TOPIC: BEARINGS

CONTENT:i. Compass bearing

ii. Three figure bearing
iii. Finding the bearing of a point from another
COMPASS BEARING
A bearing gives the direction between two points in terms of an angle in
degrees. The two types of bearing are compass bearing and three- figure
bearings.
The four major compass directions are North (N) South (S) East (E) and West
(W)

W E

S
In compass bearing, the angles are measured from north to south depending
on which one is nearer
N
NW NE

W E

SW SE

Apart from the four main points or directions, there are also four main
secondary direction i.e. NE (north east), SE (south east), SW (south west), NW
(north west). The angles between each point is 45o
Worked examples
Draw a sketch to show each of these bearings marketing the angles clearly.
a) N35oW B. N70oE C. S58oW
Solution
a) N35oW means from N, measures 35o toward the W or 35oW of N
b) N700E means 70o toward E.

c) S58oW means from S measures 58o toward W.

N

W E
58o
S58 o

2. State the compass direction of the following diagrams:

a) b) N
N

18o W E
W E 55o

S S
Solution
In a), the direction start from a wrong point (W) instead of N, therefore,
90 – 18 = 72o
i.e. N72oW
In b), the direction starts from a wrong point (E) instead of S therefore:
90 – 55 = 35o i.e. S35oE
Evaluation: Class Work
Find the compass direction of point A from point O in these diagrams.
N
a) b)
A

W E

57o
A
S

c) 32o
W E

Reading Assignment
NGM BK CHAPTER 23, page 185 – 187
Essential Mathematics for JSS BK 2, CHAPTER 24, pg 246-247

THREE-FIGURE BEARINGS
Three-figure bearings are given as the number of degrees from north,
measured in a clockwise direction. Any direction can be given as a three figure
bearing. Three digit are always given but angles less than 100o need extra zero
to be written in front of the digits e.g. 008o, 060o, 070o up to 099o

Worked Examples
Find the three figure bearings of A, B, C, and D from X.

Solution
a) The arrow N shows the direction N, NXA = 63o. the bearing of A from X is
063o
b) NXB = 180 – 35 = 145o. The bearing of B from X is 145o
c) NXC clockwise = 180 + 75 = 255o. The bearing of C from X is 255o
d) NXD clockwise = 360 – 52 = 308o. The bearing of D from X is 308o.
Evaluation:
In the figure below, find the bearings of A, B, C and D from X.
 N

D A

W E

C B
S
Reference
NGM Bk. 2 Chapter 23, page 180 – 190.
To find the bearing of B from A
By constructing line N2A
<N2BA is 57o, similarly, N1AB = 57o (alternate angles are equal). From point A,
starting from the North,
180 + 57 = 237o
a) The bearing of B from A is 237o
b) The bearing of A from B is 057o
1. The bearing of X from Y is 3190. Calculate the bearing of Y from X.
2. In each diagram, calculate i) the bearing of B from A and ii) the bearing of A
from B.

N1
N2
N2

N1

B 156o
250 o
B

A A

GENERAL EVALUATION
From a point P the bearing of a house is 060o. From a point Q 100m due east of
P, the bearing is 330o.
Draw a labeled sketch to show the positions of P, Q and the house.

REVISION QUESTION
1. A girl is facing East. If she turns clockwise through 2 right angles, then the
direction she would be facing is ……………………..
2. A student is facing South East. If he turns anticlockwise through 1800, then
the direction he would be facing is …………………..

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The bearing of X from Y is 196o. The bearing of Y from X is A. 016o
B. 074o C. 106o D. 196o
2. A boat sails on a bearing of 225o. Using compass bearing, in what direction
is the boat sailing? A. South East B. North East C. South
West D. North West
3. The bearing of point A from B is 058o. Find the bearing of point B from point
A. 058o B. 122o C. 3020 D. 238o
4. Which of the following statements is not true when we specify a direction
with bearing? A. Measure the angle from North B. Measure
anticlockwise C. Measure clockwise D. Always use three digits
5. In the diagram below, which of the following angles is the bearing of P from
Q? A. 065o B. 2450 C. 295o D. 115o
N

115o
P

TOPIC: PYTHAGORAS THEOREM (SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE)

CONTENT:i. Pythagoras triple
ii. Pythagoras theorem
iii. Using Pythagoras theorem to solve other related problems.

PYTHAGORAS TRIPLE
The sides of a right-angled triangle can be related to the proof of Pythagoras
Triple. A Pythagoras triple is a set of three whole numbers which numbers
which gives lengths of the sides of right-angled triangle.
Examples of some common Pythagoras triple are (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10). (5, 12,
13), etc.

Worked Example
Which of the following is a Pythagoras triple?
a) (15, 30, 35) b) (33, 56, 65)

Solution
152 + 302 = 225 + 900
= 1125
But 352 = 1225
(15, 30, 35) is not a Pythagoras triple
b) 332 + 562 = 1089 + 3136 = 4225

652 = 4225
Thus, 332 + 562 = 652
(33, 56, 65) is a Pythagoras triple.

Evaluation: Class Work

Find out which of the following are Pythagoras triples.
a) (12, 16, 20) b) (27, 36, 45) c) (14, 24, 28)
Answer to the evaluation question
a) (12, 16, 20)
122 + 162 = 144 + 256 = 400
202 = 400
Thus, 122 + 162 = 20
(12, 16, 29) is a Pythagoras triple.
b) (27, 36, 45)
272 + 362 = 729 + 1296 = 2025
452 = 2025
Thus, 272 + 362 = 452
(27, 36, 45) is a Pythagoras triple
c) (14, 24, 28)
142 + 242 = 196 + 576 = 772
282 772
Thus, 14, 24, 28 is not a Pythagoras triple.
Reference: New General Mathematics Book 2, Chapter 7, Pages 150 – 151
Essential Mathematics for JSS Book 2, Chapter, 21, pages 218 and 219

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
The Pythagoras’ Theorem states that in any right-angled triangle, the square of
the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides.
A

b c

C a B

/AB/ = hypotenuse, /BC/ and /AC/ are the other two sides, i.e.
/AB/2 = /BC/2 + /AC/2
Since /AB/ = c, /AC/ = b, /BC/ = a
Then, c2 = a2 + b2

Worked Examples
Calculate the length of the two sides of each of the triangle below
a) b)
a 5cm
c
3cm
13cm
4cm
Solution
a) Using Pythagoras rule
C2 = a2 + b2
a = 3, b = 4
c2 = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16
c2 = 25
c = 5m, the length of the third side is 5m.
b) Using Pythagoras rule
c2 = a2 + b2
C = 13, a = a b = 5
132 = a2 + 52
a2 = 169 – 25 = 144
a = 144
a = 12cm
find the length of the third side of the triangle below:
C C
C
a) b) c)
25cm
c 100m 7cm
6cm
A A B
A B B
8cm 80m
Answer to the evaluations.
a) /AC/2 = /AB/2 + /BC/2
AC = ?, AB = 8cm, BC = 6cm
AC2 = 82 + 62
AC = 100 = 10cm

b) /AC/2 = /AB/2- /BC/2

AC = 100m, AB = 80m, BC =?
100 = 80 + /BC/
2 2 2

1000 = 6400 + /BC/2 ∴ /BC/2 = 1000 – 6400

/BC/ = 3600 = 60M

c) /AC/2 = /AB/2 + 72
AC = 25,/AB/ = 72
252 = /AB/2 + 49
/AB/2 = 625 – 49 = 576
/AB/ = 576 = 24cm

Reference
NGM BK 2, chapter 17, pages 147 – 148
Essential mathematics for JSS BK 2, chapter 21, pages 215 – 218

USING PYTHAGORAS THEOREM TO SOLVE OTHER RELATED

PROBLEM INVOLVING TRIANGLES
In some cases, we may have more than one right – angled triangle.
Worked examples
1. Calculate the length of the unknown in the following triangle:
Solution
a) PRS is right angled triangle, PQR is also a right angled triangle
P
ycm
3cm
Q R
2cm

Let PR beycm
In triangle PQR; y2 = 32 + 22
= 9 + 4 = 13
∴ y2 = 13
Let PS be xcm
In triangle PRS, x2 = y2 + 62
Substitute 13 for y2 in the formula
x2 = 13 + 62
x2 = 13 + 36
x2= 49 = 7
PS = 7cm

b) AD is the right angled ABD. Let AB be ycm.

In triangle ABC, x2 = y2 + (8 + 12)2
Substitute 225 for y2 in the formula
X2 = 225 + 202
= 225 + 400 = 625
X = 635 = 25cm
Therefore, AD = 25cm
When solving triangle relating to decimal fraction and whole numbers, it is
advisable to find the squares and square root from tables or multiplying the
decimal by itself.

Evaluation
1. A ladder is 7.3m long and the foot of the ladder is 1.8m from the wall. How
far up the wall is the ladder?
2. The distances between the opposite corner of a rectangular lawn is 30m, of
the lawn is 24m. Calculate the breadth of the lawn.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. The distance between the opposite corners of a rectangular plot is 30m. The
length of the plot is 24m. Calculate the breadth of the plot.
2. A student cycles from home to school, first eastwards to a road junction
12km from home, then southwards to school. If the school is 19km from
home, how far is it from the road junction?

REVISION QUESTION:
1. A square top lid of a container has a diagonal 150cm. Find the length of one
side of the lid.
2. ABCD is a rectangle. AB = xcm, BC = 9cm and the diagonal AC = 19cm.
Calculate the value of x.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 Chapter 21 pages 268 – 271
Exercise 21.1 1a – b, 2a – d, 3a – b, page 270
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The longest side of a right-angled triangle is called A. hypotenuse C.
hypostasis C. base D. adjacent
2. Calculate the length of the diagonal of a room 15m by 12m. A. 9m
B. 81m C. 19m D. 12m
3. Which of the following are Pythagorean triples? A. 6, 8. 10 B.
12, 28, 32 C. 9, 12, 20 D. 13, 15, 17
4. Calculate the value of x in the diagram below.

17m
8m

x
A. 25m B. 15m C. 5m D. 11m
5. In the diagram below, which of the following gives the value of side x2?

A. x2 = z2 + y2 B. x2 = z2 – y2 C. x2 = y2 – z2 D. x = z2 –
y2

THEORY
1. A flagpole 5m tall is supported by a wire that is fixe at point 3m from the
base of the pole. Calculate to 1 d.p the length of the wire.
2. A square top lid of a container has a diagonal of 150cm. Find the length of
one side of the lid.

Surface Area of Cylinder and Cone

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, JSS2 students should be able to:

1. Understand the concept of curved surface area of cylinders and cones.

2. Calculate the curved surface area of cylinders and cones.
3. Determine the total surface area of cylinders and cones.

Curved Surface Area of Cylinders

 Definition

The curved surface area of a cylinder is the area of the curved surface that
connects the two circular bases.

Formula

The formula for the curved surface area (CSA) of a cylinder is given by:
CSA=2πrh where:

 r= radius of the base

 h = height of the cylinder
 π = approximately 3.14

Example

Calculate the curved surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 3 cm and a

height of 5 cm.

Solution: CSA=2×π×3×5=2×3.14×3×5=94.2 cm2

Curved Surface Area of Cones

Definition

The curved surface area of a cone is the area of the sloping surface that
connects the base to the apex.

Formula

The formula for the curved surface area (CSA) of a cone is given by: CSA=πrl
where:

 r = radius of the base

 l= slant height of the cone

Example

Calculate the curved surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm and a slant
height of 5 cm.

Solution: CSA=π×4×5=3.14×4×5=62.8 cm2

Total Surface Area of Cylinders

Definition

The total surface area of a cylinder includes the curved surface area plus the
area of the two circular bases.

Formula

The formula for the total surface area (TSA) of a cylinder is given by:
TSA=2πrh+2πr2

Example

Calculate the total surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 3 cm and a height
of 5 cm.

Solution: TSA=2πrh+2πr2=2×3.14×3×5+2×3.14×32 =
94.2+56.52=150.72 cm2

Total Surface Area of Cones

Definition

The total surface area of a cone includes the curved surface area plus the
area of the circular base.

Formula

The formula for the total surface area (TSA) of a cone is given by: TSA=πrl+πr2

Example

Calculate the total surface area of a cone with a radius of 4 cm and a slant
height of 5 cm.

Solution: TSA=πrl + πr2 = π × 4 × 5 + π × 42 = 62.8+50.24 = 113.04 cm2

Evaluation Questions

1. Calculate the curved surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 6 cm

and a height of 10 cm.
 2. Find the curved surface area of a cone with a radius of 3 cm and a slant
height of 4 cm.
3. Determine the total surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 5 cm and
a height of 7 cm.
4. Calculate the total surface area of a cone with a radius of 2 cm and a
slant height of 3 cm.

Lesson Note: Volume of Cylinder and Cone

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, JSS2 students should be able to:

1. Understand the concept of volume for cylinders and cones.

2. Derive the formulas for the volume of cylinders and cones.
3. Calculate the volume of compound shapes consisting of a cone mounted on
a cylinder.

Volume of Cylinders

Definition

The volume of a cylinder is the amount of space it occupies. It is measured in

cubic units.

Formula

The formula for the volume V of a cylinder is given by: V=πr2h where:

 r = radius of the base

 h = height of the cylinder
 π = approximately 3.14

Derivation of the Formula

To derive the volume of a cylinder, consider:

1. The base of the cylinder is a circle with area A=πr2

2. The volume can be thought of as the area of the base multiplied by the
height: V=Base Area×Height=πr2h

Example
 Calculate the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 3 cm and a height of 5 cm.

Solution: V=πr2h=3.14×(32)×5 = 3.14 × 9 × 5 = 141.3 cm3

Volume of Cones

Definition

The volume of a cone is the amount of space it occupies, similar to a cylinder

but with a pointed top.

Formula

The formula for the volume V of a cone is given by: V=13πr2h where:

 r = radius of the base

 h = height of the cone

Derivation of the Formula

To derive the volume of a cone:

1. The volume of a cylinder with the same base and height as the cone is V=πr2h.
2. The volume of the cone is one-third of the volume of the
cylinder: V=1/3×Volume of Cylinder=13πr2h

Example

Calculate the volume of a cone with a radius of 4 cm and a height of 6 cm.

Solution: V=1/3πr2h=13×3.14×(42)×6 = 1/3×3.14×16×6=63.36 cm3

Compound Shapes: Cone Mounted on a Cylinder

Definition

A compound shape consists of two or more simple shapes. In this case, we will
consider a cone mounted on a cylinder.

Volume Calculation

To find the total volume of the compound shape, we add the volumes of the
cylinder and the cone.
 Formula

If Vc is the volume of the cylinder and Vcone is the volume of the cone, then:
Vtotal=Vc+Vcone=πr2hc+13πr2hcone​ where:

 hc = height of the cylinder

 hcone​ = height of the cone

Example

Calculate the total volume of a cylinder with a radius of 3 cm and height of 5 cm,
topped with a cone of the same radius and height of 4 cm.

Solution:

1. Volume of the cylinder: Vc=πr2hc=3.14×(32)×5=141.3 cm3

2. Volume of the
cone: Vcone=1/3πr2hcone=1/3×3.14×(32)×4=13×3.14×9×4=37.68 cm3
3. Total volume: Vtotal=141.3+37.68=178.98 cm3

Evaluation Questions

1. Calculate the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 7 cm and a height of

10 cm.
2. Find the volume of a cone with a radius of 5 cm and a height of 8 cm.
3. Determine the total volume of a cylinder with a radius of 4 cm and
height of 6 cm, topped with a cone of the same radius and height of 5 cm.
4. A cylinder has a radius of 2 cm and a height of 3 cm. Calculate its
volume and the volume of a cone with the same radius and a height of 3
cm.

Rough Estimates

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, JSS2 students should be able to:

1. Understand the concept of rough estimates.

2. Estimate numbers, dimensions, capacity, and quantities in various
situations.
3. Apply rough estimation techniques to solve practical problems.
 Estimating Numbers

Definition

Rough estimation of numbers involves approximating values to make

calculations easier and quicker, often using simpler numbers.

Techniques

Rounding: Adjusting numbers to the nearest ten, hundred, or thousand.

Example: 47 can be rounded to 50.
Front-end Estimation: Using the leading digits of numbers to make an
estimate.
Example: For 234 + 567, estimate as 200 + 600 = 800.
Compatible Numbers: Choosing numbers that are easy to compute.
Example: For 29 + 31, use 30 + 30 = 60.

Example

Estimate the sum of 123 + 456.

Round to nearest hundred: 100 + 500 = 600.

Estimating Dimensions

Definition

Estimating dimensions involves approximating measurements of length, width,

height, or area.

Techniques

Using Standard Measurements: Familiarize with common lengths (e.g., a

ruler is typically 30 cm).
Comparative Estimation: Compare with known objects.
Example: A classroom is roughly the size of a basketball court.

Example

Estimate the length of a desk that is about 1.5 times the length of a standard
ruler (30 cm).

Estimated length = 1.5 × 30 cm = 45 cm.

 Estimating Capacity

Definition

Estimating capacity refers to approximating the volume or amount that a

container can hold.

Techniques

Using Common Units: Familiarize with liters, milliliters, gallons, etc.

Visual Estimation: Use visual cues to estimate how much a container can
hold.
Example: A standard bottle holds about 1 liter.

Example

Estimate the capacity of a jug that looks like it holds about 4 standard bottles of
water.

Estimated capacity = 4 liters.

Estimating Quantities for a Given Situation

Definition

Estimating quantities involves approximating the amount of items or resources

needed for a task or situation.

Techniques

Using Ratios: Understand the relationship between quantities.

Proportional Estimation: Estimate based on known ratios.
Example: If 5 kg of flour makes 10 loaves of bread, estimate how much is
needed for 25 loaves.

Example

If you need to make 50 loaves of bread, and 10 loaves require 5 kg of flour:

 Estimate: 50/10×5 kg = 25 kg

Evaluation Questions

1. Estimate the sum of 234 + 678 using rounding.

 2. A room is approximately 10 meters long and 5 meters wide. Estimate
the area of the room.
3. If a water bottle holds about 750 ml, estimate how many bottles are
needed to fill a 5-liter jug.
4. You have 3 kg of rice, and you want to make rice balls. If 1 kg makes
about 20 rice balls, estimate how many rice balls you can make with 3 kg.

Approximation in Basic Operations

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, JSS2 students should be able to:

1. Understand the concept of approximation.

2. Apply approximation techniques to problems involving money,
population, exports, and imports.
3. Utilize quantitative reasoning skills to solve related problems.

Approximation with Money

Definition

Approximation in money involves estimating costs, expenses, or amounts using

simpler values for easier calculations.

Techniques

1. Rounding: Round amounts to the nearest whole number or significant figure.

Example: ₦47.89 can be approximated to ₦50.
2. Using Compatible Numbers: Choose numbers that are easy to calculate.
Example: ₦19.99 + ₦5.00 can be approximated to ₦20 + ₦5 = ₦25.

Example Problem

A shopping list costs ₦34.75, ₦12.50, and ₦8.99. Estimate the total cost.

Approximate: ₦35 + ₦13 + ₦9 = ₦57.

Approximation with Population

Definition
 Population approximation involves estimating the number of people in a given
area or demographic.

Techniques

1. Rounding Population Figures: Round to the nearest thousand or million.

Example: A town has a population of 4,567. Estimate as 5,000.
2. Percentage Estimation: Use percentages to estimate population growth or
decline.
Example: If a population grows by 10%, estimate the new population.

Example Problem

A city has a population of 123,456. Estimate the population for planning

purposes.

Approximate: 123,456 ≈ 120,000.

Approximation with Exports

Definition

Exports approximation involves estimating the value or quantity of goods sent

out of a country.

Techniques

1. Rounding Export Values: Round figures to simplify calculations.

Example: If exports are valued at ₦2,345,678, estimate as ₦2.3 million.
2. Using Averages: Estimate using average export values over a period.
Example: If average monthly exports are ₦150,000, estimate for 12 months.

Example Problem

If a country exports goods worth ₦1,250,000 in one year, estimate the monthly
exports.

Approximate: ₦1,250,000 ÷ 12 ≈ ₦100,000.

Approximation with Imports

Definition
 Imports approximation involves estimating the value or quantity of goods
brought into a country.

Techniques

Rounding Import Values: Similar to exports, round to simplify.

Example: Imports valued at ₦987,654 can be estimated as ₦1 million.
Using Trends: Analyze past import data to estimate future imports.
Example: If imports increase by 5% annually, approximate the next year’s
imports.

Example Problem

If a country imports goods worth ₦3,456,789, estimate the total imports for the
next year with a 10% increase.

Approximate: ₦3,456,789 × 1.10 ≈ ₦3.8 million.

Quantitative Reasoning Involving Money, Population, Exports, and

Imports

Definition

Quantitative reasoning involves using mathematical concepts and operations to

analyze and solve problems related to the above topics.

Techniques

Proportional Reasoning: Use ratios to compare different quantities.

Estimation in Calculations: Use approximations to simplify complex
calculations.

Example Problem

1. If a country has a population of 1,000,000 and exports ₦200 million worth of

goods, estimate the export per person.
Approximate: ₦200,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 ≈ ₦200 per person.
2. If the imports are ₦300 million and the population is 1,200,000, estimate the
import per person.
Approximate: ₦300,000,000 ÷ 1,200,000 ≈ ₦250 per person.

Evaluation Questions
 1. Estimate the total cost of items priced at ₦19.99, ₦14.50, and ₦5.99.
2. A village has a population of 2,345. Estimate the population if it grows
by 15%.
3. If a country exports goods worth ₦450,000 in January and ₦550,000 in
February, estimate the total exports for both months.
4. A country imports ₦1.2 million worth of goods. Estimate how much that
would be per capita if the population is 800,000.

TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION

CONTENT:1. Definition
2. Method of collecting data
3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
i. Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It involves (a) Gathering (i.e.
collecting) data (b) sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting
data visually by means of diagrams.
ii. Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information which are usually given in
the form of meaningful. Data may be categorized into quantitative and
qualitative
iii. Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is usually given in the form of
a number or measurement is called quantitative data e.g. number of cars,
height, number of towns etc. quantitative dateis either discrete or
continuous.
iv. Discrete data: are data which can be obtained by counting (not by
measurement). Discrete data can only exact values such as whole numbers.
E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc. hence discrete data have definite or exact values
v. Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained by measurement (not by
counting). Continuous data can take any values within a given range. E.g.
height 1.6cm, height 40.56cm etc.
vi. Qualitative Date:this is a non-numerical value which is concerned with
qualities such as names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness etc.

Evaluation
Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data (ii) Continuous data

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

There are two discrete ways of collecting data. These are (a) by carrying out
experiment (b) by survey

a. By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be obtained from experimental

work carried out in the laboratories by students or scientist for example,
various measurements, such as temperature, pressure, weight and height
of an object can be obtained by setting up an experiments.
b. By Survey: This collection of information or data on a subject. A survey
may be carried out by using the existing published data, making observation
and asking questions.
(i) Using existing published data: Existing data may be obtained from
libraries, schools, newspaper, and government’s publications such as
annual abstract of statistics, stake statistics, employment gazettes,
books journals and other publications.
 (ii) Making Observation:This method involves collecting data by
observation e.g. you can do a round traffic survey by counting and
recording the various types of vehicles that ply a particular road.
(iii) Asking questions: You can ask other people questions to obtain their
views or vital information in two ways: i. by interviewing them ii. By
giving those questionnaires to fill in their response.
 By Interviewing: This involves asking other people questions
in order to obtain vital information or strict pattern or
information, in which the questions asked only general formal
but the order or the way the questions are presented can vary.
It must be noted that the interviewers must avoid bias,
misleading ambiguous and offensive questions.
 Questionnaires: This is the most popular method of collecting
data. Questionnaires are list of questions designed to obtain or
discover particular information in a survey. In questionnaires,
everyone is asked the same questions. The questionnaires may
be given directly to an individual or sent to them by post to fill
in their response. The main advantage of postal questionnaires
is that it can be sent to many people in another towns or cities.

Evaluation
Mention two major ways that data can be collected.

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmi pages 180 – 182

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Data can be obtained either by direct collection from respondents or form a
data bank of a data collection agency. Data collected directly from information’s
are called
1. Primary Data: are those from data banks are called secondary data.
2. Secondary Data: these are obtained from data collection agencies,
engaged in routine data collection for research and planning some of
these agencies include:
i. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal agency
ii. Central Bank of Nigeria
iii. Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals
iv. Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Name two broad ways of classification of data
2. Mention two agencies we can collect secondary data

REVISION QUESTION
Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic Technology examination:
65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68
Arrange these scores:
1. In ascending order
2. In descending order

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmichapter 23 pages 298–302.
Exercise 23.2 No 2&3 page 300
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
42
1. Which one of the following is a discrete data A. 1.25 B. 5
C.
83
4
D. 5
2. Data that is written in radius order is called A. qualitative data B.
raw data C. quantitative data D. discrete data E. continuous
data
3. Which of the following most a questionnaires be? A. simple B.
misleading C. ambiguous D. irreverent E. offensive
4. We can represent data by _____________ A. line B. dist C.
number D. picture E. double lines
5. Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A. building B. dancing
C. data D. fish E. animals

THEORY
1. Mention 3 things you must avoid when designing a questionnaires
2. In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you can obtain information
from people.

WEEK SIX
TOPIC: PRESENTATION OF DATA: IN LIST, TABLE AND LINE GRAPH
CONTENT:i. Rank order list
ii. Frequency table
iii. The line graph

RANK ORDER LIST

Raw data: Data which is in random order (i.e.) arranged in any kind of order is
called raw data. One way to present or organize the data in a more meaningful
way is to arrange it in rank order or sorting it into categories. Rank order means
in order from highest to lowest. Note:Data should be presented clearly. Good
presentation makes statistical data easy to read and understand.
Example: B,C,A,B,A,D,E,C,A,B,B,E,B. this 15 grade are given rank order
below:
A,A,AB,B,B,B,C,C,C,D,E,E,F.

Reading Assignment
1. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and other page 125
2. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 183

FREQUENCY TABLE
Raw can also be arranged in a table called the frequency table as shown in the
diagram below. The number of times each particular value occurs is called its
frequency. The frequency table is usually made up of three columns.
(a) The first column contains each item (or each of the events) given in the
raw data and they are usually arranged in order of magnitude starting
with the smallest.
(b) The second column contains the tally charts which represent the number
of times a particular item or events takes place.
(c) The third column is called the frequency column. To find the frequency
of each items, simply add or count the tally marks in each row. To find
the total frequency must be equal to the following raw data shows the
number of vehicle owned by 25 business men in Lagos.
Example: 2, 5, 4, 6,3, 4, 7, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 5, 3,4, 4, 8, 2, 2, 2, 5
Vehicles Tally Frequency
2 III 3
3 III 3
4 IIII 5
5 IIII 4
6 I 1
7 IIII 4
8 II 2
9 I 1
TOTAL 25

Evaluation
The following figures show the number of children performing in a sample of 40
households.
1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 3
(a) Use a tally mark to prepare a frequency table for this data.
(b) What is the highest frequency to numbers of children per family?

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics by AJS Oluwasanmipage 184 – 185

THE LINE GRAPH

A line Graph is a bar-chart with bar replaced by straight lines which represent
the frequency of each item.

Example: The scores of 30 students in mathematics test are shown below

8, 6, 2, 0, 0, 2, 4, 1, 0, 6
4, 2, 8, 8, 1, 0, 0, 2, 4, 2
2, 8, 6, 4, 1, 0, 0, 6, 2, 4

Use the frequency table to construct a line-graph solution

Vehicles Tally Frequency
0 IIII II 7
1 III 3
2 IIII II 7
4 IIII 5
6 IIII 4
6 IIII 4
Line-Graph for students mathematics test scores.

10

0 2 4 6 8 10
Scores

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

Twenty four pupils went out to pick some pears. The number of pears picked by
each pupil was recorded as follows:
6, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2,
2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 1, 6
(a) Prepare a tally sheet and frequency table for the data
(b) Construct a line-graph for the distribution
(c) Which is the least number of pears picked?

REVISION QUESTION
The shoe sizes of 20 boys are as follows:
8, 10, 9, 10, 11, 9, 8, 9, 12, 9
10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 9, 10, 19, 9, 11
(a) Prepare a tally sheet and frequency table for the data
(b) Which shoe size is the most common among the boys?
(c) How many boys wear size 10 and above?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 chapter 23,pages 295 – 298
Exercise 23.2 No 7 pages 301

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. What number is represented by the tally marks shown below?
IIII IIII IIII III
A. 18 B. 23 C. 13 D. 43
The table below shows the marks obtained by students in a physics test.
Mark 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tally II II IIII I IIII III III IIII

2. How many students did the test? A. 35 B. 34 C. 30 D.

25
3. What mark did most students get? A. 5 B. 9 C. 8 D. 7
3
4. If 8 is the pass mark, what fraction of the students failed the test? A. 5
2 1 1
B. 25
C. 35
D. 5
5. The most frequency used value occurring in a set of data is known as A.
median B. mean C. average D. mode

THEORY
1. The scores of some students in mathematics test were as follows: 1, 0, 7,
7, 8, 6, 1, 0, 8, 8, 9, 6, 5, 9, 9, 8, 8, 5, 5, 1, 0, 9, 9, 8, 9, 7, 5, 9, 7, 1, 0,
8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 1, 0
(a) Form a frequency table distribution
(b) How many students wrote the test?
(c) How many students scored less than seven?
(d) Which score occurred most often
2. The following are the number of goals during inter-house football
competition in a certain school.
5042513
2400302
1233405
Draw line graph for the data.

WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF DATA USING PICTOGRAM,
PIE CHARTS AND BAR CHARTS
CONTENT:i) The Pictogram
ii) The bar charts
iii) The pie charts
INTRODUCTION
A frequency table is a numerical presentation of data in an organized summary
from. Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes catch the eye more quickly
than the number. They also tell stories more easily than numbers. It is also
observed that it is easier to understand frequency table than the raw data,
another method of presenting data, which most graphical find easier than table,
is observe method. Graphs help us to observe any patterns easily. Examples of
these graphs are pictogram, bar chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM
This uses pictures to represent statistics information or data. The pictogram is
also called an ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures or drawings to give a quick
and easy meaning to statistical data. A pictogram is a simple way of
representing data in which a number of indentical drawings or pictures and
used to show the data. It is useful to use pictures which can easily be divided
into halves, quarters and do on. A pictogram must have a key to show that
each picture stands for. Also you need to give the diagram a title
Example: The following table shows the favorite sports of 75 students
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favouritesports Frequency
Football 25
Wrestling 10
Boxing 5
TableTennis 15
Swimming 20

Evaluation Question
The following table shows the number of students in JSS 1 in different houses
at a certain school.
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram

House Blue Yellow Green Purple

Students 16 14 11 21

Reading Assignment
1. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 187
2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Channon other. Page 125
3. MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Barchart is very like a pictogram. The bars have the same width and usually
have equal spaces between them. Instead of using pictures as in case of the
pictogram, we must use a bar to represent the frequency of each of the item.
In drawing a bar chart, we must take the following features into consideration.
i. The charts consists of bars
ii. The bars must be of equal width
iii. The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the frequencies being
represented. The bars may be vertical or horizontal

Example
The following figures show the number of children per family in a sample of 40
households
1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,
5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,
4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3
(a) Prepare a frequency table for this data
(b) Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution
(a) Frequency table
No of children per
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
family
frequency 2 5 9 7 7 4 3 3
(b)

Evaluation Question
The table below shows different colours of cars found in a company’s car park.
Draw a bar chart for this data.
Colour of
White Blue Red Grey black
cars
Frequency 20 17 10 8 15

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 188

THE PIE CHART

A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into slices (i.e sectors) whose angles are
used to display data.
The size of an angle of each sector gives the frequency of each value. The
major advantage of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly how the size
of parts are compared in relation to one another and to the overall total. It is
important to label each sector according to the given items and also give pie
chart a little.
Example: A student was given N600.00 in June as a pocket money. He spent
the money as follows:
Food = N200.00
Transport = N100.00
Books = N120.00
Rent = N150.00
Miscellaneous = N30.00

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.

Solution
There are 360o in a full circle and the total amount spent was N600.00 this
360°
means N600.00 is represented by 360o; N1 is represented by 600
= 0.6
= 200 x 0.6
= 120o
 Amount Spent in
Items Angle
Naira (N)
Food 200 200 x 0.6 = 120o
Transport 100 100 x 0.6 = 60o
Books 120 120 x 0.6 = 72o
Rent 150 150 x 0.6 = 90o
Miscellaneous 30 30 x 0.6 = 18o
TOTAL 600 360o
120o + 60o + 72o + 90o + 18o = 360o

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

400 students were asked whether they liked yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or
some other type of food for breakfast, the following data was recorded.
Type of
Yam Cornflakes Bread Rice Other Total
Food
Frequency 65 110 80 120 25 400
Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this information

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics Bk. 2 pages 303 – 307. Exercise 24.2 No 1 and page 304

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a pictorial form of presenting data?
A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Frequency distribution D. Line
graph
The pie chart below shows the course which a group of students are doing. Use
the pie chart to answer questions 2 to 5
2. What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B. 30o C. 40o D.
35o

3. Which course most students doing? A. Engineering B.

Accounting C. Law D. Medicine
4. Which course has the least number of students? A. Engineering B.
Accounting C. Law D. Medicine
2 1
5. What fraction of the students are doing Engineering? A. 3 B. 4
1 1
C. 3
D. 6

THEORY
1. 40 youths who were admitted into a mental hospital due to drug abuse were
asked to name the types of drugs they often take. The table shows how
they replied.
Indian hemp 35%
Morphine 20%
Heroine 15%
Cocaine 30%
i. Represent this information in a pie chart
ii. Find the number of youths in each category

TOPIC: EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

CONTENT:i. Experimental Probability
ii. Probability as a fraction

EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY
When experimental data are used to predict further events, the prediction is
called Experimental Probability. The following examples explain it further:
Example 1: A girl writes down the number of males and female children of her
mother and father. She also writes down the number of male and female
children of her parents’ brothers and sisters. Her results are shown below:
 Number of Children
Male Female
Mother and father 2 5
Mother’s brothers 6 8
Mother’s sister 4 8
Father’s brothers 5 8
Father’s sisters 7 7
Totals 24 36

a) Find the experimental probability that hen the girl has children of her
own; her first born will be a girl.
b) If the girl eventually has 5 children, how many are likely to be male?
Solution
a) In the girl’s family, there are a total of 60 children. 36 of these are female. If
the girl’s own children follow the pattern of her family, then the
experimental probability that her first born will be a girl is
36 3
=
60 5
3 2
b) Following the family pattern5 of the girl’s children will be female and 5
will
2
be male. Number of male children that the girl is likely to have = 5
of 5 = 2

Evaluation
1. A die has its six faces numbered 1 to 6
a) Roll the die 50 times
b) How many times did you roll a 6?
c) What is the experimental probability of obtaining a 6 on the die?
2. Write down the numbers of male and female children in your family. Follow
the example above; find the experimental probability that your first born
child will be a boy.

PROBABILITY AS A FRACTION
Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a required outcome happening. It is
usually given as a fraction.
Number of required outcome
Probability = Number of possible outcome
if an outcome is certain to happen, its probability is 1. If an outcome is certain
not to happen, its probability is 0 (zero). If the probability of an event
happening is P, the probability of the event not happening is 1-p.
Example1: it is known that out of every 1000 new cars, 50 develop a
mechanical fault in the first 3 months. What is the probability of buying a car
that will develop a mechanical fault within 3 months?
Solution
Number of cars developing faults = 50
Number of cars altogether = 1000
50 1
Probability of buying a faulty car = 1000=20.

Example2: A market trader has 100 oranges for sale. Four of them are bad.
What is the probability that an orange chosen at random is good? ‘At random’
means ‘without carefully chosen’.
Solution
Either:
Four out of 100 oranges are bad, thus 96 out of 100 oranges are good.
96 24
Probability of getting a good orange = 100 = 25
Or:
4 1
Probability of getting a bad orange = 100
= 25
.

Thus,
1 24
Probability of getting a good orange = 1 - 25
= .
25

Example3: City school enters candidates for the WASSCE. The results for the
years 1996 to 2000 are given below:
Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Number of candidate 86 93 102 117 116
Number Getting WASSCE
51 56 57 65 70
Passes
a) Find the school’s success rate as a percentage.
b) What is the approximate probability of a student at City School getting a
WASSCE pass?
Solution
a) Total number of passes = 51 + 56 + 57 + 65 + 70 = 299
Total number of candidates = 86 + 93 + 102 + 117 + 116 = 514
299
Success rate as a fraction = 514 = 0.58 to 2 s.f.
Success rate as a percentage = 0.58 x 100% = 58%
b) The probability of a student getting a WASSCE pass = 0.58.

EVALUATION
1. a) The probability of passing an exam is 0.8. What is the probability of
falling the examination?
b) The probability that a girl win a race 0.6. What is the probability that she
loses?
c) The probability that a pen does not write is 0.05. What is the probability
that it writes?

READING ASSIGNMENT
NGMFJSS2. Chapter 121

GENERAL EVALUATION
A bag contains 30 blue pens (B), 10 red pens (R) and 60 white pens (W). If a
ball is chosen at random, what is the probability of choosing
(a) a blue pen? (b) a red pen? (c) a white pen? (d)a black pen?

REVISION QUESTION
1. In a class of 36 students, 20 are boys. What is the probability of choosing at
random as the prefect of the class?
2. A ludo die is thrown once. Find the probability of obtaining a PRIME
number.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics Bk. 2 pages 257 – 260
Exercise 20.2 No 1a – f page 259

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. A fair die is thrown 900 times. Find the number of times you would expect to
get a 6? A. 200 B. 150 C. 250 D. 100
2. The probability that it will be cloudy tomorrow is 0.45. What is the
probability that it will not be cloudy tomorrow? A. 0.45 B. 0.35
C. 1.25 D. 0.55
3. Find the probability of getting an odd number in a single toss of a fair die?
5 1 1
A. 6 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1
4. A bag contains 5 white, 4 black and 1 blue. One ball is chosen at random.
3 1 2
What is the probability that it is black? A. 4 B. 2 C. 5
7
D. 10
5. What is the probability that an integer chosen at random between 1 and 10
1 1 3 3
inclusive is even? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 10

THEORY
1. Out of 10 students, the favourite drink of seven is coke and the favourite
drink of the rest is Fanta. One of the students is chosen at random. What is
the probability that the favourite drink of the student is
a) Coke
b) Fanta
c) Neither Coke nor Fanta
d) Either Coke or Fanta?
2. A trader has 100 mangoes for sale. Twenty of them are unripe. Another five
of them are bad. If a mango is picked at random, find the probability that it
is
a) Unripe
b) Bad
c) Neither unripe nor bad