Contone 14 11 2023

W6
2112110130

50
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Asymmetrical Faults
Prepared by: Prof. Ir. Dr Hazlie Mokhlis

3 Questions
Learning Outline
Symmetrical Components Theory
Sequence Impedance: Load, Line, Generator,
Transformer
Fault Analysis: Line-Ground, Line-Line, Line-
Line-Ground.
Examples and Class Exercises

2
 by a sequencecomponent
Impedance seen

Sequence Impedance______________
• The impedance of an equipment or component to the
current of different sequences.

• positive-sequence impedance (Z1): Impedance that

causes a positive-sequence current to flow.

• negative-sequence impedance (Z2): Impedance that

causes a negative-sequence current to flow.

• zero-sequence impedance (Z0): Impedance that causes

a zero-sequence current to flow.

3
 Zm MutualImpedance

Sequence Impedance of Y-Connected Load

2m Line to ground voltages are:
Zn Iat Ib Ic
Va  Z s I a  Z m I b  Z m I c  Z n I n
Vb  Z m I a  Z s I b  Z m I c  Z n I n (10.23)

Vc  Z m I a  Z m I b   Z s I c  Z n I n
Kirchhoff’ current law:
In  Ia  Ib  Ic In (10.24)
AND substituteinto
In 1example

i
Substituting In into (10.23):
Va  ( Z s  Z n ) Z m  Z n Zm  Zn  I a 
V    Z  Z ( Z  Z ) Z  Z  I  (10.25) Applysamething to Vb Nctogetitsmatrix
 b  m n s n m n  b eqn
Vc   Z m  Z n Z m  Z n ( Z s  Z n )  I c 

V abc  Z abc I abc (10.26)

phase 2phase Iphase

4
Sequence Impedance of Y-Connected Load
Vak AV8
( Z s  Z n ) Z m  Z n Zm  Zn  I
abC
AI
Z abc   Z m  Z n ( Z s  Z n ) Z m  Z n  (10.27)
 Z m  Z n Z m  Z n ( Z s  Z n )

Writing Vabcunbalancy
and Iabc in terms of their symmetrical components:
nuancedsymmetrialcomponent ofphaseA A Transformation Matrix
(𝐀𝐕 )=𝐙 (𝐀𝐈 ) (10.28)
Multiplying (10.28) by A-1 : 5
Va012  ( A  Z abc A )I 012 2012 A zabeA

T.no 𝐙
a
(10.29)
Z I 012 012
a

where (10.30)
=𝐀 𝐙 𝐀
N 20 I
Substituting for Zabc, A and A-1 from (10.27), (10.10) and (10.12):
10.27
1 1 1  ( Z s  Z n ) Z m  Z n Z m  Z n  1 1 1
1 (10.31)
Z 012  1 a a 2   Z m  Z n ( Z s  Z n ) Z m  Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z m  Z n Z m  Z n ( Z s  Z n ) 1 a a 2 

5
𝐙 = 𝐀 standard 𝐙 𝐀 standard
 Sequence Impedance of Y-Connected Load
Performing the multiplication in (10.31):

 ( Z s  3Z n  2 Z m ) 0 0  zeroseal
Z 012   0 (Z s  Z m ) 0  tueSeg
 (10.32)
 0 0 ( Z s  Z m ) seq

When there is no mutual coupling, Zm = 0, the impedance matrix becomes:

zerosea124
 ( Z s  3Z n ) 0 0 
  0 
positusen
Z 012 0 (Z s )
negtiveseqimpedance (10.33)
 0 0 ( Z s ) 22

6
 Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines
20 321
For sequence impedance transmission line, Z1 =Z2, Z0 is typically different
and larger by approximately 3 times than the positive and negative
sequence.
32 3 .ie

Sequence Impedance of Synchronous Machine

The positive-sequence generator impedance is the value found when positive-
sequence current flows from the action of an imposed positive-sequence set of
voltages.
2

The negative-sequence reactance value is close to the positive-sequence

Eat substransient reactance, i.e : subtransient
X 2  X d" d Transient

segt Zero-sequence reactance is approximated to the leakage reactance, i.e :

X 0  Xl XL
7
 Sequence Impedances of Transformer
• Series Leakage Impedance.
– the magnetization current and core losses represented by the shunt
branch are neglected (they represent only 1% of the total load current)
– the transformer is modeled with the equivalent series leakage
impedance.

• Since transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance will not

change if the phase sequence is changed.
• Therefore, the positive and negative sequence impedance are the
same; Z1 = Z2 = Zl Fortransformer
dependant ofDIYcombination 4types
• Wiring connection cause a phase shift. In Y-∆ or ∆ -Y transformer:
– Positive Sequence rotates by a +30° from HV to LV side
Magnitudesame
– Negative Sequence rotates by a -30° from HV to LV side
– Zero Sequence does not rotate
• The equivalent circuit for zero-sequence impedance depends on the
winding connections and also upon whether or not the neutrals are
grounded.
8
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit
Figure (a)
Primary
20 Indary

Y-Y connections with both neutrals grounded –I We know that the zero sequence
current equals the sum of phase currents.

Since both neutrals are grounded, there is a path for the zero sequence current to
flow in the primary and secondary, and the transformer exhibits the equivalent
leakage impedance per phase as shown in Fig. (a).

9
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit

Figure (b)
2

Y-Y connections with primary the neutral grounded – The primary neutral is
grounded, but since the secondary neutral is isolated, the secondary phase
current must sum up to zero.

This means that the zero-sequence current in the secondary is zero. Consequently,
the zero sequence current in the primary is also zero, reflecting infinite impedance
or an open circuit as shown in Fig. (b).

10
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit
Figure (c)

Y-Δ with grounded neutral – in this configuration, the primary currents can flow
because the zero-sequence circulating current in the Δ-connected secondary and
a ground return path for the Y-connected primary.

Note that no zero-sequence current can leave the Δ terminals, thus there is an
isolation between the primary and secondary sides as shown in figure (c)

11
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit
Figure (d)

d) Y-Δ connection with isolated neutral – in this configuration, because the neutral
is isolated, zero sequence current cannot flow and the equivalent circuit reflects
an infinite impedance or an open as shown in figure (d)

12
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit
Figure (e)

Δ-Δ connection – in this configuration, zero-sequence currents circulate in the Δ-

connected windings, but no currents can leave the Δ terminals, and the equivalent
circuit is as shown in figure (e)

13
Sequence Impedances of Transformer
Connection diagram Zero-sequence circuit
current remember
diagram
Figure (a) flows

Figure (b) noturrent

flow

782
isolation between
Figure (c)
nocurrent

noIflow
Figure (d)
Current
To ZeroSeq
2n NeutralImpedance
hotshow
Figure (e)

Transformed
Notice that the neutral impedance plays an important role in the equivalent
circuit. When the neutral is grounded through an impedance Zn, because In=3Io, in 14
the equivalent circuit, the neutral impedance appears as 3Zn in the path of I0.
Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator
Ia

Zs Va  Ea  Z s I a  Z n I n
Va
Ec
Ea Vb  Eb  Z s I b  Z n I n
In N
Zs
Zs Eb Ib Vc  Ec  Z s I c  Z n I n
Zn
Ic
Vb
Vc

A synchronous machine generates balanced three-phase internal voltages and is

represented as a positive-sequence set of phasors:
Ec
120° Ea
1
(10.44)
E abc
 a 2  Ea
120°
 a  120°

Eb
15
Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator
The machine is supplying a three-phase balanced load. Applying kirchhoff’s voltage
law to each phase we obtain:
In Iat In Ic
Va  Ea  Z s I a  Z n I n
Vb  Eb  Z s I b  Z n I n
(10.45)
Vc  Ec  Z s I c  Z n I n and I rearrange

Substituting for In = Ia + Ib + Ic into (10.45):

Va   E a  ( Z s  Z n ) Zn Z n  I a 
V    E    Z ( Z  Z ) Z  I 
    
b b n s n n  b (10.46)
Vc   Ec   Z n Zn ( Z s  Z n )  I c 

In compact form: V abc  E abc  Z abc I abc (10.47)

16
 Vab AV92
Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator
Transforming the terminal voltages and currents phasors into their symmetrical
components:

AVa012  AE 012
a  Z abc
AI 012
a (10.48)
Multiplying (10.48) by A-1:
 abc
Va012  E 012
a  (A Z A)I 012
a
(10.49)
E 012
a Z I
012 012
a

Where:
1 1 1  ( Z s  Z n ) Zn Z n  1 1 1
1
Z 012  1 a a 2   Z n (Z s  Z n ) Z n  1 a 2 a  (10.50)
3
1 a 2 a   Z n Zn ( Z s  Z n ) 1 a a 2 
C

𝐙 = 𝐀 𝐙 𝐀
Performing the above multiplication:
 ( Z s  3Z n ) 0 0  Z 0 0 0
 

OZ 012  

0
0
Zs
0
0    0
Z s   0
Z1
0
0
Z 2 
(10.51)

17
Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator
Since the generated emf is balanced, there is only positive-sequence voltage, i.e:

0
  Ea 
(10.52)
E 012
a
0
 0 
𝐕 =𝐄 −𝐙 𝐈 (10.49)

012
Substituting for E a and Z 012 in (10.49):

Va0  0  Z 0 I a0
Va0   0   Z 0 0 0   I a0 
 1      Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1 (10.54)
Va    E a    0
1
Z 0   I a1  (10.53) or
Va2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a2  Va2  0  Z 2 I a2
  

18
 Sequence Impedances of a Loaded Generator
The three equations in (10.54) can be represented by the three equivalent
sequence networks:

932451rem
ve 0 seq
Tue seq seq

𝑉 =𝐸 −𝑍 𝐼 𝑉 =0−𝑍 𝐼 𝑉 =0−𝑍 𝐼
• Important observations:
– The three sequences are independent.
– The positive-sequence network is the same as the one-line diagram used in
studying balance three-phase currents and voltages.
– Only the positive-sequence network has a source and no voltage source for
other sequences.
– The neutral of the system is the reference for positive- and negative-sequence
networks, but ground is the reference for zero-sequence networks. Thus, zero
sequence current can only flow if the circuit from the system neutrals to
ground is complete. A Noground Nozero sequence
– The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero sequence network as 3Zn
– The three-sequence systems can be solved separately on a per phase basis.
The phase currents and voltages can then be determined by superposing their
symmetrical components of current and voltage respectively. 19
Single Line-To-Ground Fault
Three-phase generator with neutral grounded through an impedance Zn and
SLGF is assumed to occur at phase A through impedance Zf .
fault
GND
Ia Faulthappens to
hereneA
Zs
Ea Va Zf
Ec N
In Zs
Zs Eb Ib=0
Zn
Ic=0
Vb
Vc
Oath
Assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the SLGF conditions at the are:
throughLineA toAND Faultresultsin thislinehavinglowestimpedance
current
All
Va  Z f I a (10.55) Ib  Ic  0 (10.56)

20
Single Line-To-Ground Fault
Substituting for Ib = Ic = 0, the symmetrical components of currents from (10.14)
are:
I A Iabs If Ia I'a I
 I a0  1 1 1 I a   I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 1 1  1 1  
 I a   3 1 a a 2  O
0   I a   3 1 a a 2   I b  (10.14)
(10.57)
 I a2   2
a   0   I a2  1 a 2 a   I c 
  1 a
O  

From the above equation, we find that: Va0  0  Z 0 I a0

1 (10.58) Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1 (10. 54)
I  I  I  Ia
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
Va2  0  Z 2 I a2
Phase A voltage in terms of symmetrical components is :
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2 0 2018 Ea Z I'at 0 2218 (10.59)
Substituti ng Va0 , Va1and Va2 from (10.54) and noting I a0  I a1  I a2 :

simplify with Ii I'a I

Va  E a  ( Z  Z  Z ) I
0 1 2 0 (10. 60)
a

21
 Single Line-To-Ground Fault Va 2fIa
for zero seq 2 2s 32N

Where Z 0  Z s  3Z n . Substituti ng for Va from (10.55), and noting I a  3I a0 , we get :

Va ZtIa 0
3Z f I a  E a  ( Z 0  Z 1  Z 2 ) I a0 (10.61) Va  Z f I a (10.55)

or

Ea (10.62) 1
I  0
0
a I a0  I a1  I a2  I a (10.58)
Z  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f 3

The fault current is then

Ia 31 3E a Fault Current
I a  3I  0
0 (10.63)
a
Z  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f
Ib I 0
In order to obtain symmetrical voltage at the point of fault Equation, (10.63) is
substituted into Eq. (10.54) 0 0 0
Va  0  Z I a
Symmetrical
Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1 (10.54)
Voltage Va2  0  Z 2 I a2 22
Single Line-To-Ground Fault
Eq. (10.58) and (10.62) can be represented by connecting the sequence
networks in series as shown in the following figure.

oneline diagram

25 fault impedance
1 Ea
I a0  I a1  I a2  I a (10.58) I a0  (10.62)
3 Z 0  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f

Ia FaultCurrent
Knowt

No derivation 23
Line-To-Line Fault
Three-phase generator with a fault through an impedance Zf between phase B and C.
ec
I =0 a
ftp
Ib may
Zs equal
through
goes direction
Ea Va current
Eb opposite

Zs
N
Zs all I
Ec Ib Ib
yp.ve
Zf Vb
Ic
Vc

Assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the LLF conditions are:

Vb  Vc  Z f I b (10.64) Ia  0 (10.66)
Ib  Ic  0 (10.65)
24
 Line-To-Line Fault
Substituting for Ia = 0, and Ic = -Ib, the symmetrical components of the currents
from (10.14) are:

 I a0  1 1 1  0 
 1 1  I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 I a   3 1 a a 2   I b   1 1 1 a  
a 2   I b 
(10.67)
I
  3  (10.14)
 I a2  
1 a 2
a   I b 
a
   I a2  
1 a 2
a   I c 
 

From the above equation, we find that:

I a0  0 (10.68)

1
I a1  (a  a 2 ) I b (10.69) I
3
1
I a2  (a 2  a ) I b (10.70)
3

25
Line-To-Line Fault 1
I a1  (a  a 2 ) I b (10.69)
3
1 (10.70)
Also, from (10.69) and (10.70), we note that: I a2  (a 2  a ) I b
3
I a1   I a2 (10.71)
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2
From (10.16), we have:
Vb  Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 (10.16)
Vb  Vc  (Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 )  (Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2 ) Vc  Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2
 (a 2  a )(Va1  Va2 )
(10.72) Vb  Vc  Z f I b (10.64)
Ub Vc  Z f I b
Substituti ng for Va1 and Va2 from (10.54) and noting I a2   I a1 , we get :

Ib 314 (10.73)
(a 2  a )[ E a  ( Z 1  Z 2 ) I a1 ]  Z f I b
a ay Va0  0  Z 0 I a0
Substituti ng for I b from (10.69), we get :
Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1 (10.54)
3I a1 (10.74) Va2  0  Z 2 I a2
Ea  (Z  Z ) I  Z f
1 2 1
a
( a  a 2 )( a 2  a)

26
Line-To-Line Fault J.n.ae
Since (a  a 2 )(a 2  a)  3, solving for I a1 results in :

Ea
I a1 
(Z 1  Z 2  Z f ) (10.75)

The phase currents are Ia

In

 I a  1 1 1  0 
 I   1 a 2 a   I a1 
(10.76)
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a1 

The fault current is

0
I b   I c  (a 2  a ) I a1 (10.77) or I b   j 3I a1 (10.78)

Fault Current is I
27
 Line-To-Line Fault
Eq. (10.71) and (10.75) can be represented by connecting the positive and negative –
sequence networks as shown in the following figure.

Onelinediagram of
f 2 l fault

0
Ea
I a1   I a2 (10.71) I a1  (10.75)
(Z 1  Z 2  Z f )

28
Double Line-To-Ground Fault
Figure below shows a three-phase generator with a fault on phases B and C
through an impedance Zf to ground.
Line b c to 2s to AND
Ia = 0

Zs Va
Ea
Ec N
In Zs
Zs Eb Ib
Zn
Ic Zf Vb
Vc

Assuming the generator is initially on no-load, the boundary conditions at the fault
point are:
𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑍 (𝐼 + 𝐼 ) (10.79)

𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +𝐼 =0 (10.80)
29
Double Line-To-Ground Fault
From Eq. (10.16), the phase voltages Vb and Vc are
Va  Va0  Va1  Va2
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑎 𝑉 + 𝑎𝑉 (10.81) Vb  Va0  a 2Va1  aVa2 (10.16)
Vc  Va0  aVa1  a 2Va2
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑎𝑉 + 𝑎 𝑉 (10.82)

𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑍 (𝐼 + 𝐼 ) (10.79)
Since V = 𝑉 , from above we note that
BoundaryCondition

Va1  Va2 (10.83)

Substituting for the symmetrical components of current in Eq. (10.79), we get

Ib Ic 𝐼 +𝐼 +𝐼 =0 (10.80)
𝑉 = 𝑍 ({𝐼 +𝑎 𝐼 + 𝑎𝐼 } + {𝐼 +𝑎𝐼 + 𝑎 𝐼 }) 𝐼 = −𝐼 − 𝐼
= 𝑍 (2𝐼 + {−𝐼 − 𝐼 })
219 I'a a tal a a Ih
= 3𝑍 𝐼 2Ia 1 Id I (10.84)
Ia
3
30
 Double Line-To-Ground Fault
Vb 32714
Substituti ng for Vb from (10.84) and for Va2 from (10.83) into (10.81), we have : 𝑉𝑏 = 3𝑍 𝐼 (10.84)
32718 V8 a Va'taV'a
Va1  Va2 (10.83)
3Z f I a0  Va0  (a 2  a )Va1
3211 1 19 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑎 𝑉 + 𝑎𝑉 (10.81)
 Va0  Va1 (10.85) 𝑎 + 𝑎 = −1
Substituti ng for the symmetrical components of voltage from (10.54) into (10.85)
0 32118 Va Va Va0  0  Z 0 I a0
and solving for I , we get :
a
Va1  Ea  Z 1 I a1 (10.54)
E a  Z 1 I a1 Va2  0  Z 2 I a2
nano I  0
0
a a (10.86)
( Z  3Z f )
offerIt isfound
Also, substituting for the symmetrical components of voltage in (10.83), we obtain
vav Ea
I 
2 Ea  Z I 1 1
a EI I
(10.87)
a
Z2 I Ea227d
Substituti ng for I a0 and I 2a into (10.80) and solving for I a1 , we get : 𝐼 +𝐼 +𝐼 =0 (10.80)
Ea
I'd I'at 0
I a1  If O (10.88)
Z 2 ( Z 0  3Z f )
Z1 
Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
YFindthisfirst 31
Equation (10.86) − (10.88) can be represented by connecting the positive−sequence
impedance in series with the paralel combination of the negative−sequence
and zero−sequence networks as shown in the equivalent circuit of figure 10.15.

The value of I found from 10.88 is substituted in 10.86 and 10.87 to

obtain I and I . The phase current are then found from (10.8).
Finally, the fault current is obtained from

Needtoknowthese 4eqns
I f  I b  I c  3I 0
a
(10.89)
E a  Z 1 I a1 (10.86)
I  0
0
a
( Z  3Z f )
E a  Z 1 I a1 (10.87)
I 
2
a
Z2
7 Ea
I a1 
Z 2 ( Z 0  3Z f ) (10.88)
Z 
1

Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
 I a  1 1 1   I a0 
 I   1 a 2  
 b  a   I a1  (10.8)
 I c  1 a a 2   I a2 
Figure 10.15 Sequence network connection for double line-to-ground fault

32
 2n 0 083
EXAMPLE 5
The one-line diagram of a simple power system is show in Figure 10.16. The neutral of each
generator is grounded through a current-limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100-MVA
base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100-mva base tabulated below. The
generators are running on no-load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their emfs in
phase.
Determine the fault current for the following faults:
a. A balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedanceZ f = j 0.1 per unit
b. A single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j 0.1 per unit
c. A line-to-line fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j 0.1 per unit
d. A double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j 0.1 per unit
tueseg veseq Osey
Item Base Rated X1 X2 X0
MVA Voltage
G1 100 20-kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125

Step 1 Equivalent Impedances 33

 In 0.083

AND

GNP
Ygnd Ygnd
Δ Ygnd

Figure 10.16
Fault Bus3

Fault
0 sequence
Item Base Rated X1 X2 X0
MVA Voltage
G1 100 20-kV 0.15 0.15 0.05

8
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125
34
To find Thevenin impedance viewed from the faulted bus (bus 3), we convert the delta
formed by buses 123 to an equivalent Y as shown below

8
000
O O
DeltaconverttoY Ycircuitry
Fig. 10.17 Positive-sequence impedance

( j 0.125)( j 0.15) ( j 0.125)( j 0.25)

Z 1S   j 0.0357143
j 0.525 Z 2S   j 0.0595238
j 0.525
( j 0.15)( j 0.25)
Z 3S   j 0.0714286
j 0.525

35
 ( j 0.2857143)( j 0.3095238)
Z 
1
33  j 0.0714286
j 0.5952381
 j 0.22

series to eachother

36
 Oseq needto consider ifgenerator isgrounded connertionoftransformer primary secondary side
To find thevenin impedance viewed from the faulted bus (bus 3), we convert the
delta formed by buses 123 to an equivalent Y as shown in figure 10.19(b)
Ygnd Hand III T1
Bihalesco In
T2
2 0.25 D gnd
If

0 O
o B open
aix a
721
Tayoly
connected
Tayo

42 0 Δ Y
Convert

( j 0.30)( j 0.35)
43
0 Z 1S   j 0.0770642 j0.077064
j1.3625
( j 0.30)( j 0.7125)
Impedance value is from
Z 2S   j 0.1568807
j1.3625
10 sequence exceptforZn
( j 0.35)( j 0.7125)
Z 3S   j 0.1830257
j1.3625

Fig. 10.19 Zero-sequence impedance

37
Combining the parallel branches, the zero-sequence thevenin impedance is

Notonside
( j 0.4770642)( j 0.2568807)
Z 330   j 0.1830275
j 0.7339449
 j 0.35
D

j0.077064

So, the zero-sequence impedance diagram is show in fig. 10.20

0 serves

Fig. 10.20
Zero-sequence network found already
value 21,2 s
38
Fast pu
21 O 1 Given inthequestion
(a) Balanced three-phase fault at bus 3
Assuming the no-load generated emfs are equal to 1.0 per unit, the fault via I
current is assumed

V3a( 0 ) 1 .0
I 3 (F)    -j3.125 pu  820.1 - 90 A
Z133  Z f j0.22  j 0.1

(b) Single line-to ground fault at bus 3

From (10.62), the sequence component of the fault current are
V3a( 0 ) 1 .0
I 30  I13  I 32    -j0.9174 pu

000
Z133  Z 33
2
 Z 33
0
 3Z f j0.22  j0.22  j 0.35  3(j0.1)

The fault current is :

Ig I
 I 3a  1 1 1  I 30  3I 30   j 2.7523 Ia 318
 b   0   
I
  
3  1 a 2
a  I 
    
3 0  0  pu

 I 3c  1 a a 2   I 3   0  
0
0 
     

39
(c) Line-to Line fault at bus 3
The zero-sequence component of current is zero, i.e.,
I 30  0
The positive-and negative-sequence components of the fault current are
a
V3(0) 1.0 10 75
I13  I32    -j1.8519 pu
Z133  Z33
2
 Zf j0.22  j0.22  j0.1

The fault current is

𝐼 1 1 1 0 0 Faultcurrent Ib Ic
𝐼 = 1 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑗1.8519 = −3.2075 𝑝𝑢 Turrent
thatflowsthrough If
𝐼 1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑗1.8519 3.2075

(d) Double Line-to Line-fault at bus 3

The positive-sequence component of the fault current is
V3a( 0 ) 1 .0
I13    -j2.6017 pu
2
Z 33 0
( Z 33  3Z f ) j0.22 (j0.35  j0.3)
Z  2
1 j0.22 
33
Z 33  Z 33 0
 3Z f ) j0.22  j0.35  j0.3

40
The negative-sequence component of current is :
V3a( 0 )  Z133 I133 1.0  ( j 0.22)( j 2.6017)
I 32   2
  j1.9438 pu
Z 33 j0.22

The zero-sequence component of current is:

V3a( 0 )  Z133 I133 1.0  ( j 0.22)( j 2.6017)

I 
0
3   j0.6579 pu
0
Z 33  3Z f j0.35  j0.3
And the phase currents are :
 I 3a  1 1 1  j 0.6579   0 
 b 
I
 3   1 a 2
a   j 2.6017   4.058165.93 pu
   
 I 3c  1 a a 2   j1.9438   4.05814.07 
 
And the fault currents is:

I 3 ( F )  I 3b  I 3c  1.973290

41
 2012
UNBALANCED FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

Single Line-to-Ground Fault Using Zbus

V k ( 0)
I I I  1
0
k
1
k
2
k
(10.90)
Z kk  Z kk2  Z kk0  3Z f
Where Z1kk , Z 2kk and Zokk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the corresponding
bus impedance matrix and Vk (0)is the prefault voltage at bus k.
The fault phase current is :

I kabc  AI k012 (10.91)

Line-to-Line Fault Using Zbus

I k0  0 (10.92)
V k ( 0)
I  I  1
1
k
2
k (10.93)
Z kk  Z kk2  Z f

Fault phase current is obtained from (10.91)

42
Double Line-to-Ground Fault Using Zbus
V k ( 0)
I k1  (10.94)
Z kk2 ( Z kk0  3Z f )
Z kk1 
Z kk2  Z kk0  3Z f

V ( 0 )  Z 1 1
kk I k
I k2   k (10.95)
Z kk2

Vk (0)  Z kk
1 1
Ik
I 
0
k (10.96)
Z kk0  3Z f

Where Z1kk , and Z 2kk , and Zokk are the diagonal elements in the k axis of the corresponding
bus impedance matrix. The phase currents are obtained from (10.91), and the result current is

I k ( F )  I kb  I kC (10.97)

43
Exercise 3_______________________

Steps: (1) Convert Line voltage into symmetrical component line voltage
(2) Convert symmetrical component line voltage to symmetrical
component phase voltage
(3) Calculate voltage phase (in phasor) by adding the symmetrical component
(4) Calculate line current by dividing voltage phase with resistor value

Using the obtained symmetrical voltage and current, calculate the total power
absorbed at the load.

44
 LineVoltage

Convert Line voltage into symmetrical component line voltage

For Yconnection

Symmetrial Component for Line voltages

1
Vab0  (Vab  Vbc  Vca )
3
1
Vab1  (Vab  aVbc  a 2Vca )
3
1
Vab2  (Vab  a 2Vbc  aVca )
3

45
Convert Symmetrical line voltage to symmetrical phase voltage

𝑉
120°
𝑉
120°
120°

𝑉 Phasevoltage
A for tut veena
thosevoltage

or Éuff
writing
Intamin LineCurrent Question

HHc

ucaq
Iranian
mfm

46
 Irine Van
Vphase

To tabulate power R

∗
𝑆( ) = 3(𝐕 𝐈 )
∗ ∗ ∗
= 3𝑉 𝐼 + 3𝑉 𝐼 + 3𝑉 𝐼

Phasecurrent Vain Van Vain

sF 3
f

Directmultiply
Don't inlude angle in calcular

47
 B
Exercise 4_______________________

48
 LineCurrent Symmetrial Component ofhimComment
Symmetrical component of line currents:

co 1
I a0  ( I a  I b  I c )
3
1
I a1  ( I a  aI b  a 2 I c )
3
1
I a2  ( I a  a 2 I b  aI c )
3

As per Δ circuit
characteristics

49
 Phase Current
Symmetrial Line Current Symmetrical

Symmetrical component of phase currents:

O
o
 AND UND

Ygrid Δ

Ygnd Ygnd

tuel

ToNote
Find EquivalentImpedancesFirst 2133 lositiveSequenceImpedance 233 NegativeSequenceImpedance 283 0 SequenceImpedance
Alwaysconvert Ato Yconneltron
Calculate Positive NegativeSequence Impedances first
Given
that X tueseq X2 veseq are equal then 733 I
Tofind 2 3 233 labelthe impedanies in airluitcorrectly then simplifythem Thevenin EqCircuit toget impedance value
Getequivalent tue sequence re sequence network diagram

To calculate 28 check if generator is grounded connection

of transformer Immary Secondaryside
Use fromtable to label impedances
If neutral ofeathgenerator is grounded then In 3xthatimpedance must exist inthecircuit
Convert Δ Y circuit
Factor in
the connection of transformer to get equivalent circuit
SimplifyCirinit Theremin's Egn to get 2 then draw 0seq networkdiagram

Once all EquivalentImpedance found

onlythen faultcurrent can be calculated

PART I Calculating Equivalent Impedances

2s 112 43 123 1015 10125 5025 50525
A Positive on
Impedance
Negative Seq
Convert A Y 21s 421437 22s 42 235 113 123
12321
2D EZA
41 310.15 jolt342
jo125 5015
jo25 50125 10.15 00.25
go.gg
J
go.gg jo 525
3J 372 21s j00357143
my 22s j0 0595232 235 0.0714286

inseras
3
 EquivalentTheremin parallel semes

41310.15 jolt342 Parallel

IT 0.2857143 030952381 00714286
0.2857143 0.3095238
g2837143 jo
3095238

713101 3722
series
27 50.22
0714286
1 150

ftp 0595238

5030714286

tueser vesee
Drawing Network Diagram

233
70.22
off 22
off
Ea
o o
ve sequence ve sequence

233 233 0.22 This is because XidX2provided in thetable areequal

If I X2repeatabovestepswithX2 values
3Calculating 0 sequenceEgImpedance
is
Generator grounded
is
Generator grounded SinceGenerators
are grounded needtoinclude 3In 10.253 10.25
T1 Yang YUNI

T2 D Yan
KtogND
Yann and D and Impedance values arefrom
2y j 1.3625
I
215 5030 5035 j0 0770642
30021 3732 values 1.3625
bio.EE
go.us Yfi ipifijj.iii'matronsassot
51.3625
1135010 shy.io

I 235 5035107115 j0 1830257

3625
350.3 j1
6,123507175

310.25 jo213
350.05 series
Fd6421
350.05
It 9j
jo 1830257
15688071
jo.istjo.ostjo.io jo.irtjo
150.1550.055010 10.770642
parallel jollt.jo15688071
7135010 jo.ir
2 27 50 35 Draw 0
seqDiag
12,3
123 series 233 50.350 271.35 to
32
C Balance 3 phase Fault Bus 3 25 0.1 pu

FaultCurrent is Ix F 9 i Busthatfaultours at In this diagram fault occurs Bus3

y I3 F V9
Vin Noloadgeneratedemf assumed tobe 1 Opu V9101 10 2'33 If

I F
2 If

j
j
3.125p u
jot

d SingleLineto GNDFault Bus3

FaultCurrent is Ia 319 Eg
15910.63 Ia Ia Ih Ia
2 2 2
a Busthat faultoccurs at
Faultcurrent Linecurrent 0 sequence
j 0.2250.22101

I 3 5 34
I I I'a EG10.75

l
I's I I
2 2 2
L compute values oflinecurrent Is
go.sn t 22tjo I
g compute Values
of phase current I's

If I a a I's
1 1 1
1
f in
f DoubleLine
to AND Fault Bus3
8
10.881
If Ea 2 I 18 Ea 2 I'a 10861
2 22120 32 20 32
22 20 325
Compute Id first then useresulttocomputetherest

I I Fa 213 I 3 IS Ea I
2 2 2 34 233 233 325
2 2 325 1 0.22 52.6017 526017
1.0 50.226
jo22 310.1
jo356579
50.221 I 51.9438 IS jo
Is j 2.6017pu Compute values of linecurrent I

faines
Phase current 108 compute of phase current I
If
If 3T IS

II
I
I
FaultCurrent If IbtIc 318
If 165.9
É 4.058 14.07
1.973 90