – 2w, g = 1 – 2w2
\ a – 1 = –2, b – 1 = –2w, g – 1 = –2w2

a -1 b -1 g -1 æ -2 ö æ -2w ö æ -2w 2 ö 1 1
Then + + = çè ÷ø + çè 2÷
ø
+ç
è ÷ø = + + w2 = w2 + w2 + w 2
b -1 g -1 a -1 - 2w - 2w - 2 w w

N
a -1 b -1 g -1
Therefore + + = 3w2.
b -1 g -1 a -1

E
Example 47 : Find cube roots of 8, –8, 27, –27, 64
Solution : Let x be cube root of 8
Then x3 = 8

L
Þ x3 – 8 = 0
Þ x3 – 23 = 0

L
Þ (x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) = 0
Þ x – 2 = 0 or x2 + 2x + 4 = 0
Þ x=2 or x2 + 2x + 4 = 0

A
Now solving; x2 + 2x + 4 = 0

-2 ± 4 - 4(1) (4)
Þ x=
2

-2 ± 12
Þ x=
2

-2 ± 2 3 i
Þ x=
2

æ -1 ± 3 i ö
Þ x = 2 çç ÷÷
è 2 ø
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Þ 2, 2w and 2w2 are cube roots of 8.

Let x be cube root of – 8
Then x3 = – 8
Þ x3 + 8 = 0
Þ x3 + 23 = 0
Þ (x + 2) (x2 – 2x + 4) = 0
Þ x+2=0 or x2 – 2x + 4 = 0
Þ x=–2 or x2 – 2x + 4 = 0
Now solving; x – 2x + 4 = 0
2

29
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
2 ± 4 - 4(1) (4)
Þ x=
2

2 ± 12
Þ x=
2

2±2 3 i
Þ x=
2

æ -1 ± 3 i ö
Þ x = -2 çç 2
÷÷
è ø
Þ –2, –2w and –2w2 are cube roots of –8.
Let x be cube root of 27
Then x3 = 27

N
Þ x3 – 27 = 0
Þ x3 – 33 = 0
Þ (x – 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = 0

E
Þ x – 3 = 0 or x2 + 3x + 9 = 0
Þ x=3 or x2 + 3x + 9 = 0
Now solving; x + 3x + 9 = 0
2

L
-3 ± 9 - 4(1) (9)
Þ x=
2

L
-3 ± -27
Þ x=
2

A
-3 ± 3 3 i
Þ x=
2

æ -1 ± 3 i ö
Þ x = 3ç ÷÷
ç 2
è ø
Þ 3, 3w and 3w2 are cube roots of 27.
Let x be cube root of – 27
Then x3 = – 27
Þ x3 + 27 = 0
Þ x3 + 33 = 0
Þ (x + 3)(x2 – 3x + 9) = 0
Þ x + 3 = 0 or x2 – 3x + 9 = 0
Þ x=–3 or x2 – 3x + 9 = 0
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Now solving; x – 3x + 9 = 0
2

3 ± 9 - 4(1) (9)
Þ x=
2

3 ± -27
Þ x=
2

3±3 3i
Þ x=
2

30
 Mathematics
ALLEN
æ -1 ± 3 i ö
Þ x = -3 ç ÷÷
ç 2
è ø
Þ –3, –3w and –3w2 are cube roots of –27.
Let x be cube root of 64
Then x3 = 64
Þ x3 – 64 = 0
Þ x3 – 43 = 0
Þ (x – 4) (x2 + 4x + 16) = 0
Þ x – 4 = 0 or x2 + 4x + 16 = 0
Þ x=4 or x2 + 4x + 16 = 0
Now solving; x + 4x + 16 = 0
2

-4 ± 16 - 4(1) (16)
Þ x=
2
-4 ± -48

N
Þ x=
2
-4 ± 4 3 i
Þ x=

E
2
æ -1 ± 3 i ö
Þ x = 4 çç 2
÷÷

L
è ø
Þ 4, 4w and 4w2 are cube roots of 64.
Example 48 : Evaluate

L
(i) (1 + w – w )28

Solution : (1 + w – w2)8
= (–w2 – w2)8

A
= (–2w2)8
= 28w16
= 256w.w 15

= 256w.(w3)5
= 256w Q w3 = 1
(ii) w28 + w29 + 1
Solution : w28 + w29 + 1
= w.w27 + w2.w27 + 1
= w.(w3)9 + w2.(w3)9 + 1
= w.(1)9 + w2.(1)9 + 1
= w + w2 + 1
= 1 + w + w2
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

=0
(iii) (1 + w – w2)(1 – w + w2)
Solution : (1 + w – w2)(1 – w + w2)
= (– w2 – w2)(1 + w2 – w)
= (– w2 – w2)(– w – w)
= (– 2w2)(– 2w)
= 4w3 Q w3 = 1
=4

31
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
7 7
æ -1 + - 3 ö æ - 1 - - 3 ö
(iv) çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

7 7
æ -1 + - 3 ö æ - 1 - - 3 ö
Solution : çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
= (w)7 + (w2)7
= w7 + w14
= w.w6 + w2.w12
= w.(w3)2 + w2.(w3)4
= w.(1)2 + w2.(1)4
= w + w2
= –1

N
(v) ( -1 + -3)5 + ( -1 - -3)5

Solution : ( -1 + -3)5 + ( -1 - -3)5

E
= ( -1 + -3)5 + (-1 - -3)5

5 5

L
æ -1 + - 3 ö æ -1 - - 3 ö
= ç 2. ÷÷ + çç 2. ÷÷
ç 2 2
è ø è ø

L
= 32(w)5 + 32(w2)5
= 32w5 + 32w10
= 32w5(1 + w5)
= 32w2.w3(1 + w2.w3)

A
= 32w2(1 + w2)
= 32w2(–w)
= – 32w3
= – 32
Example 49 : Show that
(i) x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x – wy) (x – w2y)
Solution : x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x – wy) (x – w2y)
R.H.S = (x – y) (x – wy)(x – w2y)
= (x – y)(x2 – wxy – w2xy + w3y2)
= (x – y)(x2 – (w + w2)xy + y2)
= (x – y)(x2 – (–1)xy + y2)
= (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
= x3 – y3
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

= L.H.S
(ii) x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x + wy + w2z)(x + w2y + wz)
Solution : x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x + wy + w2z)(x + w2y + wz)
R.H.S = (x + y + z)(x + wy + w2z)(x + w2y + wz)
= (x + y + z)(x2 + w2xy + wxz + wxy + w3y2 + w2yz + w2zx + w4yz + w3z2)
= (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 + (w2 + w)xy + (w2 + w)zx + (w2 + w)yz)
= (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 + (–1)xy + (–1)zx + (–1)yz)
= (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
= x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= R.H.S
32
 Mathematics
ALLEN
(iii) (1 + w)(1 + w2)(1 + w4)(1 + w8).........2n factors = 1
Solution : (1 + w)(1 + w2)(1 + w4)(1 + w8).........2n factors = 1
L.H.S. = (1 + w)(1 + w2)(1 + w4)(1 + w8).......2n factors
= (1 + w)(1 + w2)(1 + w.w3)(1 + w.w6).......2n factors
= (1 + w)(1 + w2)(1 + w)(1 + w2).......2n factors
= (–w2)(–w)(–w2)(–w).......2n factors
= w3.w3 ....... n factors
= 1.1.1....... n factors
=1
= R.H.S
Example 50 : If w is a root of x2 + x + 1 = 0, show that its other root is w2 and prove that w3 = 1.
Solution : Since w is a root of x2 + x + 1 = 0
Þ w2 + w + 1 = 0 ......(1)

N
Now to show that w2 is root of x2 + x + 1 = 0
we have to show that w4 + w2 + 1 = 0
w4 + w2 + 1 = (w2)2 + 1 + w2

E
= (w2)2 + 1 + 2w2 + w2 – 2w2
= (w2 + 1)2 – w2

L
= (w2 + 1 + w)(w2 + 1 – w)
= (1 + w + w2)(w2 – w + 1)

L
= (0)(w2 – w + 1) from (1)
Hence w + w + 1 = 0
4 2
.......(2)
Now subtracting equations (1) and (2)
(w4 + w2 + 1) – (w2 + w + 1) = 0

A
w4 – w = 0
w(w3 – 1) = 0
w¹0 Þ (w – 1) = 0
3

Þ w = 1 as required.
3

æ1+ 3 i ö æ1 - 3 i ö
Example 51 : Prove that complex cube roots of –1 are çç 2 ÷÷ and çç 2 ÷÷ ; and hence prove that
è ø è ø
9 9
æ 1 + -3 ö æ 1 - -3 ö
çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ = -2
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Solution : Let x be cube root of –1
Þ x3 = – 1
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Þ x3 + 1 = 0
Þ (x + 1)(x2 – x + 1) = 0
Þ x + 1 = 0 or x2 – x + 1 = 0
Þ x=–1 or x2 – x + 1 = 0
Now solving; x2 – x + 1 = 0

1 ± 1 - 4(1)(1)
Þ x=
2

1 ± -3
Þ x=
2

33
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
1± 3i
Þ x=
2

1+ 3i 1- 3i
Thus cube roots of –1 are –1, and
2 2

1+ 3i 1- 3i
Hence complex cube roots of –1 are and
2 2
9 9
æ 1 + -3 ö æ 1 - -3 ö
Now to prove ç
ç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ = -2
è 2 ø è 2 ø

9 9
æ 1 + -3 ö æ 1 - -3 ö
L.H.S = ç
ç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

N
9 9
æ - 1 - -3 ö æ -1 + -3 ö
= ç -1. ÷÷ + çç -1. ÷÷
ç 2 2
è ø è ø

E
= (–w2)9 + (–w)9
= – w18 – w9

L
= – (w3)6 – (w3)3
= – (1)6 – (1)3
=–1–1

L
=–2
= R.H.S
Example 52 : If w is a cube root of unity, form an equation whose roots are 2w and 2w2

A
Solution : An equation whose roots are 2w and 2w2 is
x2 – Sx + P = 0 ......(1)
Now S = 2w + 2w 2

= 2(w + w2)
= 2(–1)
=–2
P = 2w.2w2
P = 4w3
P=4
Putting values in (1)
Þ x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 is required equation.
Example 53 : Find four fourth roots of 16, 81, 625.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Solution : Let x be fourth root of 16.

Þ x4 = 16
Þ x4 – 16 = 0
Þ (x2)2 – (4)2 = 0
Þ (x2 – 4)(x2 + 4) = 0
Þ x2 – 4 = 0 or x2 + 4 = 0
Þ x2 = 4 or x2 = – 4
Þ x=±2 or x = ± 2i
i.e; fourth roots of 16 are 2, –2, –2i and 2i.

34
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Let x be fourth root of 81.
Þ x4 = 81
Þ x4 – 81 = 0
Þ (x2)2 – (9)2 = 0
Þ (x2 – 9)(x2 + 9) = 0
Þ x2 – 9 = 0 or x2 + 9 = 0
Þ x2 = 9 or x2 = –9
Þ x = ±3 or x = ±3i
i.e., fourth roots of 81 are 3, –3, –3i and 3i.
Let x be fourth root of 625.
Þ x4 = 625
Þ x4 – 625 = 0
Þ (x2)2 – (25)2 = 0

N
Þ (x2 – 25)(x2 + 25) = 0
Þ x2 – 25 = 0 or x2 + 25 = 0

E
Þ x2 = 25 or x2 = –25
Þ x2 = ±5 or x2 = ±5i
i.e; fourth roots of 625 are 5, –5, –5i and 5i.

L
Example 54 : Solve the following equations.
(i) 4x2 – 32 = 0 (ii) 3y5 – 243y = 0

L
(iii) x 3 + x2 + x + 1 (iv) 5x5 – 5x = 0
Solution : (i) 4x2 – 32 = 0
Þ 4(x2 – 16) = 0

A
Þ x2 – 16 = 0
Þ x2 – 42 = 0
Þ (x – 4)(x + 4) = 0
Þ x–4=0 or x+4=0
Þ x=4 or x = –4
Solution set is {–4, 4}
(ii) 3y5 – 243y = 0
Þ 3y(y4 – 81) = 0
Þ 3y = 0 or y4 – 81 = 0
Þ y = 0 or y4 = 81
Þ y4 – 81 = 0
Þ (y2)2 – (9)2 = 0
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Þ (y2 – 9)(y2 + 9) = 0
Solution set is {0, ±3, ±3i}
(iii) x 3 + x2 + x + 1
Solution : x3 + x2 + x + 1
Þ x2(x + 1) + 1(x + 1) = 0
Þ (x + 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
Þ x + 1 = 0 or x2 + 1 = 0
Þ x = –1 or x2 = –1
Þ x = –1 or x = ±i

35
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
Solution set is {–1, ±i}
(iv) 5x5 – 5x = 0
5x(x4 – 1) = 0
5x = 0 or x4 – 1 = 0
5x = 0 or x4 – 1 = 0
x = 0 or x4 – 1 = 0
Þ x4 – 1 = 0
Þ (x2 – 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
Þ x2 – 1 = 0 or x2 + 1 = 0
Þ x2 = 1 or x2 = –1
Þ x = ±1 or x = ±i
Solution set is {0, ±1, ±i}

N
CHECK YOUR LEARNING-4

E
TOPIC COVERED : CUBE ROOT OF UNITY

4p 4p
+ i sin then the value of (1 + a)3n is

L
1. If a = cos
3 3

(1) –1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) (–1)n

L
2. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + w – w2)2 equals : -

(1) w (2) –4w (3) w2 (4) 4w

A
3. If w is a non real cube root of unity, then the expression (1 – w)(1 – w2)(1 + w4)(1 + w8) is equal to : -

(1) 0 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 2

4. If 1, x1, x2, x3 are roots of x 4 – 1 = 0, w is complex cube root of unity, find the value of

(w 2
- x1 )( w2 - x 2 )( w2 - x 3 )
.
( w - x1 )( w - x 2 )( w - x 3 )
5. If w ¹ 1 is a cube root of unity then find the value of (x + y) 2 + (xw + yw2)2 + (xw2 + yw)2.

1
6. If a, b are the complex cube roots of unity then a100 + b100 + 100 =
a ´ b100

(1) –1 (2) 1 (3) w (4) 0

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

3n 3n
æ -1 + 3i ö æ -1 - 3i ö
7. The value of çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ =
è 2 ø è 2 ø

(1) 0 (2) i (3) 2 (4) 1

36
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the maximum distance from the origin of coordinates to the point z satisfying the equation

1
z+ =a.
z

1 1 1 1
Solution : We have Þ z = z + - £ z+ + -
z z z z

1
Þ z £ a+ Þ |z2| – a|z| – 1 £ 0
z

a - a2 + 4 a + a2 + 4
Þ z £

N
2 2

a + a2 + 4

E
So the maximum distance is,
2

Example 2 : If |z1 – 1| < 3, |z2 – 2| < 2, |z2 – 3| < 3, then |z1 + z2 + z3|,

L
(1) is less than 6 (2) is more than 3
(3) is less than 12 (4) Lies between 6 and 12

L
Solution : \ |z1 – 1| < 1, |z2 – 2| < 2, |z3 – 3| < 3

A
\ |z1 + z2 + z3| = |(z1 – 1) + (z2 – 2) + (z3 – 3) + 6| £ |z1 – 1| + |z2 – 2| + |z3 – 3| +6
<1+2+3+6
\ |z1 + z2 + z3| < 12 Ans. (3)

z -2
Example 3 : If z is a point on the Argand plane such that |z – 1| = 1, then is equal to -
z

(1) tan (arg z) (2) cot (arg z) (3) i tan (arg z) (4) none of these
Solution : Since |z – 1| = 1,

\ let z - 1 = cos q + i sin q

Then, z - 2 = cos q + i sin q - 1

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

q q q qæ q qö
= -2 sin
2
+ 2i sin cos = 2i sin ç cos + i sin ÷ .... (i)
2 2 2 2 è 2 2 ø

and z = 1 + cos q + i sin q

q q q qæ q qö
= 2cos
2
+ 2i sin cos = 2cos ç cos + i sin ÷ .... (ii)
2 2 2 2è 2 2ø

z-2 q æ q ö
From (i) and (ii), we get = i tan = i tan ( arg z ) çQ arg z = from ( ii)÷ Ans. (3)
z 2 è 2 ø

37
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
Example 4 : Find modulus and argument for z = 1 – sin a + i cos a, a Î (0,2p)
a a
Solution : |z|= (1 - sin a )2 + (cos a )2 = 2 - 2 sin a = 2 cos - sin
2 2

æ pö
Case (i) For a Î ç 0, ÷ , z will lie in I quadrant.
è 2ø
é cos a ù
amp (z) = tan -1 ê ú Þ amp (z)
ë 1 - sin a û

é ù
ê cos 2 a - sin 2 a ú é a aù
cos + sin ú
-1 ê 2 2 ú -1 ê 2 2
= tan = tan ê ú
êæ a aö
2ú a a
ê ç cos - sin ÷ ú ê cos - sin ú
êë è 2 2 ø úû ëê 2 2 ûú

é æ p a öù

N
Þ arg z = tan -1 ê tan ç + ÷ ú
ë è 4 2 øû

p a æ p pö
Since + Î ,
4 2 çè 4 2 ÷ø

E
æp aö æ a aö
\ amp (z) = ç + ÷ , |z|= 2 ç cos - sin ÷

L
è4 2ø è 2 2ø
p
Case (ii) at a = : z = 0 + 0i

L
2
|z| = 0
amp (z) is not defined.
æ p 3p ö

A
Case (iii) For a Î ç , ÷ , z will lie in IV quadrant
è2 2 ø

é æ a p öù
so amp (z) = –tan–1 ê tan ç + ÷ú
ë è 2 4 øû

a p æp ö
Since + Î ,p
2 4 çè 2 ÷ø

æa p ö 3p a æ a aö
\ amp (z) = - ç + - p ÷ = - , |z| = 2 ç sin - cos ÷
è2 4 ø 4 2 è 2 2ø

3p
Case (iv) at a = : z = 2 + 0i
2
|z| = 2
amp (z) = 0
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

æ 3p ö
Case (v) For a Î ç ,2p ÷
è 2 ø
z will lie in I quadrant
é æ a p öù
arg (z) = tan–1 ê tan ç + ÷ú
ë è 2 4 øû

a p æ 5p ö
Since + Î p,
2 4 çè 4 ÷ø
a p a 3p æ a aö
\ arg z = + -p= - , |z| = 2 ç sin - cos ÷
2 4 2 4 è 2 2ø

38
 Mathematics
ALLEN
ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR LEARNING-1

1. –1 + i 2. 0 3. 19 4. –8

1 4 3
5. n = 4 6. 0 7. –7 –6i 8. - i
49 49

5 14 3
9. x =
13
,y=
13
10. a = –2 11. 0 12. (1 + i )
2

-7
14. i 15. 3 2 and –2i 16. 4 – 3i and 3 + 2i
2

N
CHECK YOUR LEARNING-2

E
-1 + i
1. –3 –6i 2. –3 + 4i 3. 4. 1369
2

L
5. 2 6. x = 1, y = –4 or x = –1, y = –4 7. 0

8. 1 10. k = 1

L
11. Infinitely many solutions of the form z = 0 ± iy; yÎR

A
2p 5p
12. (a) |z| = 4; amp(z) = (b) |z|= 2; amp(z) = -
3 6

p 1 3p
(c) |z|= 2; amp(z) = - (d) |z|= ; amp(z) =
2 2 4

p
(e) |z|= 2; amp(z) =
3

-p p
13. 0 14. 15. 16. (i) ±(1 – 4i)
2 3
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

æ 2 +1 2 -1 ö
(
(ii) ± 5 - 3 2i ) (iii) 1 – 3i, –1 + 3i ±
(iv) ç
ç
è
2
m
2
i÷
÷
ø

æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö æ 2 +1 2 -1 ö
(v) ç ± m i÷ (vi) ç ± ± i÷ (vii) ç ± ± i÷
è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø ç 2 2 ÷
è ø

39
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
CHECK YOUR LEARNING-3

1. 13 units 2. 0, –1 + i, 3. 5 4. a = b = 2 - 3

5. (2) 6. Straight line : x – y + 1 = 0 7. 2

é 3p 3p ù é æ -5 p ö æ -5 p ö ù
8. (a) 6 êcos + i sin ú (b) 1 êcos ç ÷ + i sin ç ÷ú
ë 4 4û ë è 12 ø è 12 ø û

æ 3p 3p ö æ p pö
(c) 2 ç cos + i sin (d) 2 ç cos + i sin ÷
è 4 4 ÷ø è 4 4 ø

9. (2)

N
æ 3p ö æ pö
i i -2 ÷
æ 3p 3p ö ç 4 ÷ø æ - 2p -2p ö ç
10. (a) 2 2 ç cos + i sin ; 2 2e è (b) 2 ç cos + i sin ; 2e è 3 ø

E
4 4 ø÷ 3 3 ø÷
è è

L
æ pö
iç 3 ÷
æ 3p 3p ö è 4 ø
(c) 2 ç cos + i sin ; 2e
è 4 4 ÷ø

L
p p æ p pö æ 4p 4p ö
11. (i) 2 æç cos + i sin ö÷ (ii) 5(cosp + isinp) (iii) 3 ç cos + i sin ÷ (iv) 2 ç cos + i sin
3 ÷ø

A
6 6 è 2 2ø è 3
è ø

æ 5p 5p ö æ 3p 3p ö æ p pö
(v) 1 ç cos + i sin (vi) 1 ç cos + i sin (vii) 2 ç cos + i sin ÷
è 3 3 ÷ø è 4 4 ÷ø è 2 2ø

æ 11p 11p ö
(viii) 1 ç cos + i sin
è 6 6 ÷ø

12. (i) i (ii) 1 + i (iii) -3 + 3 3i (iv) -1 - 3i

13. –10i 14. –4 – 4i 15. 2 2i 16. 1 + i 3

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

æ 7p 7p ö
17. 2 ç cos + i sin
è 4 4 ÷ø

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-4

1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. 1

5. 6xy 6. (4) 7. (3)

40
 Mathematics
ALLEN
NCERT BASED QUESTIONS
n
æ 1ö
1. For a positive integer n, find the value of (1 – i)n ç 1 - ÷
è iø

3 3
æ1+ i ö æ1- i ö
2. If ç ÷ -ç ÷ = x + iy, then find (x, y).
è1- iø è1+ i ø

(1 + i)2
3. If = x + iy, then find the value of x + y.
2-i

100
æ1- i ö
4. If ç ÷ = a + ib, then find (a, b).
è1+ iø

N
1+ a
5. If a = cosq + i sinq, find the value of .
1- a

E
6. If (1 + i) z = (1 – i) z , then show that z = -iz .

L
7. Solve the equation |z| = z + 1 + 2i.
8. If |z +1| = z + 2 (1 + i), then find z.

L
9. If arg (z – 1) = arg (z + 3i), then find (x – 1) : y, where z = x + iy.

z1 - 1
10. If |z 1|= 1 (z 1 ¹ –1) and z 2 = , then show that the real part of z 2 is zero.
z1 + 1

A
1 1 1 1
11. If |z 1| = |z 2| = ..= |z n| = 1, then show that |z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + ... + z n| = + + + ... + .
z1 z 2 z 3 zn

12. Solve the system of equations Re(z 2) = 0, |z| = 2.

13. Find the complex number satisfying the equation z + 2 |(z + 1)| + i = 0.

z1 + z 2 + 1
14. If z 1 = 2 – i, z 2 = 1 + i, find z - z + 1 .
1 2

( x + 1)
2
( x + 1)
2 2

15.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

If a + ib = , prove that a + b =
2 2
2x2 + 1 (2x + 1)
2
2

16. Let z 1 = 2 – i, z 2 = –2 + i. Find :

æz z ö æ 1 ö
(i) Re ç 1 2 ÷ (ii) Im ç ÷
è z1 ø è z1 z1 ø

1 + 2i
17. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number .
1 - 3i

41
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
18. Find the real numbers x and y if (x – iy) (3 + 5i) is the conjugate of –6 – 24i.

1+ i 1-i
19. Find the modulus of - .
1- i 1+ i

u v
20. If (x + iy)3 = u + iv, then show that (
+ = 4 x2 - y2 .
x y
)
21. If (a + ib) (c + id) (e + if) (g + ih) = A + iB, then show that (a 2 + b2) (c2 + d2) (e2 + f 2) (g2 + h 2)
= A2 + B 2.

E N
L L
A ANSWERS
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

2 q
1. 2n 2. (0, –2) 3. 4. (1, 0) 5. i cot
5 2

3 1
7. - 2i 8. - 2i 9. 1 : 3 12. 2 ± i 2, - 2 ± i 2
2 2

4 5 2 1 3p
13. –2 – i 14. 16. (i) - (ii) 0 17. ,
5 5 2 4

18. x = 3, y = – 3 19. 2
42
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE-1
Single Correct Questions
1. The smallest positive integer n for which (1 + i) 2n = (1 – i)2n is
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 2 (4) 12
2. in + i n + 1 + in + 2+ in + 3, when n Î N is equal to
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 2
13
3. The value of the sum å ( in + in +1 ) , where i = -1 , is
n =1
(1) i (2) i – 1 (3) –i (4) 0
4. Number of non-zero integral solutions to (3+ 4i) = 25 is n n

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) finitely many (4) None of these

5. z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are two complex numbers then z1 > z2 is meaningful if

N
(1) a > c and b > d (2) a + c > b + d
(3) a = c = 0 and b > d (4) a > c and b = d = 0
6.

E
Im (zz) =
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) –1 (4) can't say

L
7. –3 –75 =
(1) 15 (2) 15i (3) –15 (4) –15i

L
8. 8 - 6i =
(1) ± (3 – 6i) (2) ± (3 – 2i) (3) ± (3 – i) (4) ± (3 + 4i)
9. If (1 + i) ( 1 + 2i) ( 1 + 3i) .... (1 + ni) = a + ib then 2 . 5 . 10 ... (1 + n ) =
2

A
(1) a – ib (2) a2 – b2 (3) a2 + b2 (4) None of these
2
10. In the quadratic equation x + (p +iq) x + 3i = 0 , p & q are real. If the sum of the squares of the roots is
8 then :
(1) p = 3, q = –1 (2) p = –3, q = –1
(3) p = 3, q = 1 or p = –3, q = –1 (4) p = –3, q = 1
11. The conjugate of z + 2 z is
(1) 2 z + z (2) z + z (3) z + 2z (4) 2 z – z
12. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| + |z1 – z2|, then

æz ö æz ö æz ö æz ö
(1) Im ç 1 ÷ = 0 (2) Re ç 1 ÷ = 0 (3) Re ç 1 ÷ = Im ç 1 ÷ (4) None of these.
è z2 ø è z2 ø è z2 ø è z2 ø

13. The number of complex numbers z such that |z – 1| = |z + 1| = |z – i| equals -

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) ¥

14. The minimum value of |z| + |z –1| is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
15. For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, | 7 z1 + 3z2|2 + |3z1 – 7 z2|2 is always equal to
(1) 16(|z1|2 + |z2|2) (2) 4(|z1|2 + |z2|2) (3) 8(|z1|2 + |z2|2) (4) None of these

16. Principal argument of z = - 3 + i is

5p p 5p
(1) (2) (3) - (4) None of these
6 6 6

43
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
17. Let z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z| = |w| and arg z + arg w = p, then z equal to -
(1) w (2) – w (3) w (4) – w
18. If arg ( z1 ) = arg(z2), then
(1) z2 = k z1 (k > 0) (2) z2 = kz1 (k > 0) (3) |z2| = | z 1| (4) None of these.

z1
19. If = 1 and arg (z z ) = 0, then
z2 1 2

(1) z1 = z2 (2) |z2|2 = z1z2 (3) z1z2 = 1 (4) None of these

20. If z1 , z2 are two complex numbers such that arg(z1+z2) = 0 and Im(z1z2) = 0, then
(1) z1 = – z2 (2) z1 = z2 (3) z 1= z 2 (4) None of these

21. For a < 0, arg (ia) is

p p
(1) (2) – (3) p (4) –p
2 2

N
22. If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| and arg z1 + arg z2 = 0 then z1, z2 are
(1) equal (2) not equal

E
(3) conjugate to each other (4) need not be conjugate

æ z1 ö æz ö
If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg ç ÷ + arg ç 2 ÷ equals

L
23.
z
è 4ø è z3 ø

p 3p

L
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4) p
2 2
24. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + w - w 2 )7 equals
(1) 128w (2) –128w (3) 128w2 (4) –128w2

A
334 365
æ 1 i 3ö æ 1 i 3ö
25. If i = -1 , then 4 + 5 ç - + ÷ + 3ç - + ÷ is equal to :
ç 2 2 ÷ø ç 2 2 ÷ø
è è

(1) 1 - i 3 (2) -1 + i 3 (3) i 3 (4) - i 3

26. Number of values of z (real or complex) simultaneously satisfying the system of equations
1 + z + z2 + z3 + ........ + z17 = 0 and 1 + z + z2 + z3 + ......... + z13 = 0 is -
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 3 3 2 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 1
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Ans. 1 4 1 2 3 2 3 1 4 3 1
44
 Mathematics
ALLEN
EXERCISE-2
Multiple Correct Questions

a-b
1. If a, b be any two complex numbers such that = 1 , then which of the following may be true?
1-a b

(1) |a |= 1 (2) |b|= 1 (3) a = eiq , q Î R (4) b = eiq , q Î R

2. If g(x) and h(x) are two polynomials such that the polynomial P(x) = g(x3) + xh(x3) is divisible by x2 + x + 1,
then -

(1) g(1) = h(1) = 0 (2) g(1) = h(1) ¹ 0 (3) g(1) = –h(1) (4) g(1) + h(1) = 0

3. For two complex numbers z1 and z2 : (az1 + bz1 )(cz 2 + dz2 ) = (cz1 + dz1 )(az 2 + bz2 ) if (a, b, c, d Î R) -

N
a c a b
(1) = (2) = (3) |z1 |=|z2 | (4) arg(z1) = arg(z2)
b d d c

E
4. Which of the following, locii of z on the complex plane represents a pair of straight lines ?

(1) Re(z2) = 0 (2) Im(z2) = 0 (3) |z| + z = 0 (4) |z – 1| = |z – i|

L
|x + 1 + 2i|-2
5. If S be the set of real values of x satisfying the inequality 1 – log 2 ³ 0 , then S contains -
2 -1

L
(1) [–3, –1) (2) (–1, 1] (3) [–2, 2] (4) [–3, 1]

6. If amp (z1z2) = 0 and |z1| = |z2| = 1, then -

A
(1) z1 + z2 = 0 (2) z1z2 = 1 (3) z1 = z2 (4) None of these

True/False

5 + 12 i + 5 - 12i p
7. If z = , then principal value of argument z is – .
5 + 12 i - 5 - 12 i 2

8. If (2 + i)(2 + 2i) (2 + 3i) ...... (2 + ni) = x + iy, then 5.8.13. .......(4 + n 2) = (x 2 + y2)2

Fill in the blank

9. If |z1| = 2, |z2|=3, |z3|= 4 and |2z1 + 3z2 + 4z3| = 9, then absolute value of 8z 2z3 + 27z3z1 + 64z1z2
must be equal to ____.
CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

z
10. There is a complex number z with imaginary part 164 and a positive integer n such that = 4i . Then
z+n
the value of n is _____.

Match the Column

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as P, Q, R and S. Any
given statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.

45
TIM BATCH
ALLEN
11. Column-I Column-II

1
(A) If z be the complex number such that z + =2 (P) 0
z

|z|
then minimum value of is
p
tan
8

2n zn zn
(B) |z| = 1 & z +1 ¹ 0 then 2n - is equal to (Q) 3
z + 1 z 2n + 1

(C) If 8iz3 + 12z2 – 18z + 27 i = 0 then 2|z| is (R) 11

N
(D) If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the roots of equation (S) 1

E
4

z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0, then Õ (z
i =1
i + 2) is

L L
A ANSWER KEY

Multiple Correct Questions

CBSE-2021\Module\TIM\Other Centre\10th\Maths\1. Complex number\Complex number.P65"

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. 1,2,3,4 1,3,4 1,4 1,2 1,2 2,3
True/False
7. False 8. False
Fill in the blank
9. 216 10. 697
Match the Column
11. (A) ® (S), (B) ® (P), (C) ® (Q), (D) ® (R)

46